<p>Varje år anmäls ca 10 000 sexualbrott i Sverige. Forskning har visat att sexualbrottslingar är en heterogen grupp i fråga om personlighet. Studier visar dock på att de ofta har hög aggressivitet och mycket ångest, något som de får utlopp för genom sin sexualitet. Forskare har även påvisat en hög förekomst av Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) i barndomen hos sexualbrottslingar. Syftet med föreliggande undersökning var att undersöka förekomst av ADHD i barndomen, personlighet och samband mellan ADHD och personlighet hos dömda sexualbrottslingar (N = 30). Undersökningen syftade även till att undersöka uppväxt- och brottsbelatsning hos sexualbrottslingar. Resultaten visade att undersökningsdeltagarna i huvudsak inte skiljde sig från normalpopulationen i personlighet. Resultaten visade även att 30% av undersökningsdeltagarna hade ADHD i barndomen. Vidare visar resultaten att det råder samvarians mellan förekomsten av ADHD i barndomen, uppväxtbelastning och brottsbelastning. Detta är i linje med tidigare forskning som funnit en överrepresentation av ADHD bland kriminella.</p>

Varje år anmäls ca 10 000 sexualbrott i Sverige. Forskning har visat att sexualbrottslingar är en heterogen grupp i fråga om personlighet. Studier visar dock på att de ofta har hög aggressivitet och mycket ångest, något som de får utlopp för genom sin sexualitet. Forskare har även påvisat en hög förekomst av Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) i barndomen hos sexualbrottslingar. Syftet med föreliggande undersökning var att undersöka förekomst av ADHD i barndomen, personlighet och samband mellan ADHD och personlighet hos dömda sexualbrottslingar (N = 30). Undersökningen syftade även till att undersöka uppväxt- och brottsbelatsning hos sexualbrottslingar. Resultaten visade att undersökningsdeltagarna i huvudsak inte skiljde sig från normalpopulationen i personlighet. Resultaten visade även att 30% av undersökningsdeltagarna hade ADHD i barndomen. Vidare visar resultaten att det råder samvarians mellan förekomsten av ADHD i barndomen, uppväxtbelastning och brottsbelastning. Detta är i linje med tidigare forskning som funnit en överrepresentation av ADHD bland kriminella.

Given the severe environmental problems we are facing, it is crucial to communicate environmental knowledge to society in order to facilitate a trajectory towards sustainability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore how departments at Swedish universities, whose research revolves around environmental topics, communicate their research. At four departments at two universities, I examine based on semi-structured interviews (I) with whom and in what ways these departments communicate their research, (II) what the motivations are to do so, and (III) if there are challenges in communicating environmental science. For examining the departments’ communication strategies, I apply the theory of a multi-model framework of expert-public interaction. This multi-model framework, however, proved to be too simplistic for the complexity of reality, as the models underlying this framework are too intertwined, and not competing descriptions of reality. They rather describe specific aspects of communication practices.  The results show that even though there are two-way communication practices with both the government, specific stakeholders, and the general public, the mere dissemination of environmental knowledge seems to be the default practice of science communication at the examined departments - especially concerning the general public. The motivation to communicate environmental knowledge is of intrinsic nature, to give something back to society and to increase awareness about sustainability practices. Discovered challenges in science communication include a general lack of time to effectively communicate research results, as well as deficient education in science communication for researchers.  For transforming into sustainable societies communication strategies need to be improved.

Dark triad är en kombination av mörka personlighetsdrag som består av subklinisk psykopati, subklinisk narcissism och machiavellism (Paulhus &amp; Williams, 2002). Jones och Paulhus (2013), utvecklade Short Dark Triad (SD3), ett test som mäter dark triads personlighetsdrag. Den föreliggande studiens syfte var att validera en svensk version av SD3. Respondenterna svarade på nio enkäter som ingick i ett forskningsprojekt varav tre användes till denna studie. Respondenterna (N = 103) var mellan 19 och 64 år, och alla var aktiva i arbetslivet. Konvergent validering gjordes genom korrelationsanalyser som kontrollerade sambanden mellan de delar, i beprövade instrument, som mäter personlighetsdrag relaterade till begreppen subklinisk psykopati, subklinisk narcissism och machiavellism. Sambandsanalyserna gjordes mellan SD3 och IPIP-120 som mäter femfaktormodellens dimensioner, samt Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP) som grundar sig på biologiska markörer för olika psykiatriska tillstånd. Resultaten gick i huvudsak i linje med tidigare forskning (Furnham, Richards, Rangel, &amp; Jones, 2014) med avseende på sambanden mellan femfaktormodellens dimensioner och SD3. En gemensam kärna i de tre personlighetsdragen i dark triad var ovänlighet, och ett viktigt resultat var de signifikanta negativa sambanden med femfaktordimensionen vänlighet. Den Svenska versionen av SD3 anses validerad. / Dark triad is a group of three dark personality scales consisting of subclinical psychopathy, subclinical narcissism and Machiavellianism (Paulhus &amp; Williams. 2002). The Short Dark Triad (SD3), is the measuring tool and was developed by Jones and Paulhus (2013). The purpose of this thesis was to validate a Swedish translation of the SD3. This was done within an existing research project and included 103 respondents, aged 19-64 years, all being employed. They were assigned to respond to nine different surveys, three of them measuring psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism-related scales. Convergent validation was done by correlation analysis with IPIP-120, measuring the personality of five factor model and Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP), measuring personality traits based on biological markers, and how well they measure the SD3. Our results generally confirm earlier research on studies between five factor models personality scales and SD3 (Furnham, Richards, Rangel, &amp; Jones, 2014). One result of particular importance was the negative correlation with the Agreeableness Scale since it is a core for the dark triad personalities. Furthermore, our results followed the expected patterns in the correlations between dark triad personalities and the five factor model. The result of our thesis concludes that the Swedish translation of thPSKe SD3 test is to be considered valid.

Measuring the research performance of a university is important to the universities themselves, governments, and students alike. Among other metrics, the number of publications is easy to obtain, and due to the large number of publications each university produces during one year, it suggests to be one accurate metric. However, the number of publications depends largely on the size of the institution, suggesting, if not addressed, that larger universities are better. Thus, one might intuitively try to normalize by size and use publications per researcher instead. A better institution would allow individual researchers to have more publications each year. However, publications, like many other things, might follow a power-law distribution, where most researchers have few, and only a few researchers have very many publications. These power-law distributions violate the assumptions the central limit the orem makes, for example, having a well-defined mean or variance. Specifically, one can not normalize or use averages from power-law distributed data, making the comparison of university publications impossible if they indeed follow a power-law distribution. While it has been shown that some scientific domains or universities show this power-law distribution, it is not known if Swedish universities also show this phenomenon. Thus, here we collect publication data for Swedish universities and determine whether or not, they are power-law distributed. Interestingly, if they are, one might use the slope of the power-law distribution as a proxy to determine research output. If the slope is steep, it suggests that the ratio between highly published authors and those with few publications is small. Where as a flatter slope suggests that a university has more highly published authors than a university with a steeper slope. Thus, the second objective here is to assess if the slope of the distribution can be determined or to which extent this is possible. This study will show that eight of the fifteen Swedish universities considered follow a power-law distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic&lt;0.05), while the remaining seven do not. The key determinant is the total number of publications. The difficulty here is that often the total number of publications is so small that one can not reject a power-law distribution, and it is also impossible to determine the slope of the distribution with any accuracy in those cases. While this study suggests that in principle, the slopes of the power-law distributions can be used as a comparative metric, it also showed that for half of Sweden’s universities, the data is insufficient for this type of analysis.

To understand more about the neural underpinnings for leading and following is the driving force behind this thesis. To do so, there is a need to study leading and following on a basic level. For study I, an fMRI study of neuronal reactivity during leading and following, a minimal model was developed to study leader and follower behavior in a standardized way. This model uses finger tapping of rhythms representing the core of the interactions during leading and following. Participants are invited to both lead and follow, and no expertise is expected. The status difference between the leader and follower is not a part of the model. Data collection is made in Japan, and most of the analyses are carried out in Sweden. In study II the Swedish Universities Scales of Personality is translated from Swedish to Japanese. Personality can be described as a crucial feature in a person’s social and emotional functioning; they are relatively stable over the course of a lifetime. Three dimensions representing personality facets probably relevant for leading and following are emotional stability, extraversion, and agreeableness. Study II resulted in SSPJ-11 with eleven reliable personality scales representing theses three facets relevant for leading and following. Study I presented an effective model to investigate leading and following during fMRI scanning. This model can be used with other designs for further brain imaging and behavior studies. From Study I, it became clear that the neuronal reactivation for leading and following largely overlap, with some specific differences in insular, temporal, and cerebellar reactivity. These results could be a first step towards a revealing the crucial components of neuro reactivations for leading and following.

Issue: Swedish institutions of higher education experiences higher pressure from the surrounding society to follow development and continuously renew themselves. As an example of government owned organisations that are complex, decentralised and professional, organisations such as universities, are working towards unclear and vague goals. Conditions that could worsen the potential of achieving goal congruence, which is considered critical for all organisations, there for prevails. According to previous research internal communication is critical under these conditions. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide in-depth knowledge of how Swedish institutions work with internal communication of unclear goals and how the internal communication of unclear goals affects the organization's goal congruence. Conclusion: What was identified as interesting is that in spite of lack of internal communication goal congruence could prevail in the studied organisation. Since management chooses not to clarify goals they give each member of the organisation an opportunity to relate, interpret and work towards the goal in their own way. A viewpoint affected by the organisational structure of universities as decentralised and professional organisations. Through having unclear goals in this type of organisations goal congruence can prevail even without a well functioning internal communication. Knowledge Contributions: The results of this study disprove previous research that of internal communication is critical for goal congruence when having unclear goals. The results can be generalised to other organisations in similar context and conditions as the studied organisation, but first and foremost to other universities as complex, decentralised and professional organizations with unclear goals. / Problemställning: Svenska lärosäten möter allt högre krav från det omgivande samhället att följa samhällsutvecklingen och förnya sig. Som exempel på statliga myndigheter är lärosäten komplexa, decentraliserade och professionella organisationer som arbetar mot otydligt och vagt formulerade mål. Därmed råder förutsättningar som har potential att försämra organisationens målkongruens, något som anses viktigt för att alla organisationer ska nå sina mål. Tidigare forskning visar på intern kommunikation blir kritisk under dessa förhållanden. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att bidra med fördjupad kunskap om hur svenska lärosäten arbetar med intern kommunikationen av otydliga mål och hur den interna kommunikationen av otydliga mål påverkar organisationens målkongruens. Slutsats: Det som identifierades intressant är att trots bristande intern kommunikation så råder målkongruens. Ledningen väljer att inte tydliggöra mål för att ge medarbetare en möjlighet att förhålla sig, tolka och arbeta med målet på sitt sätt. Ett synsätt som påverkas av att lärosäten är decentraliserade och professionella organisationer. Genom att ha just otydliga mål i denna typ av organisationer kan därför målkongruens råda även utan en väl fungerande intern kommunikation av målet. Kunskapsbidrag: De resultat som den här studien visar på motbevisar tidigare forskning om att intern kommunikation är kritisk för målkongruens vid otydliga mål. Resultaten kan generaliseras till andra organisationer med liknande förutsättningar och kontext som den undersökta organisationen. Då i första hand till andra svenska lärosäten som komplexa, decentraliserade och professionella organisationer med otydliga mål.