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Energy use and environmental impact from hotels on Adriatic Coast in Croatia : current status and future possibilities for HVAC systemsZanki Alujevic, Vlasta January 2006 (has links)
This thesis analyses a specific type of energy usage system, “energy usage in hotels”, and how this system behaves. In order to evaluate the current state of energy use in hotels, an energy audit questionnaire was developed and conducted among 31,5% of hotels on the Adriatic coast. The energy audit was used as a tool to set a benchmark for energy consumption in hotels and to identify opportunities for increased energy efficiency measures in HVAC systems. The analysis has shown that the average energy consumption in hotels on the Adriatic coast is in the range of 159 to 180 kWh/m2 and 162 to 225 kWh/m2 for seasonal and non seasonal hotels respectively. In order to establish a relationship between different independent variables in the hotels (total floor area and number of rooms) and dependent variables, such as electricity and oil consumption, mathematical statistical methods, such as correlation and regression analysis, were implemented. The objective of this thesis was also to develop - from an energy, environmental and economical points of view - a methodology for the design and retrofit of HVAC systems in the hotels on the Adriatic coast. The methodology named HOTECO is based on a system thinking approach. With respect to the technological aspects, the first step was to analyse conventional HVAC system designs and to compare it with the three most promising alternative HVAC systems utilizing renewable energy sources for a typical hotel. Computer modelling in TRNSYS was used to assess energy consumption. TRNSYS software has been used for simulations for a number of years, is internationally recognized, and has been validated and verified. It was concluded that energy and environmental savings in hotels on the Adriatic coast could be achieved using readily available technologies. The HOTECO methodology also demonstrated a framework that supports decision making iv regarding system selection and operational strategies to limit environmental impact from HVAC systems in hotels. Four scenarios for energy consumption in hotels on the Adriatic coast with regards to current state of energy systems and improved retrofit solutions utilizing renewable energy source were given. / QC 20100929
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Strategies for promoting sustainable behavior regarding electricity consumption in student residential buildings in the city of LinköpingKarimi Asli, Kaveh January 2011 (has links)
Achieving sustainable consumption of energy is an important issue due to the increasing demand for energy and its environmental impact. One of the biggest consumers of the global energy production is the residential sector. Factors determining pattern of energy consumption in this sector are firstly, characteristics of the buildings and equipment and appliances which are used inside them and secondly, people who are using the buildings. The former could be approached by using efficiency strategies; i.e. designing and using materials and utilities which are low energy demanding or reducing consumption of energy. The latter could be reached by adoption of demand side management strategies which could improve pattern of energy consumption by the end users. Combining these strategies bring out energy-smart buildings with energy-smart people as the users. This project aims at introducing potential approaches to strategies of promoting sustainable behavior regarding energy consumption in individuals, with the focus on the students of Linköping University living in the properties of housing company of the city, Studentbostäder. For fulfilling this purpose, literature review has been done for finding influencing factors on and strategies for shaping of pro-environmental behavior. In the next step, two projects with focus on demand side management for changing energy consumption of individuals have been studied. Afterward, a questionnaire based on the results of the literature review was prepared and used to gain an understanding of first: attitude, values, knowledge, and awareness of students of Linköping University regarding environmental issues, and second: point of view of the students toward the strategies for shaping pro-environmental behavior. Results of the above mentioned methods were used for identifying characteristics of a demand side management project based on provision of feedback on energy consumption for the users. It has been proposed that designing and implementing such project has the potential of affecting pattern of energy consumption by people and lead to its reduction, especially among students accommodating at housing company of city of Linköping, Studentbostäder. More studies are needed for finding feasibility of implementing such project.
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Energy Indicators For Sustainable Development: Comparison Of Turkey And Selected European Union CountriesTopcuoglu, Merve Mehlika 01 August 2011 (has links) (PDF)
The aim of this study is to compare the sustainable development perspective of Turkey
with selected European Union countries in terms of Energy Indicators for Sustainable
Energy between 1980-2008. The study is conducted in a comparative and descriptive
way by using energy indicators. The common energy policy priorities of Turkey and
European Union are determined in the light of recent literature. An energy indicator set
is constructed according to energy priorities, namely, energy efficiency and energy
intensity / energy security and fuel mix / and environmental concerns. The analysis of
relevant indicators demonstrates that Turkey does not meet the sustainability criteria in
terms of energy use. In general, findings of the study indicate that Turkey does not use
energy efficiently and energy intensities in the economy do not decrease except for the
industry sector, for the period 1980-2008. Import dependency has increased and fuel
mix of energy sources is dominantly carbon based. Expectations about increasing
renewable energy share do not exhibit a significant trend thus energy security and fuel mix are still important issues for Turkey. Lastly, environmental protection in terms of
decreasing GHG emissions, air pollution and deforestation could not be achieved as
GHG emissions, air pollution and deforestation have increased in Turkey during 1980-
2008 period.
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Opportunities for CO2 Reductions and CO2-Lean Energy Systems in Pulp and Paper MillsMöllersten, Kenneth January 2002 (has links)
<p>The risk for climate change is a growing concern for theglobal society. According to what is known as the Kyoto Protocol,developed countries have committed themselves to reduce theirgreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purpose of this thesis hasbeen to analyse opportunities for CO2 reductions in Swedish pulpand paper mills. The pulp and paper industry accounts forsignificant shares of the Swedish utilisationof both electricityand, in particular, biomass fuels. In this thesis, it has been agoal to focus not only on the technical potential of alternativesfor CO2 reductions in the energy systems of pulp and paper mills,but also on analysing the costeffectiveness of the studiedmeasures. Moreover, the analysis has covered questions concerningthe capacity and willingness among the actors involved with thepulp and paper millsenergy systems to realise CO2reduction potentials.</p><p>A broad techno-economical evaluation of available technologiesfor increased power production as well as more efficient energyutilisation is carried out. Furthermore, a more indepth analysisof pulp mill-based biomass energy with CO2 removal and permanentsequestration (BECS) is presented. An evaluation is made of thepotential for pulp and paper production with a negative CO2balance through the implementation of BECS. In recent yearsoutside suppliers, mainly energy service companies (ESCOs), havebegun to operate energy facilities in some Swedish pulp and papermills. Based on interviews with managers from pulp and papercompanies and ESCOs, the main driving forces behind theincreasing co-operation as well as the opportunities and riskswith energy related co-operation are presented.</p><p>Furthermore, the technical possibility of carbon-negativitythrough the implementation of BECS is discussed in relation tocarbon management on both corporate and global levels. The extentto which CO2-reducing measures in pulp and paper mills arerealised will have an impact on Swedens capacity to reachCO2 reduction targets. Whether or not technologies for CO2capture and sequestration are developed and implemented inSwedish pulp mills has a very large impact on the size ofSwedens long-term CO2 reduction potential. Moreover, thedevelopment of business and competence focus in pulp and papercompanies and ESCOs suggests that cooperation will become ofincreasing importance for future sustainable industrial energymanagement.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>CO2 reduction, pulp and paper industry, energysystem, biomass, CO2 capture and sequestration, black liquor,gasification, power production, outsourcing, sustainable energymanagement</p>
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Biomass-fuelled PEM FuelCell systems for small andmedium-sized enterprisesGuan, Tingting January 2015 (has links)
Biomass-fuelled proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer asolution for replacing fossil fuel for hydrogen production. Through using thebiomass-derived hydrogen as fuel, PEMFCs may become an efficient andsustainable energy system for small and medium-sized enterprises. The aim ofthis thesis is to evaluate the performance and potential applications of biomassfuelledPEMFC systems which are designed to convert biomass to electricity andheat. Biomass-fuelled PEMFC systems are simulated by Aspen plus based ondata collected from experiments and literature.The impact of the quality of the hydrogen-rich gas, anode stoichiometry, CH4content in the biogas and CH4 conversion rate on the performance of the PEMFCis investigated. Also, pinch technology is used to optimize the heat exchangernetwork to improve the power generation and thermal efficiency.For liquid and solid biomass, anaerobic digestion (AD) and gasification (GF),respectively, are relatively viable and developed conversion technologies. ForAD-PEMFC, a steam reformer is also needed to convert biogas to hydrogen-richgas. For 100 kWe generation, the GF-PEMFC system yields a good technicalperformance with 20 % electrical efficiency and 57 % thermal efficiency,whereas the AD-PEMFC system only has 9 % electrical efficiency and 13 %thermal efficiency. This low efficiency is due to the low efficiency of theanaerobic digester (AD) and the high internal heat consumption of the AD andthe steam reformer (SR). For the environmental aspects, the GF-PEMFC systemhas a high CO2 emissions offset factor and the AD-PEMFC system has anefficient land-use.The applications of the biomass-fuelled PEMFC systems are investigated on adairy farm and an olive oil plant. For the dairy farm, manure is used as feedstockto generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. A PEMFC qualified for 40 %electrical efficiency may generate 360 MWh electricity and 680 MWh heat peryear to make a dairy farm with 300 milked cows self-sufficient in a sustainableway. A PEMFC-CHP system designed for an olive oil plant generating annual 50000 m3 solid olive mill waste (SOMW) and 9 000 m3 olive mill waste water(OMW) is simulated based on experimental data from the Biogas2PEM-FCproject1. After the optimization of the heat exchanger network, the PEMFC-CHP system can generate 194 kW electricity which corresponds to 62 % of the totalelectricity demand of the olive oil plant.The economic performance of the PEMFC and biogas-fuelled PEMFC areassessed roughly including capital, operation & maintenance (O&M) costs of thebiogas plant and the PEMFC-CHP, the cost of heat and electricity, and the valueof the digestate as fertilizer. / <p>QC 20151109</p>
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ENERGY REDUCTION IN AUTOMOTIVE PAINT SHOPS A REVIEW OF HYBRID/ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY MANUFACTURINGArenas Guerrero, Claudia Patricia 01 January 2010 (has links)
Automotive industry is facing fundamental challenges due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, energy saving and environmental concerns. The need of sustainable energy development has motivated the research of energy reduction and renewable energy sources. Efficient use of energy in vehicle manufacturing is demanded, as well as an alternative energy source to replace gasoline powered engines. In this thesis, we introduce a case study at an automotive paint shop, where the largest amount of energy consumption of an automotive assembly plant takes place. Additionally, we present a summary of recent advances in the area of hybrid and electrical vehicles battery manufacturing, review commonly used battery technologies, their manufacturing processes, and related recycling and environmental issues. Our study shows that energy consumption in paint shops can be reduced substantially by selecting the appropriate repair capacity, reducing the number of repainted jobs and consuming less material and energy. Also, it is seen that considerable effort needs to be devoted to the development of batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles in the near future, which will make this area challenging and research opportunities promising.
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Frame Analysis in Environmental Conflicts : The case of ethanol production in BrazilGalli, Ester January 2011 (has links)
Governments and policy-makers are currently dealing with some key issues as energy security in countries dependent on oil imports; global economic development, including increased food production; and controlling global climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. The perception that biofuel could solve these challenges simultaneously has led to the implementation of policy and regulatory mechanisms on the mandatory use of biofuels, resulting in a sharp increase in biofuel production and consumption. Serious concerns about large-scale ethanol production have been raised regarding loss of biodiversity and competition for land between food and ethanol production. It is also suggested that sugarcane-based ethanol increases GHG emissions due to indirect land use change. Furthermore, sugarcane harvesting has been criticised for causing air pollution and bad working conditions for cutters. These criticisms have mostly been denied by Brazilian actors. This thesis seeks to clarify these divergent views and conflicts concerning Brazilian ethanol. It was carried out within a KTH research programme that uses frames in the analysis of conflicts emerging from the development and implementation of new technologies. Frame analysis can help improve understanding of such conflicts, which derive from differences in values, world views and beliefs and can be difficult to resolve. Frame analysis seeks to identify the particular factors determining the actions taken by different stakeholders, giving equal treatment to all actors. The results showed that the international views expressed in the media captured the attention of the public and policy-makers, and led them to frame ethanol as a destructive for nature fuel. The analysis identified that the ethanol as a threat to food security frame combined with the ethanol as a destructive for nature frame led the public and policy-makers to frame ethanol as a brown fuel. However, Brazilian actors frame ethanol differently: as a green and safe fuel. These differences have raised the conflicts that are analysed in this thesis. Furthermore, the analysis identified that the changes in the harvesting system, from manual to mechanised –besides decreasing air pollution- will cost the job of hundreds of thousands of cane cutters. Values and beliefs orientating such changes are analysed in the thesis. / QC 20110912
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Promoting sustainable energy systems through networks a framework for network design developed using the case of BASE (Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy) /Schlup, Michael. January 2001 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.Sc.)--Lund University, 2001. / Title from title screen of PDF file (viewed 9 Dec. 2003). Includes bibliographical references.
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Scenario Evaluation of Malawi Energy Policy: LEAP System Modelling Projections from 2008 to 2063Nyasulu, Maganizo Kruger January 2018 (has links)
National access to modern energy is deemed by Malawi government as the driving force to attain social-economic development. To achieve this, optimal decisions in energy planning and investment are considered important. This study evaluates potential pathways that will inform better policy design and investment option in energy sector. The Integrated Assessment Modelling method has been used to integrate social, economic and environmental variables that affect energy systems, and further analyses potential energy pathways in relation to these earth systems. The Long-range Alternatives Energy Planning system (LEAP) has been used to run a continuous time series from 2008 to 2063 of the three energy policy pathways (scenarios) using: (1) the current Malawi National Policy and Strategies on Energy (MwNEP) (2) the United Nation’s Sustainable Energy for All strategy (SE4ALL) and (3) Business as Usual (REF) scenario. The analysis indicates an exponential growth in energy demand for both MwNEP and SE4ALL scenario with a slight higher demand in SEAll over MwNEP Scenario. In both cases Biomass remains an important energy source beyond the 2030. Thus, the SDG 7 will not be achieved by 2030. Similarly, energy demand trends in MwNEP and SE4ALL scenarios continue to grow beyond available energy stocks and generation capacity which will lead to a shortfall in energy supply. Environmentally, the GHGs emissions in MwNEP are higher than the SE4ALL scenario. This is reflected in the pro-environment policy objective pursued by SE4ALL scenario. In the medium-term LEAP analysis favours advancement of alternative renewable energies at household level like solar photovoltaic (PV) for lighting and sustainable biomass energy for cooking. In the long-run, scaling up the adoption of renewable energy in form of solar, wind and hydro-electricity to meet the energy gap. At the same time, designing and adhering to implementation of sustainable energy plans that cuts energy sources from fossil fuels and allow easy accesses to affordable renewable energies will result in a success of Malawi’s energy system.
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A regulação do setor elétrico brasileiro como ferramenta de fomento para o desenvolvimento energético sustentável.Camelo, Bradson Tiberio Luna 23 October 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-10-23 / The modern way of life requires a continuous increase in energy use, to the sphere of
production or to the consumption, but it has a great impact on the environment due to pollution
generated by energy production. Thus, the regulation of the energy sector should consider one
trilemma involving low costs, energy security (continuity and independence) and environmental
preservation. In this line, this study aims to determine the level of regulatory importance of the
principle of environmental protection established in the constitutional chapter of economic order,
through the Program of Incentives for Alternative Electricity Energy Sources (PROINFA), for this it
was studied most theories of regulation and the economics tools used in the international arena to
stimulate alternative energy sources. To facilitate a strategic analysis, game theory has been used to
integrate international and domestic relations in regulating the electricity sector. Thus, it was
concluded that the Brazilian regulatory model does not prioritize environmental preservation, but it
is a good choice to solve the games of energy, stimulating a sustainable energy matrix. / O padrão de vida da sociedade moderna exige um contínuo aumento do uso de energia,
seja para a esfera da produção ou do consumo, tendo um grande impacto no meio ambiente devido
à poluição gerada pela produção energética. Desta forma, a regulação do setor energético deve
ponderar um trilema que envolve o baixo custo da energia, a segurança energética (continuidade e
independência) e preservação ambiental. Nesta linha, o presente estudo objetiva averiguar o nível
de importância regulatória do princípio da preservação ambiental disposto no capítulo
constitucional da ordem econômica, através do Programa de Incentivo às Fontes Alternativas de
Energia Elétrica (PROINFA), para isto, foram abordadas as teorias da regulação e as ferramentas
econômicas utilizadas no cenário internacional para estimular fontes alternativas de energia. Para
facilitar a análise estratégica, foi utilizada a teoria dos jogos para integrar as relações internacionais
e do mercado interno na regulação do setor elétrico. Desta forma, concluiu-se que o modelo
regulatório brasileiro não prioriza a preservação ambiental, mas é uma boa escolha para resolver os
jogos de energia, estimulando uma matriz energética sustentável.
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