Energy production systems are essential for human progress. They fuel the technologies that underpin economic growth and are prerequisite for efficient food production, education and healthcare. On the flip side, they also incur substantial eco-social costs. Hence, finding and promoting sustainable means of energy production is a key topic within the Environmental Sciences. This thesis examines the sustainability of nuclear power, by comparing its social, economic and ecological impacts to those of wind and solar power. The assessment is performed using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), with a Weighted Sum scoring system and a Distance-To-Target weighting scheme. The selection and the weighting of the indicators are grounded in the Planetary Boundaries framework, the Oxfam Doughnut Economics model and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, and the technologies are compared on 9 axes of evaluation; greenhouse gas emissions, land-take requirements, material throughput, non-recyclable wastes, toxic and radioactive wastes, negative health impacts, economic costs, intermittency and energy return on energy invested. The thesis finds nuclear power to be the most sustainable option according to all but three indicators, and in the unified analysis, it outcompetes wind and solar by a factor of 2 and 3 respectively. Also notable is that solar power does not excel in a single impact category; it has the highest greenhouse gas emissions, the largest land-take, and it is costly, intermittent and energy-inefficient. It is also a source of toxic pollution, the effects of which cannot yet be determined. Although wind is more competitive, it consumes vast amounts of physical resources, generates a lot of waste, and its land-take is at least 10 times higher than that of nuclear power. In addition to the MCA, the thesis investigates three perceived threats that are often raised in criticisms of nuclear power; the risk of nuclear fuel depletion, the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation and the risk of catastrophic nuclear accidents. The results show that many popular arguments against the technology are loosely aligned with reality, and the thesis as a whole presents a challenge to the notion that nuclear power is a dangerous and unsustainable energy source.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the question of how to harvest RF energy and if we can harvest enough RF energy for it to be useful in an application. It is aimed towards sensor node applications, commonly used in a typical office environment. The WiFi band was chosen since it is omnipresent in the same environment. With the current development within wireless technology and the IoT domain the demand for low power electronic applications has increased and one of the challenges is to find efficient and sustainable ways of powering these types of devices.The best possible theoretical power content was initially calculated followed by measurements in an office. A circuit was designed containing an impedance matching network and rectifier. A measurement application was constructed using a microcontroller. Measurements were made in an office environment and the maximum harvested energy over 24 hours was 350 mJ. The energy was stored in a supercapacitor and is estimated to be enough to power a low energy sensor for about 30 seconds. A large part of the thesis is devoted to impedance matching involving calculating, simulating and experimenting to get a good result. / Med den nuvarande utvecklingen inom trådlös teknik och IoT-domänen har efterfrågan på elektroniska applikationer med låg effekt ökat och en av utmaningarna är att hitta effektiva och hållbara sätt att driva dessa typer av enheter. Syftet med detta projekt var att undersöka frågan hur vi skördar radiovågsenergi och kan vi skörda tillräckligt mycket med energi för att den ska vara användbar i en applikation. I ett typiskt kontor finns fler källor till radiovågor, däribland WiFi som antas ha en hög nyttjandegrad. Projektet valde att inrikta sig på WiFi bandet och undersöka om det går att utvinna tillräckligt med energi där.Projektet strävade efter att leverera en färdig produkt med alla ingående delar, en antenn, en likriktare, en lagringsenhet och ett matchningsnätverk för att anpassa antenn och likriktare till varandra. För att undersöka hur mycket energi som finns att skörda gjordes först beräkningar och sedan mätningar i bland annat ett typiskt kontor. Det konstaterades att det rör sig om väldigt låga nivåer och betonas att de apparater som använder WiFi klarar av att känna av signaler som är långt mycket lägre än de som krävs för att kunna utvinna energi. Detta innebär alltså att apparaterna kan kommunicera felfritt samtidigt som energiinnehållet är så lågt att det inte går att utvinna någon energi.Projektet ägnar stor del åt att optimera den impedansmatchning som måste ske mellan antenn och likriktare för att största möjliga effektutbyte ska kunna ske. Basen är ett kretskort med ett typiskt impedansnätverk och genom beräkningar, simuleringar och experiment tas en prototyp fram. För att kunna analysera resultaten används en mikrokontroller som tar de analoga värdena, omvandlar dem till digitala och skickar dem till en PC för analys.Mätningar gjordes i en kontorsmiljö och den maximala mängden energi som gick att utvinna var 350 mJ på 24 timmar. Energin lagrades i en superkondensator och bedöms vara tillräcklig för att driva en lågenergisensor i ca 30 sekunder.

Detta arbete fokuserar på användningen av solpaneler för att producera den energi som behövs för KTH-byggnaden i Södertälje och minska dess miljöpåverkan. Problembeskrivningen betonar vikten av att minska energiförbrukningen och använda förnybara energikällor för att täcka det kvarvarande energibehovet för byggnader som KTH i Södertälje. Syftet och målet med arbetet är att undersöka mängden el och energi som används på KTH-byggnaden och föreslå en hållbar lösning med solpaneler för att producera den energi som behövs. Genomförandet av studien inkluderar beräkningar och tekniska detaljer. Informationen om energiförbrukningen på KTH Södertälje samlas in från Miljökontoret, och beräkningar av solinstrång och panelbehov utförs. För att välja lämpliga solpaneler jämförs olika alternativ från Svea Solar baserat på tekniska specifikationer och pris. Beräkningar utförs för att bestämma antalet solpaneler som krävs för att täcka byggnadens elförbrukning, och placeringen av solpanelerna diskuteras. Resultatet innebar att 92 solpaneler installerades på KTH-byggnaden för att främja hållbar energiproduktion. Solpanelerna placerades vågrätt på taket för att utnyttja takytan optimalt och undvika skuggning. Med en vinkel på 20 grader kunde solpanelerna dra nytta av solens infallsvinkel och maximera energiproduktionen. Beräkningar visade att solpanelerna förväntades producera cirka 5 875 kWh el per månad, vilket skulle spara KTH cirka 4 282 kr per månad under 2023. Kostnaden för installationen var 414 000 kr och återbetalningstiden beräknades vara cirka 8,1 år. / This work focuses on the use of solar panels to produce the energy needed for the KTH building in Södertälje and reduce its environmental impact. The problem statement emphasizes the importance of reducing energy consumption and using renewable energy sources to cover the remaining energy needs of buildings such as KTH in Södertälje. The purpose and goal of the work is to investigate the amount of electricity and energy used at the KTH building and propose a sustainable solution with solar panels to produce the energy needed. The implementation of the study includes calculations and technical details. The information on energy consumption at KTH Södertälje is collected from the Environmental Office, and calculations of solar energy and panel requirements are carried out. To choose suitable solar panels, different options from Svea Solar are compared based on technical specifications and price. Calculations are performed to determine the number of solar panels required to cover the building's electricity consumption, and the placement of the solar panels is discussed. The result meant that 92 solar panels were installed on the KTH building to promote sustainable energy production. The solar panels were placed horizontally on the roof to make optimal use of the roof surface and avoid shading. With an angle of 20 degrees, the solar panels were able to take advantage of the sun's angle of incidence and maximize energy production. Calculations showed that the solar panels were expected to produce approximately 5,875 kWh of electricity per month, which would save KTH approximately SEK 4,282 per month in 2023. The cost of the installation was SEK 414,000 and the payback period were estimated to be approximately 8.1 years.

There is an ever growing need for environmentally sustainable alternatives in today's society due to the looming threat of greenhouse gasses. One field where the need for new environmentally friendly solutions is needed is the aviation industry. The problem the industry is facing is due to the weight and space constraints that exist in aerial vehicles. In this bachelor project a solution for unmanned drones is proposed where it is powered by a hybrid solution consisting of batteries working together with fuel cells. The batteries compliment each other where the fuel cell is a lightweight energy source while the battery is used to combat the changing power demand. This project was done in collaboration with the Green Raven project to evaluate the optimal setup to power the energy system for an hour. The work was done theoretically in Matlab and Simulink to find the optimal system. From these simulations, data was collected to calculate the optimal configuration between batteries and amount of hydrogen stored in the Hydrogen tank. It was concluded that the best option to store the hydrogen was in a 2 liter tank at 300 bar together with 2 additional batteries with the capacity of 4000 mAh. This setup was concluded as the best option as it used up all hydrogen and landed with less charge in the battery than at the start point. / I takt med den globala uppvärmningen så växer behovet av klimatmedvetna hållbara lösningar. Ett område i stort behov av innovation är flygindustrin som länge varit en av de största klimatbovarna. Flygindustrin stora problem är att dess fordon både har begränsad volym och vikt. I detta kandidatexamensarbete kommer vi diskutera en hybridlösning där obemannade drönare drivs av en hybridlösning där batterier tillsammans med bränsleceller driver drönaren. Batterierna och bränslecellerna komplimenterar varandra då bränslecellerna är är lättviktiga och tillför en stabil produktion av ström till drönaren medan batterierna agerar komplement och hjälper till när det behövs extra kraft. Projektet som i samarbete med The Green Raven project utfördes för att utvärdera det optimala systemet för att förse drönaren nog med kraft i en timme. Projektet har utförts teoretiskt i Matlab och Simulink för att hitta den optimala balansen mellan batterier och bränsleceller. Från dessa simuleringar samlades data in för att optimera konfigurationen mellan bränslecellerna och batterierna. Från resultaten drogs slutsatsen att 2 batterier med en kapacitet på 4000 mAh som tillsammans med vätgas som förvarades i en 2 liter tank med ett tryck på 300 bar var den bästa konfigurationen. Denna lösning ansågs som den bästa då all vätgas förbrukades under simulation och att batteriet vid stopp hade en lägre laddning än vid flygstart.

För att nå de klimatpolitiska målen arbetar såväl Sverige som EU aktivt mot en cirkulär ekonomi där varje resurs nyttjas så effektivt som möjligt. En del i det arbetet handlar om att lyfta fram hållbara energikällor för att succesivt fasa ut fossila bränslen. Ett etablerat förnybart energislag, som fått mer uppmärksamhet på senare tid, är biogas. Produktionen av biogas sker via rötning av biologiskt material och kan generera el och värme, men även uppgraderas till fordonsgas. Ett av alla substrat som kan användas för rötning är gödsel. Den här studien har till syfte att undersöka omfattningen av den outnyttjade energipotentialen i gödsel från mjölkproducerande lantbruk i Sverige. Därtill ger den en bild av hur mycket koldioxid från fossila energikällor som skulle kunna minska i och med tillvaratagandet av energin i gödsel. En gårdsbaserad biogasanläggning vid Fredrikslunds lantbruk i Kalmar kommun är utgångspunkten och beräkningar görs tillsammans med data från bland annat Jordbruksverket och Energigas Sverige. För beräkning av möjligheten till minskat koldioxidutsläpp från fossil källa görs jämförelse med eldningsolja som används vid de svenska kraftverken. Resultatet visar att det finns en betydande energipotential i gödsel från svenska mjölk- producerande lantbruk där majoriteten av den ännu inte nyttjas för biogas- produktion. Nya styrmedel har tillkommit med syfte att gynna en ökad biogasproduktion, vilket kan öka chanserna för att ta vara på energipotentialen. Att genom ökad biogasproduktion minska mängden utsläpp av koldioxid till atmosfären från fossila källor ses också som möjlig. Sammanfattningsvis är studien ett exempel på hur en befintlig resurs kan effektiviseras ytterligare, ett arbete som troligen kommer bli än viktigare framöver. / To reach the climate goals, Sweden and the European Union are working towards a circular economy where the resources are used as efficiently as possible. Part of that work is about highlighting sustainable energy sources to gradually replace fossil fuels. An established, renewable type of energy, which has received more attention recently, is biogas. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of biological material. The produced gas can generate electricity and heat, but it can also be upgraded to compressed biogas and used as automotive fuel. One of the substrates that can be used for digestion is manure. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent of the energy potential in manure from dairy farms in Sweden. In addition, it gives an idea of how much carbon dioxide from fossil energy sources that could be reduced if the energy potential in manure were used. Data is received from a farm- based biogas plant at Fredrikslund's farm in Kalmar as well as Swedish statistics of agriculture and energy. To estimate the possibility of reduced carbon dioxide emissions from fossil sources, a comparison is made with fuel oil. The results show that there is a considerable energy potential in manure from Swedish dairy farms where the majority is not yet used for biogas production. Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere from fossil sources through increased biogas production is also seen as possible.

Esta investigación presenta el diseño de un sistema energético autosustentable para el mercado Modelo – Chiclayo, con la finalidad de mitigar los cúmulos de residuos sólidos, la afectación de salud de la población y así mismo aprovechar los residuos orgánicos que diariamente los comerciantes del mercado generan a través de la venta de diferentes productos e insumos; de tal manera que, de la conversión anaeróbica se logre generar energía eléctrica. Se realizó un análisis de cuantitativo, para determinar la demanda máxima del mercado Modelo en validación con los meses, SED EN09 (199,26 kW) y SED EN519 (22,97 kW). En el mercado se clasifica la generación de residuos por las 3,72 TM/día, de lo cual solo en residuos orgánicos es 2,29 TM/día. Utilizando la metodología del proceso de diseño se identifican requisitos, funcionalidad y criterios para evaluar cada alternativa de solución propuesta desde el punto de vista técnico y económico “La alternativa posible es la número 01”, un biodigestor en posición vertical conectados mediante tuberías de acero a un recipiente principal para el almacenamiento del biogás. Los cálculos justificativos del biodigestor y componentes dan como volumen de 4,6 m3 que son dos de la misma capacidad, por lo que el gasómetro tendrá un volumen de 9,2 m3; con esta capacidad se selecciona un generador que funciona con combustible biogás de 375 kW/430kVA. Se realizó el diseño CAD con el detalle de los componentes y medida correspondientes. Al final, se empleó el enfoque VANTIR para llevar a cabo un análisis financiero, el cual arrojó un periodo de recuperación de la inversión de 5 años. Por tanto, se determinó que la inversión es rentable para su implementación. / This research presents the design of a self-sustainable energy system for the Modelo market - Chiclayo, with the purpose of mitigating the accumulations of solid waste, the impact on the health of the population and also taking advantage of the organic waste that the market merchants generate daily a through the sale of different products and supplies; in such a way that electrical energy is generated from the anaerobic conversion. A quantitative analysis was carried out to determine the maximum demand of the Modelo market in validation with the months, SED EN09 (199.26 kW) and SED EN519 (22.97 kW). The solid waste production in the market is classified as 3.72 MT/day, of which only organic waste is 2.29 MT/day. In the market, waste generation is classified as 3.72 Tm/day, of which only organic waste is 2.29 Tm/day. Using the design process methodology, requirements, functionality and criteria are identified to evaluate each proposed alternative solution from the technical and economic point of view "The possible alternative is number 01", a biodigester in vertical position connected by steel pipes to a main vessel for biogas storage. The calculations justifying the biodigester and components give a volume of 4.6 m3 which are two of the same capacity, so the gasometer will have a volume of 9.2 m3; with this capacity a generator running on 375 kW/430kVA biogas fuel is selected. The CAD design was made with the detail of the components and corresponding measurement. In the end, the NPV-IRV approach was used to conduct a financial analysis, which yielded a payback period of 5 years. Therefore, it was determined that the investment is profitable for its implementation.

A TPV-system consists of a hot surface emitting heat radiation on a solar cell with a narrow bandgap.  A unit consisting of a boiler and a TPV-system has been constructed for testing of the performance of TPV cells. The emitter is heated by a fuel consisting of RME-oil. The radiation is collected and concentrated through two reflecting cones formed like a Faberge-egg, with an edge-type optical filter between the cones. The Faberge-egg is treated with electro-polishing in order to obtain a high reflectance of radiation. The edge filter transmits radiation of short wavelengths towards the solar cells and reflects long wavelengths back to the emitter. This increase the temperature of the emitter to prevent the TPV-cells to be overheated. The construction made was working as expected and can be used for further experiments. The performance of the TPV-cells were however very poor because of a low emitter temperature. The main problem was to obtain a good heat transport from the flame to the emitter. It is required that the emitter temperature is considerably increased for justifying a continued work on TPV-systems in combination with boilers.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is facing an energy crisis on two levels; the existing capacity to supply electricity is unable to support future growth in demand, and the electricity being produced comes mostly from coal-fired power stations with associated emission problems. The South African government has a target for renewable energy to service 23% of the country’s energy consumption by 2013. This could potentially be realised through achievement of another government target, the installation of one million Solar Water Heaters (SWHs). On a technical level, Solar Water Heaters (SWHs) represent a completely viable renewable energy alternative for South Africa. It is an established and proven technology which has the potential to have a big impact on the country’s electricity capacity problems. SWHs can be used in a variety of applications from industry to households. Most of the hot water in South African homes is heated by electric resistance heating in standard electric water heaters and there are no technical obstacles to replacing most of these with SWHs, thereby delivering a saving of up to 70% of the water heating energy bill. Water heating currently accounts for 40% of domestic electricity consumption within a residential sector that uses 20-30% of the national supply. At the macroscale, the roll out of SWH programmes is completely scalable. The benefits of SWH installation accrue to the consumer in the form of a financial saving in the long-term and to society in the form of reduced emissions. Awareness of the benefits is growing amongst the general public, commercial institutions and in government. Sales are starting to pick up due to, amongst other reasons, electricity price hikes and government subsidies for SWH installations offered through the national electricity supply company, Eskom. A national building regulation enforcing energy-efficient water heating in new buildings has been drafted and is expected to be in place by mid 2011. The rate of change from electric to solar water heaters remains disappointingly slow, however. The SWH industry in South Africa accounts for less than 10% of total hot water solutions sold. This study sought to establish the opportunities as well as possible barriers for the creation of SWH programmes within the insurance sector. Close to 50% of all standard electric water heaters installed in South Africa are procured and installed via the insurance industry due to the failure of units that have endured beyond the manufacturer’s guarantee period. This presents an opportunity for interventions that encourage policyholders to change to SWHs. Such interventions, if successful, would dramatically speed up the roll out of SWHs in South Africa. In addition the study sought to determine the barriers to the uptake of SWHs by policyholders in the case of the two insurance companies that currently have SWH programmes in operation. Data was collected through interviews with representatives in the insurance industry and a range of SWH industry stakeholders and consumers. The literature review focused on SWH policies and regulations and corporate and marketing theories. The material on transition in socio-technological systems proved especially useful in understanding the complex dynamics of the study topic. The conclusion drawn from the research is that the South African insurance industry has the capacity and opportunity to drive the penetration of SWH technology. The opportunity is, however not being exploited to anywhere near its potential. The entire system is geared towards providing a particular ‘business-as-usual’ solution. Analysis conducted in this study confirms that the system is in a “locked-in” state and extremely resistant to change. If the opportunity is to be acted on, to supplant the dominant technology for water heating installed by the insurance industry with what is currently a niche technology (SWHs), an external landscape shock is almost certainly needed. This shock to the system could be aided by interventions that target a change in the current system’s logic. The study provides some suggestions in this regard. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika staar ‘n energie krisis in die gesig. Aan die een kant is die bestaande elektrisiteitsvoorsiening nie genoeg om plek te maak vir die toekomstige vraag na elektrisiteit nie en aan die ander kant word meeste van Suid-Afrika se elektrisiteit opgewek deur steenkoolaangedrewe kragstasies met gevolglike probleme as gevolg van vrylating van kweekhuis-gasse. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het ‘n teiken vir hernubare energie om 23% op te maak van die land se totale energie verbruik teen 2013. Hierdie teiken sou potensieel bereik kon word deur die bereiking van ‘n ander van die land se teikens, naamlik die instalering van een miljoen sonverhitters. Op ‘n tegniese vlak verteenwoordig sonverhitters ‘n lewensvatbare hernubare energie alternatief vir Suid-Afrika. Dit is ‘n beproefde tegnologie wat die potensiaal het om ‘n groot impak te hê op die elektrisiteit kapasiteitsprobleme van die land. Sonverhitters kan ‘n verskeidenheid van warm water behoeftes bevredig, van groot industrieë tot tuisverbruik. Meeste warm water in Suid-Afrikaanse huise word verhit deur standaard elektriese geisers. Daar bestaan geen tegniese hindernisse om hierdie geisers deur sonverhitters te vervang en tot 70% van die water verhittings energie rekening te bespaar nie. Water verhitting maak tans 40% van die totale huishoudelike elektrisiteits verbruik op. Die huishoudelike verbruik is 20-30% van die nasionale verbruik en selfs hoer gedurende piek. Op die makro skaal is die uitrol van sonverhitters heeltemal skaleerbaar. Die voordele van die installering van sonverhitters val die verbruiker toe in die vorm van finansiele besparing oor die lang termyn en vir die samelewing as geheel in die vorm van emissie besparings. Bewustheid van die voordele is aan die groei by die algemene publiek, kommersiele instansies en by die regering. Verkope het begin optel as gevolg van onder andere die elektrisiteits prysverhoging en die staatssubsidies vir sonverhitters aangebied via die nasionale elektrisiteits toevoer maatskappy, Eskom. A nasionale bouregulasie wat enegie doeltreffende waterverhitting sal afdwing op nuwe geboue is reeds opgestel en dit word verwag dat hierdie regulasie in plek sal wees teen middel 2011. Die koers van verandering van elektriese water verhitters na sonkrag bly egter teleurstellend laag. Die sonverhittings industrie in Suid-Afrika maak minder as 10% van die totale water verhittings mark uit. Hierdie studie het beoog om die geleenthede sowel as die moontlike versperrings tot die skepping van sonverhittings programme in die versekerings bedryf uit te wys. Die versekerings bedryf koop en installeer ongeveeer 50% van alle standaard elektriese geisers in Suid-Afrika as gevolg van elektriese geisers wat breek na die vervaardiger se waarborg verval het . As gevolg hiervan bestaan daar ‘n geleentheid vir intervensies wat polishouers aanmoedig om te verander na sonverhitters. Sulke intervensies, indien suksesvol, het die potensiaal om die uitrol van sonverhitters in die land dramaties te versnel. Verder het hierdie studie beoog om die versperrings tot die opname van sonverhitters uit te wys by twee versekerings maatskappye in Suid-Afrika wat wel sonverhittings programme het. Data is versamel deur onderhoude met verteenwoordigers van die versekeringsbedryf en ‘n reeks sonverhitting industrie belanghebbendes en verbruikers. Die literatuurstudie het gefokus op sonverhittings beleid en regulasies en korporatiese en bemarkings teorie. ‘n Literatuurstudie in oorgang in sosio-tegnologiese sisteme was veral nuttig om die komplekse dinamika van die sisteem te verstaan. Die gevolgtrekking van hierdie studie is dat die Suid-Afrikaanse versekeringsbedryf wel die kapasiteit en geleentleid het om die penetrasie van sonverhittings tegnologie te dryf. Hierdie geleentheid word egter nie gebruik tot sy volle potensiaal nie. Die ganse sisteem is gerat om ‘n spesifieke tegnologie op ‘n sekere manier te verskaf. Analise in hierdie studie bevestig dat die sisteem in ‘n geslote staat is en daar is uiterste teenkanting tot verandering. Indien hierdie geleentheid om die dominate tegnologie vir waterverhitting geinstaleer deur die versekerings bedryf te verplaas met wat op die oomblik nog ‘n niche tegnologie is (sonverhitters), is ‘n eksterne landskap skok nodig. Hierdie skok tot die sisteem kan aangehelp word deur intervensies wat ‘n verandering in die huidige sisteem logika teiken. Hierdie studie bied ‘n paar voorstelle in hierdie verband.

Sweden is moving from the fossil-atomic age, making ready for photovoltaics (PV) to assume a noteworthy part in a future formed by renewable power production. Sweden is a global leader in renewable energy, environment technology, and Clean-tech. The country fully embraces green technologies and this area has a major business potential. The goal is to reach a 50 percent share of renewable energy by 2020. Photovoltaic (PV) system is one of the main sources of renewable energy sources, the rate of installed PV increased in Sweden. During 2014 36.2 MWp installed, which is almost double installed power 19.1 MWp during 2013. During 2013 and 2014 1.1 MWp sold to the electrical grid and 9.5 MWp of the off-grid system been sold. It was and will be always a problem to start a business or to enter a new market or technology, struggle to understand the market, solve the problems, and increase the sales to achieve the success. Since many companies face difficulties, selling products and getting more projects, for that a research document made to investigate more and find solutions. The purpose of this research to identify solar market entrance obstacles and barriers, and how can new entrants makes solar market entrance. Investigate the statues que of today market and the predict future for solar market in Sweden. Data collection sequence started with identifying customer needs, then review the literature, and finally interview Swedish solar firms. The interviewed firms were five firms operating in Southern of Sweden. The information outcome from the process identifies market obstacles and barriers, providing ideas about the today market situation, predicting the market future, and setting a plan for market entrance for a new entrant. The research neglected the firm size, concentrating on market obstacles and barriers.

Au cœur de cette thèse réside l'application des méthodes d'optimisation et d'études empiriques pour traiter des questions de développement durable dans le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam pour les 30 prochaines années. On examine les moyens des options énergétiques durables pour le secteur de l'électricité. La thèse s'organise en deux parties. (i) Dans la première partie, nous développons le modèle " bottom-up " de planification intégrée des ressources (IRP) pour fournir une évaluation plus exhaustive de l'état actuel et des perspectives d'avenir pour le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam dans les trois prochaines décennies. Puis, en utilisant une analyse comparative et une analyse de la vulnérabilité qui est basée sur la simulation IRP, nous analysons les vulnérabilités auxquelles le développement du secteur devra faire face, en termes de dimensions économiques et socio-environnementales. Nous avons en outre développé le modèle IRP, représentant les coûts marginaux de réduction des émissions de carbone de manière réaliste en tenant compte des valeurs non nulles de carbone et de limitation des émissions de carbone, afin de simuler des options d'approvisionnement énergétique soutenables pour le secteur de l'énergie. (ii) Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions les principaux obstacles contre une adoption plus large des énergies soutenables à l'aide d'enquêtes formelles parmi les experts nationaux. Ensuite, nous utilisons une approche d'analyse empirique pour examiner les différents outils politiques appropriés, y compris des instruments d'incitation / régimes et la réforme du secteur pour une telle durabilité du secteur de l'énergie. Pour la fin, nous analysons l'accès aux sources de financement possibles pour le développement durable dans le secteur de l'électricité du Vietnam.