Urak Lawoi is the name of one of the sea nomadic tribes which lives along the shores of Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia. They are spread on many of the islands in the Andaman Sea archipelago and Ko Lanta is the main settlement. Urak Lawoi is regarded as the indigenous people of the island and they live there as a minority together with Muslims and Thai-Chinese.  The traditional religion and culture of Urak Lawoi is built upon the animistic belief of their ancestors. In the last 20 years Ko Lanta has experienced a tremendous process of change caused by increasing tourism. The conditions of the Urak Lawoi and their way of life have dramatically changed. The fact that this process brings consequences for the traditional culture and religion is obvious, but in what direction is it developing? To be able to interpret and expound the material from my field studies among Urak Lawoi on Ko Lanta in October-December 2009, I have done a literature search to investigate the animistic traditions and the syncretistic nature of belief in Thailand. I have also tried to find theories about the process of religious change and the forces working behind them. In this essay I am trying to do a theoretical analysis of the field study material using theories and parallel examples I have found in the literature.

Text in Afrikaans / Summary in Afrikaans and English / This study is an attempt to analyse and describe syncretism as an encompassing phenomenon from a historical-educational perspective. In recent times, the ideas of globalization, the influence of modern science, as well as certain ideas concerning modern education, are closely related to the manifestation of syncretism. A study of various exemplars from the past and present disclosed the essences of syncretism, thus unveiling the religious growth-motives that underlie syncretism, which also played an important role in the development of Western civilization and the modem world. The multi-faith idea (the idea of unity and synthesis), the idea of secularization, and the idea of relativity, were identified as prominent characteristics of syncretism. The identification and analysis of the essences of syncretism and supporting religious principles. become possible when syncretism is set in opposition to the Biblical and reformational thought processes. Bible-based education provides an alternative to syncretism in a fast changing and post-modern world. It gives perspective on the instruction to people to care for and develop God's creation. The intrinsic characteristics of Bible-based education were used as evaluation criteria in an attempt to expose syncretism. The characteristics of Bible-based education which also provide a framework for establishing a corrective to the problematic educational situation, are the following: • the acknowledgement of the Holy Trinity as central to man's existence; • the Bible/Holy Scriptures as essential for a Christian world and life view; • the essence of a Christian anthropology; • education as the fulfilment of God's covenant with man; • the directive role of Bible-based norms; • the transfer of culture through education • Biblical cosmology as an expression of the Christian faith; • the reformational aspect of Bible-based education. In the evaluation of syncretism, it was discovered that the relationship between man and the Holy Trinity would be negatively affected if the Christian religion were not regarded as the only source of truth concerning the salvation of man and the true meaning of life. The influence of syncretism necessitates a reformational and antithetical approach, which constantly emphasises the importance of the educator's role in the teaching and education of the child in the modem educational system. / In hierdie studie word gepoog om die sinkretisme as omvattende verskynsel vanuit 'n histories-opvoedkundige perspektief te ontleed en te omskryf. Die globaliseringsverskynsel, die inwerking van die modeme wetenskap en bepaalde idees in die moderne onderwys hang saam met die manifestasie van die sinkretisme in die eietyd. In 'n eksemplariese verlede- en eietydse studie is grondig ondersoek ingestel na tendense en verskynsels wat die wesenlike van die sinkretisme openbaar. Religieuse grondmotiewe in die Westerse beskawingsontwikkeling het 'n wesenlike bydrae gelewer tot die opkoms van die sinkretisme van die moderne wereld. Die wesenskenmerke wat prominent in die eksemplariese ondersoek betreffende die realisering van die sinkretisme gemanifesteer het, was die multireligieuse/intergeloofsidee en sintesedenke (eenheidsidee), die sekulariseringsverskynsel en die relatiwiteitsverskynsel. Die identifisering en ontleding van die wesenskenmerke van die sinkretisme en ondersteunende religieuse grondmotiewe word moontlik indien die sinkretisme teenoor die Bybelse en reformatoriese denkhouding gestel word. Bybelgefundeerde onderwys bied 'n altematief vir die sinkretisme in 'n snel veranderende en postmodeme wereld en gee perspektief aan die mens se beheersingsopdrag in die skeppingswerklikheid. Die wesenskenmerke van Bybelgefundeerde onderwys is as evalueringskriteria aangewend in 'n poging om die sinkretisme in sy ware gedaante te ontbloot. Die wesenskenmerke wat terselfdertyd die raamwerk vir die daarstel van 'n korrektief vir die problematiese onderwyssituasie bied, is: • God Drie-enig as sentrale uitgangspunt; • die Bybel/Heilige Skrif as essensieel vir 'n Christelike lewens en wereldbeskouing; • die Christelike mensbeeld (antropologie) as voorwaarde vir Bybel-gefundeerde onderwys • onderwys en opvoeding as die bevestiging van God se verbond met die mens; • die rigtinggewende rol van Bybelgefundeerde norme; • kultuuroordrag en Bybelgefundeerde onderwys; • die Bybelse skeppingsleer as 'n uitdrukking van die Christelike geioof; • die refonnatoriese/gereformeerde inslag van Bybelgefundeerde onder­wys In die evaluering van die sinkretisme is bevind dat die mens se grondverhouding met God Drie-enig aangetas word indien die Christelike godsdiens nie as die enigste bron van waarheid betreffende die mens se redding en toekomsverwagting beskou word nie. Die inwerking van die sinkretisme noodsaak in die moderne onderwyssisteem 'n reformatoriese en antitetiese denkhouding wat die mens deurlopend opskerp ten opsigte van sy rol as opvoeder in die opvoeding en onderwys van die kind. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

Explains how Afro-Cuban culture influenced African-American jazzmen and led to the formation of Afro-Cuban or Latin jazz in 1947 by Dizzy Gillespie and Chano Pozo. Explores the musical connections between the physical plane of Cuba and the United States, and the esoteric spiritual world of the orishas and myths coming to life in sacred and secular music forms.

The Old Testament is the story of Yahweh and His Covenant relationship with His people Israel. Many other Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) peoples are mentioned in the context of their relationship to Israel. This Covenant relationship which began with Abraham had a core component, the gift of land (Gen 12:7), the Promised Land. The Covenant was ratified at Mount Sinai where the terms, the Ten Commandments were given to Israel. Core to the terms was the obligation that Israel would serve no other god but Yahweh and without any representative image. Israel must be a monotheistic people. Only then would they retain the Promised Land. The Promised Land was occupied by the Canaanites. The Canaanites though difficult to identify with precision, were a people whose religious cult was the direct opposite of Yahwism. They worshipped Baal the fertility god. The fertility cult was a belief that there is no absolute being but a universal realm with a womb of fertility. This womb is the source of fertility and the gods are the agents. In the land of Canaan, Baal was the agent of fertility. The wealth and fertility of the land, crops, livestock, and humans was attributed to Baal. Baal was worshiped through the fertility cult which had cult personnel like prophets, and temple prostitutes. The fertility cult had festivals in which sympathetic magic was performed to induce the gods into action. This magic involved cultic sex and wine consumption in honor of Baal. The Canaanites were driven out of the land lest they influence Israel to copy their ways. This would violate the Covenant and Israel would be ejected out of the land because the occupation was based on keeping the Covenant. There were no strict conditions of obedience in Baal worship like in the Covenant. Baal offered them release from „Covenant Obedience‟ to indulge in sensuality while enjoying the blessings. In the end, the Baal fertility cult had such a negative impact on the Covenant that Israel was ejected out of the Promised Land and deported into the Babylonian Exile as seen in the book of Jeremiah / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / D. Th. (Old Testament)

The 'Romanization' of the African provinces of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis was in fact a two-way process of exchange between Roman and African elements which resulted in a uniquely Romano-African civilization. The imperial cult highlights issues common to all Romanization processes, such as ruler-subject interaction and the role of local initiative in bringing about change, as well as unique issues such as the impact of politics on emperor-worship. The success of the imperial cult was hampered by the fact that only a select few - notably the wealthy local elite - derived direct benefit from the process, and by the fact that, because the pre-Roman Mauretaniae had no established ruler-cults, the imperial cult failed to assimilate with local tradition. As a result, the cult was unable either to make a decisive impact on the Romanization of the Mauretanians, or to achieve any real religious unity among them. / History / M.A. (Ancient History)

Depuis la seconde moitié du 19e siècle, le paysage religieux guatémaltèque a subi d’importantes transformations. L’apparition et l’expansion phénoménale de nouveaux mouvements protestants ont entrainé une réorganisation progressive de l’espace religieux jusqu’alors homogène et déclenché l’affrontement idéologique de différents systèmes de croyances. Dans cette coexistence parfois tumultueuse, le chamanisme doit, à sa façon, lutter pour conserver une place de choix et éviter d’être relégué au passé. Par l’analyse de l’activité thérapeutique, ce mémoire vise la compréhension de la dynamique relationnelle chamanique/pentecôtiste. Le portrait du contexte religieux et l’historique des développements servent tout d’abord de base à l’étude des perceptions mutuelles entre chamanes, pasteurs et convertis. Cette dernière permet non seulement d’apporter un élément nouveau en se penchant sur la vision qu’ont développée curanderos et brujos à l’égard du pasteur pentecôtiste au sein du pluralisme médico-religieux guatémaltèque, mais permet également l’approfondissement et la compréhension de la perception dégradante et archaïsante de cette mouvance évangélique à l’égard des croyances ancestrales. Ce croisement des regards et l’observation des rituels curatifs respectifs m’amènent ainsi à considérer de près les prolongements entre ces deux univers à priori distincts alors que certaines continuations sur le plan thérapeutique sont perceptibles. L’enquête de terrain révèle finalement qu’en parallèle à ces opinions et concordances, des impacts négatifs sont engendrés sur les pratiques chamaniques, amenant les détenteurs du savoir traditionnel à opérer des modifications apparentes sur le plan de leurs propres pratiques rituelles et croyances en fonction du système de valeurs pentecôtiste. / Since the second half of the 19th century, the Guatemalan religious landscape has undergone important transformations. The advent and the exceptional expansion of new protestant movements have prompted the progressive reorganization of the religious space which was, until then, relatively homogenous and triggered ideological confrontations between the various belief systems. In this tumultuous coexistence, shamanism must struggle to preserve its pertinence and to avoid falling into oblivion. By analyzing the therapeutic activity, this thesis aims at elucidating the shamanic-pentecostal relational dynamic. The portrait of the religious context and the historical developments are used as a basis for the study of the mutual perceptions between shamans, pastors and converts. This approach allows us to shed some new light onto the curanderos and brujos’ perceptions of the pentecostal pastor within the guatemalan medico-religious pluralism. However, it also allows us to deepen our understanding of the degrading perception of ancestral beliefs within the pentecostal movement. These viewpoints and the observation of the respective curative rituals thus lead me to consider closely the connections existing between these two a priori distinct universes whereas certain continuations on the therapeutic level between the two belief systems can be perceived. The field investigation finally suggests that in parallel to these perceptions and similarities, the presence of the pentecostal movement have influenced shamanic practices, leading holders of traditional knowledge to operate apparent modifications into the plan of their own ritual practices, customs and beliefs according to the pentecostal system of values. / Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, el paisaje religioso guatemalteco ha sufrido importantes transformaciones. La aparición y la extensión fenomenal de nuevos movimientos protestantes conllevaron una reorganización progresiva del espacio religioso hasta entonces homogéneo y han desencadenado la confrontación ideológica de distintos sistemas de creencias. En esta coexistencia, el chamanismo debe, a su manera, luchar para conservar un lugar destacado y evitar quedar relegado al pasado. Mediante el análisis de la actividad terapéutica, esta tesina se propone por objetivo comprender la dinámica de la relación entre el chamanismo y el pentecostalismo. El retrato del contexto religioso y la crónica de la evolución sirven en primer lugar de base al estudio de las percepciones mutuas entre chamanes, pastores y conversos. Este último permite no solamente aportar un nuevo elemento examinando la visión que desarrollaron curanderos y brujos respecto al pastor pentecostal en el seno del pluralismo médico-religioso guatemalteco, sino que también permite la profundización y la comprensión de la percepción arcaizante del evangelismo respecto a las creencias ancestrales. Este cruce de las miradas y la observación de los rituales curativos respectivos me llevan así a considerar de cerca las prolongaciones entre estos dos universos a priori distintos mientras que algunas continuaciones a nivel terapéutico son perceptibles. La investigación de campo revela finalmente que en paralelo a estas opiniones y concordancias, se generan impactos negativos sobre las prácticas chamánicas, llevando a los chamanes a realizar modificaciones aparentes en sus propias prácticas rituales y creencias en función del sistema de valores pentecostal.

Portant sur les modalités d’appropriation de la pratique chorale occidentale en milieu catholique chez les Sérères noon de Saint Pierre Julien Eymard de Koudiadiène, au Sénégal, ce mémoire tente de voir pourquoi, et surtout comment les différents syncrétismes agissent sur divers symbolismes sénégalais. Il vise plus particulièrement à comprendre toute l’importance de l’action de la collectivité dans la mise en acte du répertoire choral, et à comprendre comment l’improvisation spontanée en ensemble se construit en situation de performance dans ce qui est appelé ici la plurivocalité linéaire. Ce mémoire vise dans cette foulée à décrypter le sens autour de cette pratique spécifique du chant choral et à cerner comment le processus d’acculturation agit sur l’identité culturelle des Sérères noon. Finalement, il vise à dégager les affects en situation de performance de la chorale qui semble détenir un rôle central pour les membres de la paroisse Saint Pierre Julien Eymard de Koudiadiène, et à comprendre et mettre en valeur une pratique musicale et son contexte d’insertion social jusqu’alors peu étudiés de façon systématique. / On the modalities of appropriation of Western choral practice among Catholic Sérères noon of Saint Pierre Julien Eymard of Koudiadiène, Senegal, this dissertation tries to demonstrate why and how different syncretisms act on various Senegalese symbolisms. It aims to understand more particularly the importance of the community in the mise en acte of the choral repertoire, and how spontaneous improvisation is built in performance situation in what is called here the plurivocalité linéaire. This dissertation is in this vein to decipher the meaning of that specific practice of choral singing and to point how the acculturation process acts on the cultural identity of Sérères noon. Finally, it aims to identify affects in performance situation of the choral that seems to have a central role for members of the parish of Saint Pierre Julien Eymard, and understand and enhance a musical practice and its social context of integration hitherto little studied systematically.

No description available.

Cette étude vise à analyser une série d’édifices connus sous le nom de « temples à foyer central » en Égée, à Chypre et au Levant, de la fin de l'Âge du Bronze à l'Archaïsme. Il s'agit essentiellement d' une étude architecturale et artefactuelle portant sur un type de construction souvent interprété comme l'habitat des élites durant la période dite des « Âges obscurs ». La présence d'un foyer-autel, comme point focal du culte, au sein de ces constructions, invite à considérer qu'ils ont un rôle non négligeable dans la genèse du temple grec. D’un bout à l’autre de notre cadre d’étude, ces édifices témoignent de salles de banquets destinées aux rituels des élites, dont l’action centrale réside dans la pratique du sacrifice animal. Ces pièces, souvent multifonctionnelles à plus d’un titre, donnent naissance aux premiers « temples des citoyens » dans le contexte des poleis crétoises. Ces testimonia se trouvent ici répertoriés dans un catalogue exhaustif, prenant en compte également les objets qui y étaient associés. La réflexion s’organise autour d’une première partie qui permet de remettre en question la nomenclature qui sert à l’analyse de ces monuments, avant de traiter la question des antécédents de cette forme architecturale à la fin de l’Âge du bronze pour chaque aire géographique concernée. Le chapitre suivant examine la dimension symbolique du feu dans ces civilisations, incarné dans l’Antiquité grecque par Hestia, la déesse du foyer, ainsi que son rôle sur le plan des institutions politiques (andreia, prytanées, etc.). La question des phénomènes d’influences, de syncrétismes religieux entre ces différentes régions de la Méditerranée est explorée dans le chapitre suivant, tant sur le plan de la culture matérielle (exotica, influences architecturales) que des croyances religieuses. Enfin un chapitre synthétise l’ensemble des données et des problématiques architecturales liées à ces édifices, auquel correspond une série de tableaux. / The aim of this study is to investigate a series of edifices found in the Aegean, on Cyprus and in the East dating from the end of the Bronze Age through to the Archaic Period and collectively referred to as ‘Hearth Temples’. The study is centered on an evaluation of the architecture and artefacts relating to a type of building often thought to have constituted elite housing from the so- called Dark Ages. The presence of a hearth/altar in the centre of these constructions, which served as a religious focal point, suggests that they played a significant role in the genesis of the Greek temple. Within the timeframe of this study, these buildings display banquet halls designed for elite rituals and in which the main activity was the practice of animal sacrifice. These rooms, often serving multiple functions, gave rise to the first ‘citizen temples’ within the context of Cretan poleis. The relevant testimonia are listed here in an exhaustive catalogue that also takes into account relevant object finds. The first part of the study concerns itself with a re- evaluation of the nomenclature associated with these monuments, before analyzing the antecedents to this type of architecture at the end of the Bronze Age and for each of the geographical regions in question. The following chapter questions the symbolic dimension of fire in these civilizations, incarnated in Greek antiquity by Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, as well as by her role in political institutions (andreia, prytaneis etc.). In the next chapter, the mutual influence these different Mediterranean regions had on each other is explored, both in terms of material culture (exotica, architectural influence) and in terms of religious beliefs (religious syncretism). The final chapter brings together all of the findings and summarizes the architectural problems associated with these buildings, for which a series of tables is also included.

O objetivo desse trabalho é compreender como o Padre José de Anchieta elaborou sua obra dramática, composta por doze autos teatrais, unindo a cultura européia, fortemente influenciada pelo cristianismo, com a cultura indígena brasileira. Para isso serão analisados alguns costumes e mitos indígenas descritos pelos cronistas que viajaram pelo Brasil no Século XVI. Também será abordada a tradição teatral em Portugal nas variantes Popular, mimos, jograis e entremezes; Escolar, comédias e tragédias clássicas; e Religiosa composta por pastoris, presépios e autos. E finalmente a analise das peças de Teatro de José de Anchieta, escritas em tupi ou que contenham fragmentos em tupi, buscando o sincretismo que o mesmo desenvolveu em sua obra. Anchieta falava para um público composto por colonos europeus, muitos dos quais degredados e índios falantes da língua brasílica, portanto um público totalmente novo, e para o entendimento da mensagem evangelizadora que seu teatro trazia fez-se necessário a re-elaboração dos elementos culturais indígenas e europeus iniciando um processo sincrético onde Deus (Jeová) tomará a forma de Tupã, os anjos ganharão assas coloridas ao modo das emplumagens1 indígena e o Demônio será dividido em vários personagens, diferentemente da tradição judaico-cristã e mais próxima a cultura indígena brasileira que acreditava em vários demônios. Esses receberão nomes de índios inimigos dos portugueses e características que compõem alguns dos seres espirituais que aterrorizavam os amerabas como o Curupira, o Caapora, o Baetata e outros. Alguns costumes como a poligamia, as cauinagens2 e a antropofagia, ritual no qual os índios devoravam seus prisioneiros para se vingar da morte de seus antepassados; serão criticados no teatro anchietano. Porem outros costumes serão aceitos e re-significados como a abertura de caminhos para os Karaibas3, o desbaste e varredura das trilhas na qual passariam os Profetas errantes; ou a troca de nome dos algozes dos prisioneiros, costume que mais tarde será incorporado pelos padres para falar sobre o batismo; incentivando o índio a assumir um novo nome mas desta vez cristão e uma nova personalidade, disposta a abandonar suas praticas ancestrais. Compreender os primórdios do teatro no Brasil, escrito pelo Padre José de Anchieta nos idos do Século XVI, é buscar entender as características que deram inicio a formação da cultura brasileira. / The aim of this work is the understanding on José de Anchieta, a catholic priest, who has developed his literary composition which was distributed in twelve theatrical plays. He connected the European culture strongly influenced by the Christianity with the Brazilian indigenous culture. Some myths and habits described by the historians who had travelled throughout Brazil in the XVI century will be accurately studied. It will also be mentioned the tradition of the theater in Portugal in its popular diversity as: mimes, narrative novels spoken on the streets and dramatic theater games; in the school tradition, the comedies and tragedies; and in the religious, the feast that celebrates Jesus nativity and the plays about religious theater. Anchieta started to talk to an audience constituted by European settlers most of them were in fact banished people and he also spoke to the native who could speak the Brazilian language. By the way, it was a very brand new audience for him. Therefore for the Gospel message be understandable through his plays, it was necessary a re-elaboration about the European and the native cultural elements to launch a syncretic process where the Christian God (Jeová) is going to take the form of Tupã; the angels are going to win colored wings as it is in the native way; the Devil is going to be diversified in more than one and will be called by native names with such characteristics known as being the Curupira the Caapora, the Baetata and other native devils. Some of the native habits as the polygamy, the fact of some native having several wives; the cauinagens, feasts where the native drank a fermented beverage made mainly of roots and fruit; the anthropophagi, a ritual where the native practiced devouring prisoners from their rival tribes in order to revenge the death of their ancestors, all of these subjects are discussed in Anchietas theater. However, other habits will be accepted and re-signified as the opening of the paths for the karaíbas; the trimming and the sweep of these paths where the errant prophets would pass by; or changing the names of their executioners. Such a habit that lately it will be utilizable by the priests to speak about the baptism where the native would assume a new name and a new personality. To understand the beginning of the first steps of the theater in Brazil, written by José de Anchieta in the early of the XVI century is to search for an understanding of the characteristics that initiated the formation of the Brazilian culture.