by Yoswa Mbulalina Dambisya. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-248). / TITLE PAGE --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / DEDICATION --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / DECLARATION --- p.vi / LIST OF PUBLICATIONS --- p.vii / Chapter SECTION 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Factors in the aetiology of drug abuse --- p.3 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- An overview of the drug abuse situation in Hong Kong and Uganda --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Some aspects of opioid pharmacology --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Basic principles of pharmacokinetics --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- The present investigation --- p.72 / Chapter SECTION 2 --- PHARMACODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Effects of ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine on the antinociceptive effects of morphine and codeine --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Effects of ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine on opioid tolerance and dependence --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- The role of adrenoceptors in the potentiation of opioid antinociception by ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter 9. --- Effects of ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine on acute lethal toxicity of morphine and codeine --- p.131 / Chapter SECTION 3 --- PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS / Chapter Chapter 10. --- Effects of ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine on the plasma and brain disposition of morphine and codeine --- p.138 / Chapter Chapter 11. --- "Effects of ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine on the 24 h urinary excretion of codeine, morphine and their metabolites; and the disposition of codeine and morphine at steady state" --- p.162 / Chapter Chapter 12. --- "Summary of conclusion, and prospects for further studies" --- p.201 / REFERENCES --- p.204 / APPENDICES --- p.249

by Lau Lit Fui. / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 106-117.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1939. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf [15]).

Orientadores: Claudia Herrera Tambeli, Maria Cecilia F. A. Veiga / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T06:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_LucianeLacerdaFrancoRocha_D.pdf: 2035730 bytes, checksum: 6401d3a12bda71532a90f1fa6da06785 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Considerando que a ATM recebe uma rica inervação simpática, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel das aminas simpatomiméticas na hiperalgesia da ATM induzida pela carragenina, além de validar a natureza inflamatória do modelo de hiperalgesia quimicamente induzida pela carragenina na ATM de ratos. Uma pequena dose de 5-hydroxytriptamina (5-HT; 75mg) que induz resposta comportamental nociceptiva mínima, foi aplicada na região da ATM de ratos 1h após a injeção de carragenina (C; 100mg) para detectar a sensibilização induzida pela carragenina na região da ATM, que foi avaliada pela soma das respostas nociceptivas comportamentais, como coçar a região orofacial e levantar a cabeça. O bloqueio da síntese de prostaglandinas pela indometacina sistêmica (2,5mg/kg) ou local (10µg) antes do início da inflamação pela carragenina diminuiu significativamente a hiperalgesia da ATM. A depleção das aminas simpatomiméticas pela guanetidina (30mg/kg por três dias consecutivos antes da injeção de carragenina na ATM) ou a co-aplicação de antagonistas dos adrenoceptores ß (propranolol nas doses de 0,25 e 2,25µg), assim como os antagonistas dos adrenoceptores ß2 (ICI 118,551 nas doses de 0,05 e 0,1 µg) com carragenina (C; 100 µg) reduziram significativamente a hiperalgesia na ATM. A co-aplicação de antagonistas dos adrenoceptores ß1 (atenolol nas doses de 6, 18, 54 ou 162µg) não afetou as respostas comportamentais induzidas pela carragenina (C; 100µg). Indometacina local, propranolol e ICI 118,551 não tiveram efeito quando injetados na ATM contra lateral, o que indica uma participação periférica das prostaglandinas e das aminas simpatomiméticas nesta hiperalgesia. Estes resultados sugerem que as aminas simpatomiméticas são liberadas no local da injúria onde as mesmas contribuem para a hiperalgesia inflamatória na ATM através dos adrenoceptores ß2, indicando que os mesmos são possíveis alvos para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas analgésicas no controle da dor da ATM / Abstract: The aim of this study was to further validate our carrageenan-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammatory hyperalgesia model in rats by showing that administration of indomethacin before the initiation of inflammation would diminish the TMJ hyperalgesia. By using this model, it was investigated whether norepinephrine and local adrenoceptors contribute to the development of inflammatory TMJ hyperalgesia. Carrageenan-induced TMJ hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring the behavioral nociceptive responses, such as rubbing the orofacial region and flinching the head, induced by the injection of a low dose of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the TMJ sensitized one hour before by a TMJ injection of carrageenan. Blockade of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin prior to initiation of inflammation by carrageenan significantly attenuated the TMJ hyperalgesia. The guanethidine depletion of norepinephrine or the blockade of ß2 but not the blockade of the ß1 adrenoceptor by the selective adrenoceptor antagonists ICI 118.551 and atenolol, respectively, significantly reduced carrageenan-induced TMJ hyperalgesia. In this study, we further validate our carrageenan-induced TMJ hyperalgesia model to study the mechanisms involved in inflammatory TMJ hyperalgesia and to test the analgesic effect of different types of peripheral analgesics. By using this model, we show that norepinephrine is released at the site of injury where it contributes to the development of the inflammatory TMJ hyperalgesia. It is proposed that the contribution of norepinephrine to the development of the inflammatory TMJ hyperalgesia is mediated by the activation of ß2-adrenoceptors. Perspective: The findings that local sympathomimetic amines contribute to the inflammatory TMJ hyperalgesia by acting on ß2-adrenoceptors may be relevant to clinical TMJ inflammatory pain states less sensitive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs / Doutorado / Fisiologia Oral / Doutor em Odontologia

Estudou-se o efeito do treinamento físico sobre a freqüência cardíaca (FC), a freqüência cardíaca intrínseca (FCI), o efeito vagal (EV), o tônus vagal (TV), o efeito simpático (ES) e o tônus simpático (TS), de ratos idosos em repouso volitivo, na esteira, e durante o exercício de intensidade progressiva (4 estágios de 5 min à 5; 7,5; 10 e 15 m.min-1). Verificaram-se, também, as respostas da FC à doses crescentes de agonistas ?-adrenérgico (isoproterenol) e muscarínico (metacolina). Utilizaram-se 20 ratos Wistar machos, aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos: Treinado (T, 28+2 meses, 460+36 g), submetido a 10 semanas de treinamento físico de moderada intensidade; e Sedentário-controle (S, 28+2 meses, 461+43 g), apenas manipulado, três a cinco vezes por semana, durante nove semanas, e submetido a cinco minutos de exercício diário, na décima semana, para habituação ao pesquisador e ao ambiente experimental. Utilizaram-se duplos bloqueios farmacológicos (propranolol/atropina e atropina/propranolol) para determinação da FCI, bem como bloqueios farmacológicos autonômicos unilaterais que permitiram a medida do EV, do TV, do ES e do TS. Definições: EV = FC após atropina - FC controle, ES = FC controle - FC após propranolol, TV = FCI - FC após propranolol, TS = FC após atropina - FCI. Registros: batimento-a-batimento, 500Hz (AT/CODAS). Para comparação realizou-se análise de variância de dois caminhos para medidas repetidas, com contraste. Significância estatística, P<0,05. FC e FCI foram menores em T que S, em repouso e nos quatro estágios estudados: FC = 296+6, T vs. 325+16, S; 374+33, T vs. 420+29, S; 380+ 39, T vs. 423+29, S; 407+46, T vs. 434+25, S; 441+48, T vs. 455+30, S; e FCI = 288+28, T vs. 312+18, S; 302+27, T vs. 332+24, S; 301+30, T vs. 339+26, S; 308+30, T vs. 344+30, S; 316+31, T vs. 348+31, S. Não houve diferença na atividade vagal entre T e S, tanto considerando o EV, como o TV, em nenhuma das condições estudadas. A influência simpática para o coração se mostrou semelhante entre T e S, tanto se considerando o ES quanto o TS, em todas as condições estudadas. T e S responderam de forma semelhante aos agonistas muscarínico e adrenérgico. Tanto a FC, quanto a FCI aumentaram do repouso para o exercício, e com o aumento da intensidade do mesmo. A atividade vagal diminuiu do repouso para o exercício, mas apenas em intensidade elevada. A atividade simpática aumentou na passagem do repouso para o exercício, e com o aumento da intensidade do mesmo. Concluiu-se que, em ratos idosos: a) o treinamento físico de moderada intensidade promoveu bradicardia de repouso e atenuação da taquicardia induzida pelo exercício essencialmente à custa de redução da FCI; e b) independentemente da condição de treinamento físico, a estimulação simpática contribuiu para o aumento da FC, em resposta ao exercício, de leve à alta intensidade, enquanto a retirada vagal o fez, apenas em alta intensidade. / We studied the effect of exercise training on heart rate (HR), on intrinsic heart rate (IHR), on vagal effect (VE), on vagal tone (VT), on sympathetic effect (SE) and on sympathetic tone (ST) during both treadmill resting and exercise of progressive intensity (four 5-min stages at 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 m.min-1) in old rats. HR responses to crescent doses of ?-adrenergic (isoproterenol) and muscarinic (metacholine) agonists were also verified. We used 20 male Wistar rats randomly assigned to two groups: trained (T, 28+2 months, 460+36 g) and sedentary control (S, 28+2 months, 461+43 g) rats. T was submitted to a ten-week moderate intensity exercise training program, while S was just handled, three to five times a week, for nine weeks and submitted to five-min bouts of daily exercise during the tenth week for taming and to become accustomed to experimental environment. Double pharmacological blockades (propranolol/ methylatropine and methylatropine/propranolol) were performed in order to determine IHR. Autonomic influences on heart rate were evaluated using also unilateral autonomic pharmacological blockade, which allowed us to measure VE and VT as well as SE and ST. Definitions: VE = HR after atropine - control HR, SE = control HR - HR after propranolol, VT = IHR - HR after propranolol, ST = HR after atropine - IHR. HR was recorded on a beat-to-beat basis with a 500 Hz acquisition frequency (AT/CODAS). For statistical analysis we used two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements with contrast, considering a P<0.05 as statistically significant. T rats had lower HR as well as IHR than their sedentary counterparts both at rest and during all progressive exercise stages: HR = 296+6,T vs. 325+16,S; 374+33,T vs. 420+29,S; 380+39,T vs. 423+29,S; 407+46,T vs. 434+25,S; 441+48,T vs. 455+30,S, respectively; and IHR = 288+28,T vs. 312+18,S; 302+27,T vs. 332+24,S; 301+30,T vs. 339+26,S; 308+30,T vs. 344+30,S; 316+31,T vs. 348+31,S, respectively. Vagal activity was not significantly different between groups, either considering VE or VT. Sympathetic influence was also similar between S and T considering both SE and ST in all of the studied conditions. T and S responded similarly to both muscarinic and ?-adrenergic agonists. Both HR and IHR increased from rest to exercise and with increasing exercise intensity. Vagal activity decreased from rest to exercise but only in high intensity exercise. Sympathetic activity increased from rest to exercise and also with increasing exercise intensity. We concluded that in old rats: a) exercise training of moderate intensity led to resting bradycardia and attenuation of exercise tachycardia essentially due to the decrease in IHR; and b) independently from exercise training status, sympathetic stimulation contributed to HR increase from light to high intensity exercise while vagal withdrawal became important only at high intensity exercise

Estudou-se o efeito do treinamento físico sobre a freqüência cardíaca (FC), a freqüência cardíaca intrínseca (FCI), o efeito vagal (EV), o tônus vagal (TV), o efeito simpático (ES) e o tônus simpático (TS), de ratos idosos em repouso volitivo, na esteira, e durante o exercício de intensidade progressiva (4 estágios de 5 min à 5; 7,5; 10 e 15 m.min-1). Verificaram-se, também, as respostas da FC à doses crescentes de agonistas ?-adrenérgico (isoproterenol) e muscarínico (metacolina). Utilizaram-se 20 ratos Wistar machos, aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos: Treinado (T, 28+2 meses, 460+36 g), submetido a 10 semanas de treinamento físico de moderada intensidade; e Sedentário-controle (S, 28+2 meses, 461+43 g), apenas manipulado, três a cinco vezes por semana, durante nove semanas, e submetido a cinco minutos de exercício diário, na décima semana, para habituação ao pesquisador e ao ambiente experimental. Utilizaram-se duplos bloqueios farmacológicos (propranolol/atropina e atropina/propranolol) para determinação da FCI, bem como bloqueios farmacológicos autonômicos unilaterais que permitiram a medida do EV, do TV, do ES e do TS. Definições: EV = FC após atropina - FC controle, ES = FC controle - FC após propranolol, TV = FCI - FC após propranolol, TS = FC após atropina - FCI. Registros: batimento-a-batimento, 500Hz (AT/CODAS). Para comparação realizou-se análise de variância de dois caminhos para medidas repetidas, com contraste. Significância estatística, P<0,05. FC e FCI foram menores em T que S, em repouso e nos quatro estágios estudados: FC = 296+6, T vs. 325+16, S; 374+33, T vs. 420+29, S; 380+ 39, T vs. 423+29, S; 407+46, T vs. 434+25, S; 441+48, T vs. 455+30, S; e FCI = 288+28, T vs. 312+18, S; 302+27, T vs. 332+24, S; 301+30, T vs. 339+26, S; 308+30, T vs. 344+30, S; 316+31, T vs. 348+31, S. Não houve diferença na atividade vagal entre T e S, tanto considerando o EV, como o TV, em nenhuma das condições estudadas. A influência simpática para o coração se mostrou semelhante entre T e S, tanto se considerando o ES quanto o TS, em todas as condições estudadas. T e S responderam de forma semelhante aos agonistas muscarínico e adrenérgico. Tanto a FC, quanto a FCI aumentaram do repouso para o exercício, e com o aumento da intensidade do mesmo. A atividade vagal diminuiu do repouso para o exercício, mas apenas em intensidade elevada. A atividade simpática aumentou na passagem do repouso para o exercício, e com o aumento da intensidade do mesmo. Concluiu-se que, em ratos idosos: a) o treinamento físico de moderada intensidade promoveu bradicardia de repouso e atenuação da taquicardia induzida pelo exercício essencialmente à custa de redução da FCI; e b) independentemente da condição de treinamento físico, a estimulação simpática contribuiu para o aumento da FC, em resposta ao exercício, de leve à alta intensidade, enquanto a retirada vagal o fez, apenas em alta intensidade. / We studied the effect of exercise training on heart rate (HR), on intrinsic heart rate (IHR), on vagal effect (VE), on vagal tone (VT), on sympathetic effect (SE) and on sympathetic tone (ST) during both treadmill resting and exercise of progressive intensity (four 5-min stages at 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 m.min-1) in old rats. HR responses to crescent doses of ?-adrenergic (isoproterenol) and muscarinic (metacholine) agonists were also verified. We used 20 male Wistar rats randomly assigned to two groups: trained (T, 28+2 months, 460+36 g) and sedentary control (S, 28+2 months, 461+43 g) rats. T was submitted to a ten-week moderate intensity exercise training program, while S was just handled, three to five times a week, for nine weeks and submitted to five-min bouts of daily exercise during the tenth week for taming and to become accustomed to experimental environment. Double pharmacological blockades (propranolol/ methylatropine and methylatropine/propranolol) were performed in order to determine IHR. Autonomic influences on heart rate were evaluated using also unilateral autonomic pharmacological blockade, which allowed us to measure VE and VT as well as SE and ST. Definitions: VE = HR after atropine - control HR, SE = control HR - HR after propranolol, VT = IHR - HR after propranolol, ST = HR after atropine - IHR. HR was recorded on a beat-to-beat basis with a 500 Hz acquisition frequency (AT/CODAS). For statistical analysis we used two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements with contrast, considering a P<0.05 as statistically significant. T rats had lower HR as well as IHR than their sedentary counterparts both at rest and during all progressive exercise stages: HR = 296+6,T vs. 325+16,S; 374+33,T vs. 420+29,S; 380+39,T vs. 423+29,S; 407+46,T vs. 434+25,S; 441+48,T vs. 455+30,S, respectively; and IHR = 288+28,T vs. 312+18,S; 302+27,T vs. 332+24,S; 301+30,T vs. 339+26,S; 308+30,T vs. 344+30,S; 316+31,T vs. 348+31,S, respectively. Vagal activity was not significantly different between groups, either considering VE or VT. Sympathetic influence was also similar between S and T considering both SE and ST in all of the studied conditions. T and S responded similarly to both muscarinic and ?-adrenergic agonists. Both HR and IHR increased from rest to exercise and with increasing exercise intensity. Vagal activity decreased from rest to exercise but only in high intensity exercise. Sympathetic activity increased from rest to exercise and also with increasing exercise intensity. We concluded that in old rats: a) exercise training of moderate intensity led to resting bradycardia and attenuation of exercise tachycardia essentially due to the decrease in IHR; and b) independently from exercise training status, sympathetic stimulation contributed to HR increase from light to high intensity exercise while vagal withdrawal became important only at high intensity exercise