Gröna obligationer har fått växande uppmärksamhet på marknaden för hållbara investeringar under de senaste decennierna. Finansieringsformen blir alltmer utbredd världen över och användningen förväntas öka ytterligare. I dagens läge har användningen av gröna obligationer i större utsträckning gått till att finansiera mitigering av växthusgasutsläpp snarare än klimatanpassning av samhällen. Med det som bakgrund fokuserar studien på att undersöka förutsättningar för användning av gröna obligationer som finansieringsform för klimatanpassning i Sverige. Vidare kommer studien utifrån ett kommun- och investerarperspektiv att undersöka erfarenheter, för- och nackdelar med gröna obligationer jämfört med andra finansieringsformer samt framtidens finansieringsverktyg för klimatanpassning. Genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer har empiri samlats in från sex aktörer; Göteborg Stad, Örebro kommun, Kristianstad kommun, SEB, Kommuninvest och SMHI. En induktiv kodning av intervjuerna identifierade sex teman som presenteras under följande rubriker i resultatdelen; Komplex ansvarsfördelning och låg prioritet av klimatanpassningsprojekt, Kommunernas finansiering av klimatanpassning, För- och nackdelar med gröna obligationer, Ramverk för rapportering och effektredovisning av gröna obligationer, Möjliga finansieringsformer för klimatanpassning och Framtida användning av obligationer för klimatanpassning. Diskussionen lyfter relevanta delar från resultatet och förankrar dem i de teoretiska utgångspunkterna för att fördjupa förståelsen. Den första slutsatsen från studien visar att det inte är tillgång på extern finansiering som är anledningen till varför få klimatanpassningsåtgärder har genomförts. Det beror istället på att arbetet främst varit i uppstartsfas hos svenska kommuner och prioritering har varit på mitigerande åtgärder. Även lågt samhällsengagemang kan vara bidragande till den låga prioriteringen. Den andra slutsatsen berör utformningen av gröna obligationer; tidsramen, rapporteringen och prestandaindikatorer hade kunnat utvecklas för att öka möjligheterna att använda finansieringsformen för klimatanpassning. Den tredje slutsatsen är att klimatanpassning i svenska kommuner i nuläget finansieras främst internt, men även möjligheter till extern finansiering finns. Framtidens finansiering av klimatanpassning kommer troligtvis utgöras av både interna och externa medel. För den externa finansieringen är gröna obligationer ett troligt alternativ, men även andra obligationsformer uppkommer på marknaden, varav en är hållbarhetslänkade obligationer. / During the last decades green bonds have gained increased interest in the market for sustainable investments. Green bonds is a funding tool that is becoming more widely used around the world and it can be expected to grow further. Historically this funding tool has to a greater extent been used to fund mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, rather than to adapt societies to climate change. Hence this study aims to investigate the conditions for using green bonds as a funding tool for climate adaptation in Sweden. Further, the study investigates how players from the municipality and investor sectors experience green bonds, pros and cons compared to other funding tools and future funding methods for climate adaptation. To fulfill the aim of this study empiri has been collected through qualitative semi structured interviews with six organizations; Municipality of Gothenburg, Municipality of Örebro, Municipality of Kristianstad, SEB, Kommuninvest and SMHI. The interviews were coded with an inductive approach and six themes were identified, which are presented below the following headlines in the result: Complex distribution of responsibility and low priority of adaptation projects, The municipalities’ funding of climate adaptation, Pros and cons of green bonds, Framework for reporting and presentation of the green bonds’ effects, Possible funding tools for climate adaptation and Future use of bonds for climate adaptation. The discussion highlights relevant parts from the result and anchors them to the theoretical framework to deepen the understanding. A first conclusion is that the reason why few climate adaptation projects have been implemented is not lack of funding but the fact that many Swedish municipalities are in a starting phase of climate adaptation projects. Other contributing factors are that mitigation measures have been prioritized more and there is a lack of involvement from citizens. Another conclusion concerns the design of green bonds; the time frame, reporting and performance indicators could be developed to increase the opportunities for using this funding tool for climate adaptation. A final conclusion is that climate adaptation in Swedish municipalities currently is funded mostly through internal capital but it is also possible to use external capital. Climate adaptation will most likely be funded through both internal and external resources in the future. Green bonds will probably be an important part of the external funding, but it is also likely that other types of bonds which are emerging on the market will be used, for example sustainability-linked bonds.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how children are affected by eviction and structural homelessness in Sweden, and also to investigate what rights children have towards the Swedish state and Swedish municipalities under the Convention on the Right of the Child. To achieve the purpose, the author has used rapports of evicted and homeless children in Sweden, and analyzed the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The author did this to see what obligations the Swedish state and the Swedish municipalities have towards the children. Documents from Malmo and Gothenburg municipality are also used to see how the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child looks like at the local level. A comparison between the municipalities was made to see if there are similarities or differences between the municipalities implementation of the convention. An investigation was also done to see whether the municipalities comply the claims of the convention.

This thesis aims to study the role, function, and responsibility of municipalities in the Swedish total defence during periods of heightened preparedness. The method used in this thesis is a qualitative text analysis, and the material consists of public documents from state actors. The research question formulated is as follows: What role, function, and responsibility are municipalities expected to have within the future total defence during periods of heightened preparedness? To answer the research question, resilience has been used as a theoretical framework. The results show that municipalities are expected to take on a proactive role by working with anticipation and identification, as well as by preventing, mitigating, and preparing for crises. Additionally, municipalities are expected to have an adaptive capability and act reactively by implementing measures and restoring society to normalcy. Furthermore, although the concept of resilience is not explicitly mentioned in the analyzed documents, it is evident that municipalities are expected to have a role, function, and responsibility characterized by resilience within the framework of future total defence. By contributing new knowledge and insights in this area, the study aims to fill the knowledge gaps that previous research has not addressed, while also aspiring to provide ideas for further research and development in the field of total defence and municipal resilience.

The core value of any democracy is the right to freedom of expression and thought. In a system of representative democracy, the citizens vote in regular elections to choose a representative to best govern their interests. Of importance is a chance for citizens to have insight into how the public authorities exercise the power given to them. The principle of public access to information is a fundamental principle in Sweden’s form of government and is supposed to ensure transparency regarding public sector activities. One way to achieve transparency is with the possibility for officials to report alleged illegal, immoral, or illegitimate practices directly to the organization, an act known as whistleblowing. The question of possible corruption in Swedish municipalities has become a topic of discussion. A concern for an extensive silence within the public sector from numerous actors such as media and labor organizations has also arisen.  The contribution of this study is to analyze and evaluate the possibilities provided by Swedish municipalities to encourage internal whistleblowing, as previous research stresses its value for the organizational integrity and ethical climate. Applying a qualitative method, the aim of this thesis is to empirically study policies and documents for implemented whistleblowing systems in Swedish municipalities. The results show that the ways vary in which it is made possible for public employees to blow the whistle within their organization. Most of the reporting channels are managed within the municipality. Possibilities for external reporting, which could strengthen review of reported wrongdoings, are limited. The used definition in Swedish municipalities mainly refers to corruption as a behavior that violates the law. The definition is problematic as it might fail to detect other forms of corruption such as nepotism, cronyism, or discrimination. Implemented whistleblowing systems do not guarantee a high sense of protection for a reporting person. A fear of retaliation could therefore have the effect of employees not reporting. The results of this thesis are of great importance as it shows that Swedish municipalities might not gain information of potential wrongdoings and unethical practices.

Ransomware-attacker har blivit ett allt större hot i och med samhällets ständigt pågående digitalisering. Denna studie undersöker vilka faktorer som är viktiga för att förhindra ransomware-attacker mot mindre svenska kommuner. För att åstadkomma detta genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex olika respondenter. De som intervjuades arbetade alla i mindre svenska kommuner och hade god insyn och kunskap kring kommunens IT- och informationssäkerhetsarbete. Materialet analyserades sedan utifrån Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). Studien diskuterar både kommunernas attityd till informationssäkerhet samt konstaterar vilka säkerhetsåtgärder som utmärker sig som viktigast. Dessa var skyddade säkerhetskopior, utbildning samt kontinuitetsplaner kopplade till just IT-attacker. / Ransomware attacks have become an increasing threat with the ongoing digitalization of society. This study investigates what factors are important to prevent ransomware attacks against smaller Swedish municipalities. To accomplish this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six different respondents. The interviewees all worked in smaller Swedish municipalities and had good insight and knowledge of the municipality's IT and information security work. The material was then analyzed using Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). The study discusses both the municipalities' attitude to information security and notes which security measures stand out as most important. These were protected backups, education and continuity plans linked to IT attacks. The paper then concludes with suggestions for further research.