There is a common belief that children compared with adults are at a greater risk for exercise-induced heat illness. However, a limitation of previous studies involves different exercise intensities used in the comparison between children and adults. Dehydration impairs aerobic performance, but its effects on strength are not well understood. Sports drinks are often used as ergogenic aids. There is some evidence to suggest children have a greater reliance on exogenous carbohydrate compared to adults, which could require special considerations when children exercise in the heat. The overall purpose of this thesis was to compare physiological and metabolic responses during exercise in the heat between boys and men. Three studies were conducted to 1) compare the thermoregulatory responses of boys and men exercising in the heat at a fixed absolute metabolic heat production or a fixed metabolic heat production per unit of body mass; 2) compare the effects of 2% hypohydration or, euhydration with and without carbohydrate ingestion during exercise in the heat on subsequent strength in boys and men; and 3) examine the effects of exogenous carbohydrate on endogenous metabolism in boys and men exercising in the heat. Age and body size differences between boys and men did not influence thermoregulatory responses at a fixed metabolic heat production per unit of body mass. No differences in strength were observed among trials. When exercising in the heat, the relative contribution of ingested carbohydrate and endogenous substrate to total energy yield were not different between groups. These findings together have practical implications for boys and men who exercise in the heat. Specifically, moderate exercise in the heat is equally safe for boys and men. The effects of hypohydration and a carbohydrate drink compared to water on muscle strength performance following exercise in the heat are minimal. An important practical application is that carbohydrate intake spared endogenous fuels during exercise in the heat in both groups. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Children may not adapt to temperature extremes as effectively as adults. Thermoregulatory differences may be due to variable exercise intensities prescribed in available child-adult comparisons. Dehydration affects aerobic performance, but its effects on strength are not well understood. Sports drinks are often used to offset dehydration and improve performance; however, the body may have a harder time using sugar drinks when exercising in the heat. The purpose of this thesis was to compare bodily responses of boys and men during exercise in the heat. Our findings have important practical implications for boys and men who exercise and play sports in hot temperatures. Specifically, exercise in the heat is equally safe for boys and men. The effects of hypohydration and a sports drink on muscle strength performance following exercise in the heat are minimal. Finally, although exercise in the heat may affect the use of a sugar drink, boys and men may use this drink to improve aerobic performance, while maintaining hydration levels.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ariadne Pegoraro Mastelaro - 2016.pdf: 2581761 bytes, checksum: 8c68947f1595f8beb96f79d632dd1236 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses and morphological characteristics of cattle belonging to four different genetic groups with different degrees of heat adaptability, raised in pastures in the Center - West of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in two experimental periods (March and August 2015), at São Carlos Farm, Três Lagoas (MS). 54 calves recently weaned from four genetic groups were used, 14 Nellore, 14 Senepol, 12 ½ Angus x ½ Nelore and 14 ¼ Brahman ¼Nelore x 2/4 Senepol, with age, in the beginning of the experiment, five seven months. The average weight of the animals was 197.0 kg (Nelore), 169 kg (Senepol), 235 kg (½ Angus x ½ Nellore) and 233 kg (¼ Brahman x ¼ Nellore x 2/4 Senepol). The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments (breeds), where repetitions are the animals within each genetic group. They measured the temperature (rectal, superficial skin and superficial hair coat), heart rate, respiratory rate and surface skin temperature, surface temperature of fur and sweat rate. Moreover, it was determined some morphologic characteristics of the dorsal region. To characterize the environment, there were collected dry bulb temperature, black globe temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, the sun and the shade, to determine the following thermal comfort indexes: index temperature and humidity, globe temperature and humidity index, and radiation heat load. Among the adaptive features, only those relating to the present differences between the experimental groups (p <0.05), and the genetic group ½ Angus x ½ Nellore showed the highest values of length, diameter, number of hair, density medium and thickness of the hair coat cover in both evaluation periods (March and August). For physiological variables, there was no statistical difference between the experimental groups (p> 0.05), a fact that was also found in the evaluated periods (p <0.05). It follows, therefore, that the choice of breeds with characteristics consistent with the breeding environment is an important factor in the production system efficiency / Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas fisiológicas e características morfológicas de bovinos pertencentes a quatros diferentes grupos genéticos, com diferentes graus de adaptabilidade ao calor, criados em pastagens no Centro – Oeste brasileiro. O experimento foi realizado em dois períodos experimentais (março e agosto de 2015), na Fazenda São Carlos, município de Três Lagoas (MS). Foram utilizadas 54 bezerras recém-desmamadas, provenientes de quatro grupos genéticos, sendo 14 Nelore, 14 Senepol, 12 ½ Angus x ½ Nelore e 14 ¼ Brahman x ¼ Nelore x 2/4 Senepol, com idade, ao início do experimento, de cinco a sete meses. O peso vivo médio inicial dos animais foi de 197,0 kg (Nelore), 169 kg (Senepol), 235 kg (½ Angus x ½ Nelore), e 233 kg (¼ Brahman x ¼ Nelore x 2/4 Senepol). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (raças), em que as repetições são os animais dentro de cada grupamento genético. Foram mensuradas a temperatura (retal, superficial da pele e superficial de pelame), frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e taxa de sudação. Além disso, foram determinadas algumas características morfológicas do pelo na região dorsal. Para caracterização do ambiente, foram coletadas a temperatura de bulbo seco, temperatura de globo negro, temperatura de ponto de orvalho, velocidade do vento e umidade relativa do ar, ao sol e à sombra, para a determinação dos seguintes índices de conforto térmico: índice de temperatura e umidade, índice de temperatura de globo e umidade, e carga térmica de radiação. Entre as características adaptativas, apenas as que se referem ao pelo apresentaram diferenças entre os grupamentos genéticos (p<0,05), sendo que o grupo genético ½ Angus x ½ Nelore apresentou os maiores valores de comprimento, diâmetro, número de pelos, densidade média e espessura da capa de pelame, em ambos os períodos avaliados (março e agosto). Para as variáveis fisiológicas, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupamentos genéticos (p>0,05), fato que também se verificou nos períodos avaliados (p<0,05). Conclui-se, assim, que a escolha de raças com características compatíveis com o ambiente criatório é fator importante na eficiência do sistema de produção.

Three studies were performed to examine biophysical sources of individual variability in the thermoregulatory responses to exercise, and the influence of skin blood flow on heat loss potential during severe heat stress. Study 1 investigated whether unbiased comparisons of changes in rectal temperature (ΔTre) should be compared at a fixed absolute rate of heat production (Hprod; W) or a fixed Hprod per unit mass (W/kg), and whether local sweat rates (LSR) should be compared at a fixed evaporative requirement for heat balance (Ereq; W) or a fixed Ereq per unit of surface area (W/m2), between independent groups of unequal body mass and body surface area (BSA). Study 2 examined whether individual variation in ΔTre, whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), and steady-state LSR is best explained by biophysical factors related to Hprod, Ereq, and body size, and if factors related to aerobic fitness (VO2max) and body fatness correlate with the residual variance in these responses. Study 3 tested whether alterations in skin blood flow shift the critical vapour pressure (Pcrit) above which core temperature could no longer be regulated in hot/humid conditions, indicating altered heat loss potential from the skin. In study 1, exercise at fixed absolute Hprod and Ereq resulted in greater ΔTre and LSR in smaller individuals (smaller mass and BSA), but exercise at set Hprod in W/kg and Ereq in W/m2 resulted in no differences in ΔTre and LSR, respectively, regardless of body size and %VO2max. In study 2, 50-71% of the individual variation in ΔTre, whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), and steady-state LSR was explained by Hprod (W/kg), absolute Ereq (W) and Ereq (W/m2) respectively, while body fat percentage and %VO2max contributed merely 1-4% to the total variability. In study 3, despite a ~20% lower skin blood flow, Pcrit was unaffected by a large reduction in skin blood flow following iso-smotic dehydration, with no differences in core and skin temperatures and sweating observed. Collectively, these findings suggest that between-group comparisons and modelling of thermoregulatory responses must first consider biophysical factors related to metabolic heat production and body size, rather than factors related to VO2max and body fatness. Furthermore, lower levels of skin blood flow may not impair maximum heat dissipation from the skin to the external environment during severe passive heat stress as previously thought.

À la fin du XIXe siècle, lorsque la condition ouvrière commence à s'améliorer en Occident, la situation des travailleuses à domicile exploitées jusqu'à épuisement pour un salaire de famine, scandalise les personnes de bonne volonté (chrétiens sociaux, féministes, francs-maçons...). Après l'échec de tentatives coopératives à contre-courant de la fabrication de masse, le recours au législateur paraît la seule solution. Votée en 1915, révisée en 1928, 1941 et 1957, la loi n'apporte pourtant pas les résultats escomptés. Cette étude s'efforce de démontrer, chiffres en mains, l'impuissance de cette loi à réduire l'inégalité genrée des salaires qui repose sur une conception idéologique de l'un et l'autre sexe. Néanmoins, elle a contribué à améliorer légèrement le revenu des travailleuses en chambre et suscité tout un mouvement d'idées fécondes comme celle d'un salaire vital minimum ou d'une négociation paritaire des rémunérations par branche. Ses effets se font encore sentir dans la législation actuelle du travail à domicile.

Une étude expérimentale sur la faisabilité du procédé de dessalement par congélation sur les parois d'un tube cylindrique est présentée. Le procédé se décompose en deux étapes essentielles : la cristallisation suivie par le ressuage. Les cristallisations sont conduites à partir d'une solution stagnante ou agitée par un bullage d'air. Les paramètres opératoires clés sont la rampe de refroidissement et la salinité de l’eau traitée. Leur effet sur la salinité de la glace produite a été quantifié, dans les deux modes de fonctionnement, statique et agité. Le dispositif expérimental permet également de contrôler le gradient thermique à travers la couche de solution pour les cristallisations effectuées en statique. L'absence de gradient thermique et donc de courant de convection mène à des couches de glace très contaminées en sels. Les résultats combinant la cristallisation et le ressuage montrent que dans tous les cas, on peut obtenir de l'eau potable mais avec un rendement plus élevé et une durée réduite si la cristallisation a lieu en mode dynamique. Les conditions opératoires optimales sont proposées. La modélisation des transferts de matière et de chaleur à travers les couches de glace et de solution en régime diffusionnel et convectif a permis d’interpréter l’influence des paramètres opératoires des cristallisations opérées sans agitation. Enfin, l’évaluation économique du procédé complet de dessalement, basées sur des points de fonctionnement expérimentaux, indique que la consommation énergétique d’une petite installation pourrait être très faible en utilisant une machine frigorifique idéale fonctionnant entre l’unité de ressuage et l’unité de congélation. / An experimental study on the feasibility of sea water desalination by indirect freezing is presented. The whole process of desalination involves a freezing step, followed by a purification of the ice layer by sweating. Crystallization is led from quiescent solution or from agitated solution by air bubbling. The key operating parameters are the cooling rate, and solution salinity. Their effect on ice purity has been quantified in the static and agitated modes. The experimental setup enables as well the control of temperature gradient through the solution when the freezing step is conducted in the static mode. In the absence of temperature gradient and consequently the absence of convection currents, the ice layers formed are very contaminated in salts. The results combining crystallization and sweating show that in all cases, we can obtain drinking water, but with high yield and reduced process time when the crystallization is led in agitated mode. The optimal operating conditions are presented. The modelling of mass and heat transfers in the two phases in the diffusional and convective regimes has enabled the interpretation of the influence of operating parameters of crystallizations operated without agitation. At last, the economic evaluation of the whole desalination process, based on experimental operating points, indicates that energetic consumption of a small scale unit maybe low when using an ideal refrigerating machine which works between the sweating and the crystallization unities.

Le travail vise à développer un procédé de dessalement de l’eau de mer par congélation sur parois froides. L’étude thermodynamique a permis de quantifier l’effet de la composition et de la salinité de l’eau sur la température de congélation et la température de précipitation de Na2SO4,10 H2O. Les résultats sont bien décrits par le code de calcul de Frezchem, dérivé du modèle de Pitzer. Les essais de dessalement par congélation ont été conduits avec des solutions eau/NaCl de différentes concentrations, ainsi qu’avec de l’eau de mer de Rabat, Nice et Marseille. Le montage expérimental mis au point se compose d’un doigt de gant plongé dans une cuve double enveloppée contenant l’eau à traiter. Le procédé complet de dessalement est conduit en deux étapes: l’étape de congélation produisant un dépôt de glace sur le doigt de gant et l’étape de ressuage, effectuée après vidange de la saumure, qui consiste à purifier en profondeur la glace en opérant une fusion des zones impures. Une caméra filme la couche de glace et fournit la cinétique de croissance de la couche. La congélation a été effectuée dans une solution stagnante ou dans une solution agitée par injection d’air. Elle est conduite en appliquant deux rampes de refroidissement, respectivement dans le doigt de gant et dans la double enveloppe, qui peuvent être ou non identiques. Les essais ont montré la nécessité d’ensemencer la couche de glace sur le tube et d’ajuster finement la température initiale de la rampe de refroidissement. L’étude systématique de l’influence des paramètres opératoires a mis en évidence les rôles importants de la rampe de refroidissement et de la salinité de la solution sur la pureté de la glace produite. En l’absence d’agitation, la température de la double enveloppe a également un effet notoire sur la pureté de la glace à cause des gradients de température, et par suite, des courants de convection qu’elle peut engendrer au sein de la solution. En régime agité, la solution semble être à chaque instant en équilibre avec la glace. Une même salinité finale de la glace peut être obtenue avec des rampes de refroidissement beaucoup plus rapides qu’en statique. Quelles que soient les performances de la congélation, le ressuage est ensuite indispensable pour atteindre la norme de potabilité. La recherche de conditions opératoires optimales a permis de réduire la durée du procédé global à 8h (5h de cristallisation et 3h de ressuage). Les résultats de ce travail montrent la faisabilité de la technique et donnent une bonne idée des conditions de fonctionnement qui peuvent être employées pour produire l'eau potable / The work aims to develop a process for freezing desalination of seawater on cold walls. The thermodynamic study has quantified the effect of composition and of salinity on the freezing temperature and the precipitation temperature of Na2SO4,10 H2O. The results are well described by the calculation code Frezchem, derived from the model of Pitzer. The experiments were performed with water/NaCl solutions of different concentrations and with samples of sea water from Nice, Rabat and Marseille. The pilot crystallizer consists of a cooled tube immersed in a cylindrical double jacketed tank containing water to be treated. The complete process of desalination is conducted in two steps: the freezing step, leading to the crystallization of the ice layer and the sweating step, which consists of purifying in depth the ice layer by melting the impure zones. A camera films the ice and provides the growth kinetics of the layer. Freezing was performed in a stagnant solution to a stirred solution or by injecting air. It is conducted by applying two cooling ramps, respectively in the tube and the double jacket that may or may not be identical. Tests have shown the need to seed the ice on the tube and fine-tune the initial temperature of the cooling ramp. The systematic study of the influence of operating parameters has highlighted the important role of the cooling ramp and salinity of the solution on the purity of the ice produced. In the absence of stirring, the temperature of the double jacket also has a noticeable effect on the purity of the ice due to temperature gradients, and consequently, convection currents that may result in the solution. Steady stirring, the solution seems to be at all times in equilibrium with ice. Same final salinity of the ice can be obtained with ramps cooling much faster than static. Whatever the performance of the freezing, the sweating is then necessary to meet the standard for drinking water. The search for optimum operating conditions has reduced the duration of the overall process to 8 hours (5 hours the crystallization and 3 hours of sweating). The results of this work show the feasibility of the technique and give a good indication of operating conditions that can be used to produce drinking water

No description available.

Thesis deals with the design and realization of revisions devices for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. One of the methods how to treat hyperhidrosis is iontophoresis. This prevents sweating using an electric current. The work is divided on the parts. First part is a theory, which deals with basic principles of treatment. Next part is the analysis of original solutions and hardware design of new solutions. In conclusion I revive device by microcontroller programming and checking its functionality. I was able to create a prototype board, programmable firmware and successfully tested a prototype.

Introdução: A hiperidrose primária consiste em uma sudorese excessiva em regiões limitadas do corpo. A simpatectomia torácica videotoracoscópica é um dos tratamentos propostos para a hiperidrose primária palmar, aliando alto sucesso terapêutico com baixo risco. A fisiopatologia da hiperidrose primária ainda não está totalmente esclarecida. Objetivos: Analisar as características morfométricas dos gânglios simpáticos torácicos (G3), removidos cirurgicamente de pacientes portadores de hiperidrose palmar. Como controle foram utilizados os gânglios simpáticos, removidos no mesmo nível (G3), de pacientes doadores de órgãos por morte encefálica, sabidamente sem hiperidrose. Foram estudadas a estereologia e a apoptose celular e as fibras do sistema colágeno /elastina da matriz extracelular. Métodos: Estudo transversal, no qual foram incluídos 40 gânglios simpáticos torácicos (G3) removidos do hemitórax esquerdo, provenientes de pacientes com hiperidrose palmar (Grupo I), submetidos à simpatectomia videotoracoscópica, e 14 gânglios simpáticos de pacientes controle sabidamente sem hiperidrose (Grupo II), removidos por esternotomia mediana. Resultados: Em relação ao sexo, a proporção de mulheres e homens foi de 30:10, no Grupo I, e 7:7 no Grupo II, com p = 0,103. A idade no Grupo I, variou de 10 a 42 anos, com uma média de 23,73 (+ 7,51) e no Grupo II variou de 17 a 68 anos, com uma média de 37,57 (+ 16,65) , apresentando um p = 0,009. A média das células ganglionares nos pacientes do Grupo I foi de 14,25 (+ 3,81) e no Grupo II foi de 10,65 (+ 4,93) com p = 0,007. A média das células ganglionares coradas pela caspase (apoptose) no Grupo I foi de 2,37 (+ 0,79) e no Grupo II foi de 0,77 (+ 0,28) com p < 0,001. A mediana da área de colágeno corada pelo Picrosírius no Grupo I foi de 0,80 IQ (0,08-1,87) e no Grupo II foi de 2,36 IQ (0,49-5,98) com p = 0,061. Conclusões: Os pacientes portadores de hiperidrose primária palmar apresentam um maior número de células ganglionares no gânglio simpático, em relação aos do grupo controle. Há um número maior de células ganglionares simpáticas em apoptose na hiperidrose. Os pacientes portadores de hiperidrose apresentam menos colágeno no gânglio simpático / Introduction: Primary hyperhidrosis consists of excessive sweating in small areas of the body. The video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy is one of the suggested treatments for primary palmar hyperhidrosis, which combines high therapeutic success with low risk. The pathophysiology of primary hyperhidrosis is not fully understood yet. Objectives: Analyzing the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic sympathetic ganglion (G3) surgically removed from patients with palmar hyperhidrosis. The sympathetic ganglion removed at the same level (G3) from patients who are organ donors after brain death and who did not have hyperhidrosis were used as control. Stereology and cellular apoptosis, as well as the fibers of the collagen/elastin system of the extracellular matrix were subjected to scrutiny. Methods: Cross-sectional study, which included 40 thoracic sympathetic ganglion (G3) removed from the left hemithorax of patients who have palmar hyperhidrosis (Group I) and underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy, and also 14 sympathetic ganglion from control patients who did not have hyperhidrosis (Group II), which were removed with median sternotomy. Results: In regards to gender , the proportion of women to men was 30:10 in Group I and 7:7 in Group II, with p = 0.103. The age Group I ranged from 10 to 42 years, with an average of 23.73 (+ 7.51) years and in Group II, from to 17 to 68 years, with an average of 37.57 (+ 16.65) years, with p = 0.009. The average of ganglion cells in Group I was 14.25 (+ 3.81) and in Group II, 10.65 (+ 4.93) with p = 0.007. The average ganglion cells stained by Caspase (apoptosis) in Group I was 2.37 (+0.79) and in Group II, 0.77 (+ 0.28) with p = 0.001. The median collagen area by Picrosirius in Group I was 0.80 IQ (0.08-1.87) and in Group II, 2.36 IQ (0.49-5.98) with p = 0.061. Conclusions: Patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis have an increased number of ganglion cells in the sympathetic ganglion in comparison to the control group. There are a higher number of sympathetic ganglion cells in apoptosis in hyperhidrosis. Patients with hyperhidrosis have less collagen in sympathetic ganglion

Le chauffage des matériaux cosmétiques peut provoquer une exsudation de surface sous la forme de petites gouttes puis un retrait des gouttes associé à un processus de recristallisation. Des méthodes rhéologiques et de diffusion multiple de la lumière ont permis une étude des effets d’exsudation et de recristallisation en fonction de la température de chauffage, du vieillissement et de la plasticité du matériau. Des simulations numériques et un modèle phénoménologique basés sur la prolifération de fissures métastables et la croissance hors équilibre d’amas de défauts liquides susceptibles de crever la surface permettent de rendre compte des effets d’exsudation et de recristallisation variables selon la plasticité de la matrice semi-cristalline et la teneur en huile dans le matériau soumis à une perturbation thermique. / The heating of cosmetic materials can generate an external sweating phenomenon shown by the formation of droplets, followed by a withdrawal of the droplets due to the recrystallization process. Rheological methods and light scattering allowed to study the effects of sweating and re-crystallization in term of heating temperature, aging, and material’s elasticity. Numerical simulations and a phenomenological model based on the multiplication of metastable cracks and the growth outside of equilibrium state of liquid default pits able to burst the surface proves the sweating effects and the re-crystallization variable depending on the semi-crystalline matrix and the percentile of oil in the material under thermal fluctuation.