袁立宜. / "2003年7月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2003. / 參考文獻 (leaves 128-131). / 附中英文摘要. / "2003 nian 7 yue". / Yuan Liyi. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2003. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 128-131). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 中文摘要 --- p.i / 英文摘要 --- p.ii / 致謝 --- p.in / 圖表 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 / 硏究動機 --- p.1 / 硏究方向 --- p.3 / 粗口是甚麼？ --- p.5 / 理論背景回顧 --- p.8 / 硏究方法 --- p.18 / 問卷調查 --- p.20 / 參與觀察及深入訪談 --- p.23 / 訪問 --- p.23 / 專題小組討論 --- p.25 / 出版刊物資料收集 --- p.26 / 觀察記錄 --- p.27 / 本文章節內容 --- p.28 / Chapter 第二章 --- 廣東話髒話的本質 --- p.29 / 香港的語言和方言 --- p.29 / 香港廣東話與大陸廣東話的細分 --- p.30 / 香港的廣東話粗口詞彙 --- p.32 / 廣東話粗口的使用方式.》 --- p.36 / 五個主要粗口詞及其用法 --- p.36 / 髒話的使用和避用 --- p.50 / “講粗口´ح情況 --- p.51 / 粗口的咒罵性 --- p.53 / 結語 --- p.64 / Chapter 第三章 --- 兩性在說髒話方面的差異 --- p.66 / 社會結構：男性與女性和男性化與女性化 --- p.67 / 社會語言的行爲差異 --- p.71 / 深入訪談一 --- p.76 / 深入訪談二 --- p.76 / 深入訪談三 --- p.77 / 漫畫資料 --- p.77 / 訪談觀察一 --- p.79 / 訪談觀察二 --- p.81 / 髒話在兩性之間引起的問題 / 語言中的權力 --- p.84 / 語言強勢對比語言暴力 --- p.85 / 結語 --- p.87 / Chapter 第四章 --- 髒話的非攻擊和非侮辱使用 --- p.89 / 粗口字有娛樂性 --- p.89 / 觀察訪談 --- p.90 / 粗口字歇後語 --- p.94 / 粗口字笑話 --- p.95 / 笑話一 --- p.96 / 笑話二 --- p.96 / 笑話三 --- p.97 / 粗口歌曲 --- p.97 / 粗口時裝 --- p.100 / 粗口打招呼 --- p.102 / 結語 --- p.104 / Chapter 第五章 --- 講粗口 ´Ø是耶？非耶？ --- p.106 / 公共空間及私人空間 --- p.106 / 公共空間的髒話 --- p.106 / 粗口與運動 --- p.109 / 粗口與賭博 --- p.109 / 私人空間的髒話 --- p.110 / 個人形象 --- p.112 / 說髒話犯法 --- p.113 / 正規道德教化 --- p.115 / 如何去分辨社會公認的對錯標準？ --- p.116 / 粗口字詞咒罵性所表現的中國親屬關係 --- p.117 / 禽獸不如？ --- p.119 / 敬神罵鬼 --- p.120 / 粗口與創作 --- p.120 / 結語 --- p.122 / Chapter 第六章 --- 後結 --- p.123 / 髒話的演變 --- p.123 / 髒話的使用界線 --- p.124 / 髒話的價値 --- p.125 / “粗口´ح會消失嗎？ --- p.126 / 參考書目 --- p.127

Taboo English is an area of inquiry that has been overlooked in the research literature. Little appears to be published on the phenomenon of taboo language and its teaching implications for adult ESL/EFL students learning conversational English. This study aimed to investigate the attitudes and opinions of 80 ESOL teachers from 10 language schools in Auckland, New Zealand, towards the use of Taboo English in society and their attitudes towards teaching about taboo language to adult learners of conversational English. The project used a questionnaire designed to elicit a combination of both qualitative and quantitative data. Results showed that Taboo English was a valuable aspect of ESOL teachers' linguistic repertoire and that both males and females used taboo words in complex and diverse ways to communicate ideas quickly and efficiently. One of the key findings of the study contradicted the typical stereotype that females are more conservative in their taboo use than males. Another major theme that emerged was the linguistic prejudice towards teaching about Taboo English in the second language classroom. The vast majority of ESOL teachers in the study displayed little, if any, enthusiasm for teaching about taboo words to adult learners of conversational English despite acknowledging that taboo words are frequently heard in society today. This study concludes that Taboo language is an undeniable reality of English language use and that ESOL teachers, preparing adult learners to understand everyday language they will be exposed to in the 'real' world, need to address Taboo English to some degree. By not addressing this controversial language, teachers are insufficiently preparing learners to become empowered communicators in English.

<p>There are words and topics of conversation that are considered taboo and offensive in the English language. Offensive words can be divided into different categories, based on the way they are used and in what situation. Topics of conversation that are considered taboo are for example sexual activity and death.</p><p>Men and women are said to use language differently, in a number of areas. One of these areas concerns offensive language. It is considered masculine to swear and women are prone to use euphemisms more than men, i.e. the mildest form possible of an offensive word. Studies have shown that men and women feel more comfortable using taboo language with members of the same sex than with members of the opposite sex.</p><p>This paper aims to study the differences in language use between men and women and apply the findings on eight episodes of the American television series Sex and the City, with focus on offensive language. The purpose is to study whether or not the female characters of the show use a typically male language and if they do, if it could be a reason for them being perceived as strong women.</p>

<p>So far little research has been done on the term bitch exclusively. The aim of this essay is to find a pattern of teenagers’ uses of the word bitch in various contexts and in different grammatical forms. A further question is whether bitch can be considered a swearword or not.</p><p>The investigation was carried out by using two different corpora which is COLT (The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language) and Webcorp as the primary sources out of which concordance lines were extracted. These were in turn categorized into different word classes and analyzed in detail. The results show that there were several word classes in which bitch appeared such as noun, verb and adjective and the most common word class is nouns. The results also show that teenagers mainly use the term as a swearword with which they address their peers. In conclusion even though the term bitch did not originally belong to taboo language, however, due to the fact that the word has developed a more negative meaning it can be seen a swearword.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the approaches identified for the translation of Taiwanese Mandarin dialogues into English subtitles is different from those described in research studies which examined the translation of English film dialogues into Mandarin subtitles using data gathered from a Taiwanese movie entitled Cape No. 7. Taiwanese Mandarin is significantly influenced by the Tai-yu dialect, and in order to carry out the translation of Taiwanese Mandarin, it is important to deal with the functions of the dialect and related culture-specific items (CSIs). Therefore, the researcher of this thesis has investigated whether the translator of Cape No. 7 successfully applied a variety of translation strategies and prioritized the translation criteria well, to enable the target audience to receive the same message of the film as the source audience, especially when subtitling is constrained by time and space. There are two research areas which have been examined: slang and humour. The data analysis of slang scenes included Tai-yu slang and swearing, while humorous scenes were divided into three areas: puns, irony and metaphor. The research data have been analysed by means of analysis diagrams, which were trialled in a pilot study, described in Chapter Three. The pilot study lead to a new categorization based on previous researchers’ taxonomies (Aixelá, 1996; Davies, 2003; Tveit and Fong 2005, as cited in Yang, 2006), and this was applied to the analysis diagrams. According to the findings from the analysis chapters (Chapter Four & Five), the translator of Cape No. 7 preferred to use mostly the paraphrasing strategy in translating Tai-yu slang and humour, and the synonymy strategy in conveying swearing. In addition, the translator often strengthened swear words rather than toning them down in the English subtitles. However, when subtitling humorous scenes, the translator preferred to incorporate two strategies to deal with the cultural barriers when conveying the humorous effect. The compensation strategy was not used often in slang translation. In regard to the translation criteria, pragmatics and accuracy appeared to have been deemed more important by the translator than other criteria. Surprisingly functional equivalence did not seem to have been the translator’s first priority, as suggested by earlier research. Overall, this research study appeared to show that the translator of Cape No. 7 considered the paraphrase strategy to be the most efficient strategy for maintaining CSIs, and that pragmatics and accuracy were the translator’s most important criteria, which differs from the findings of previous research studies.

Taboo English is an area of inquiry that has been overlooked in the research literature. Little appears to be published on the phenomenon of taboo language and its teaching implications for adult ESL/EFL students learning conversational English. This study aimed to investigate the attitudes and opinions of 80 ESOL teachers from 10 language schools in Auckland, New Zealand, towards the use of Taboo English in society and their attitudes towards teaching about taboo language to adult learners of conversational English. The project used a questionnaire designed to elicit a combination of both qualitative and quantitative data. Results showed that Taboo English was a valuable aspect of ESOL teachers' linguistic repertoire and that both males and females used taboo words in complex and diverse ways to communicate ideas quickly and efficiently. One of the key findings of the study contradicted the typical stereotype that females are more conservative in their taboo use than males. Another major theme that emerged was the linguistic prejudice towards teaching about Taboo English in the second language classroom. The vast majority of ESOL teachers in the study displayed little, if any, enthusiasm for teaching about taboo words to adult learners of conversational English despite acknowledging that taboo words are frequently heard in society today. This study concludes that Taboo language is an undeniable reality of English language use and that ESOL teachers, preparing adult learners to understand everyday language they will be exposed to in the 'real' world, need to address Taboo English to some degree. By not addressing this controversial language, teachers are insufficiently preparing learners to become empowered communicators in English.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how the approaches identified for the translation of Taiwanese Mandarin dialogues into English subtitles is different from those described in research studies which examined the translation of English film dialogues into Mandarin subtitles using data gathered from a Taiwanese movie entitled Cape No. 7. Taiwanese Mandarin is significantly influenced by the Tai-yu dialect, and in order to carry out the translation of Taiwanese Mandarin, it is important to deal with the functions of the dialect and related culture-specific items (CSIs). Therefore, the researcher of this thesis has investigated whether the translator of Cape No. 7 successfully applied a variety of translation strategies and prioritized the translation criteria well, to enable the target audience to receive the same message of the film as the source audience, especially when subtitling is constrained by time and space. There are two research areas which have been examined: slang and humour. The data analysis of slang scenes included Tai-yu slang and swearing, while humorous scenes were divided into three areas: puns, irony and metaphor. The research data have been analysed by means of analysis diagrams, which were trialled in a pilot study, described in Chapter Three. The pilot study lead to a new categorization based on previous researchers’ taxonomies (Aixelá, 1996; Davies, 2003; Tveit and Fong 2005, as cited in Yang, 2006), and this was applied to the analysis diagrams. According to the findings from the analysis chapters (Chapter Four & Five), the translator of Cape No. 7 preferred to use mostly the paraphrasing strategy in translating Tai-yu slang and humour, and the synonymy strategy in conveying swearing. In addition, the translator often strengthened swear words rather than toning them down in the English subtitles. However, when subtitling humorous scenes, the translator preferred to incorporate two strategies to deal with the cultural barriers when conveying the humorous effect. The compensation strategy was not used often in slang translation. In regard to the translation criteria, pragmatics and accuracy appeared to have been deemed more important by the translator than other criteria. Surprisingly functional equivalence did not seem to have been the translator’s first priority, as suggested by earlier research. Overall, this research study appeared to show that the translator of Cape No. 7 considered the paraphrase strategy to be the most efficient strategy for maintaining CSIs, and that pragmatics and accuracy were the translator’s most important criteria, which differs from the findings of previous research studies.

Swear words and their role in advertising have been debated for a long time. There has been a general sentiment that the use of swear words should be avoided in ads so they would not appear crass or offensive. Does this sentiment still reflect reality or could swear words be used to good effect in advertising? The aim of the present study is to find out how a number of informants react to the presence of swear words in advertisements, and what their general attitude toward swearing is. An online survey with 54 respondents provided quantitative data, and two group interviews supplemented it with more qualitative information. The study shows that respondents reacted favourably towards adverts with swear words as long as they were not too offensive.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka elevers och lärares attityd gentemot svordomar och könsord ur ett genusperspektiv, vilka effekter svordomar innehar i klassrummet samt hur de används av eleverna och lärarna. Intervjuer genomfördes med tre lärare, en kvinnlig respektive två manliga. Lärarna fick besvara frågor som behandlar svordomar och könsord i klassrummet. För att få ett trovärdigt resultat spelades informanterna in med hjälp av ljudinspelning. En enkätundersökning genomfördes med eleverna där de fick besvara 11 frågor, som behandlar deras eget språkbruk i klassrummet och deras åsikter angående lärare som använder svordomar i sin undervisning. Resultatet visar att genus har en stor inverkan på hur vi bedömer och accepterar svordomar och könsord i klassrummet. Lärare och elever av det kvinnliga könet har mindre tolerans i jämförelse med män. Undersökningen visar att de manliga eleverna inte bryr sig om ifall en lärare använder svordomar eller könsord i klassrummet. Samma inställning har de manliga eleverna gentemot vilken effekt svordomar och könsord har i undervisningen. De kvinnliga eleverna tappar däremot respekten för lärare som använder svordomar och könsord samt anser att svordomar och könsord innehar en negativ effekt i klassrummet. / A study has been conducted by investigating teachers' and students' attitudes towards swear words and sexual slurs from a gender perspective. The purpose of the investigation was to study the acceptance of swear words in classroom situations among teachers and students. Therefore, interviews were conducted with three teachers, of whom one was female and two were male. In order to get a correct analysis, the informants were recorded using a dictation machine. Teachers were allowed to answer questions related to their own use of profanities and the students' use of profanities in the classroom. A survey was conducted with the students where they answered eleven questions. Additionally, the students answered questions about their own language use in the classroom and their opinions regarding teachers' usage of swear words. The analysis of the results shows that gender has a great impact on the acceptance of swear words and vulgar words in the classroom. Female students and teachers have less tolerance compared to men, and the majority of both male and female students in the survey do not consider there to be any effect of swear words regarding the quality of teaching.  Finally, the result shows that female students lose respect for teachers who are using swear words.

This dissertation consists of three essays in the field of applied environmental economics. The first two essays study the effect of daily ambient temperature on police officer behavior. Police officers often exercise substantial discretion when making highly consequential decisions, which can lead to unfair and arbitrary law enforcement. In the first chapter, I exploit daily ambient temperature as a source of transitory, high-frequency shocks and examine how it affects an officer’s decision whether to discount a driver’s speeding penalty in Florida. I find that a 1-standard-deviation increase in temperature lowers the driver’s probability of receiving a lenient ticket by 2%. In addition, using traffic monitoring data and crash reports, I do not find evidence of decreased police effort or increased reckless driving on hot days. I show that the reduction in leniency is disproportionally borne by white drivers, who on average benefit more from officer leniency. In addition, I find that newly hired officers become less affected by temperature as they accumulate more experience on the job. The first chapter shows that daily ambient temperature has a significant effect on police officers’ professional performance. Inspired by this result, in the second chapter I study the effect of temperature on officers’ online expressed sentiment. Mood changes caused by temperature could be a potential mechanism for officers’ behavioral changes observed in the first chapter. To study this question, I obtained messages posted on an online police forum that is popular among Florida police departments. I find that a 1-standard-deviation increase in temperature leads to a 3.5% increase in the use of profanity. In addition, higher temperature has a negative but nonlinear relationship with expressed sentiment. I also find limited evidence of a change in forum activity or discussion topics on relatively hot days, which suggests that these results are likely to be driven by temperature’s effect on officers’ mood. Taken together, the first two chapters highlight the sensitivity of law enforcement behavior to transitory shocks such as environmental conditions. The third chapter, which is joint work with Xinming Du, explores the impact of the 2018 China- U.S. trade war on air pollution in China. Since the Chinese economic data is heavily censored, we take air pollution as a proxy for measuring economic activity. Using city-industry level trade data, we construct a Bartik-style trade war exposure measure for cities in China and compare the pollution trajectory of cities in the top quartile of our measure to those in the bottom quartile under a difference-in-difference design. In addition, to test whether local governments relaxed their enforcement of environmental policies in response to the trade war, we look at whether firms changed their tendency of polluting in the dark during the trade war. Our analysis finds a negative but small and not robust effect of the U.S. tariffs on China’s air quality and no effect of the Chinese retaliatory tariffs. In addition, we find no impact on disguised pollution behaviors of local firms. We conclude that the trade war had minimal effect on China’s economic activity.