Mon étude vise à étudier la production, l'utilisation et la diffusion ancienne de l'huile d'olive et du vin en Syrie au IIème millénaire av. J.-C., à partir des données textuelles et de la documentation archéologique. Cette étude se concentre géographiquement sur la plaine côtière et la région de l'Euphrate, incluant les villes anciennes d'Ougarit, Alalab, Emar, Qatna et Mari. J'ai étudié les archives économiques, administratives et juridiques découvertes dans ces villes. Il s'agit de déterminer à quels usages répondait cette production d'huile et de vin, depuis les usages alimentaires les plus immédiats jusqu'à des utilisations comme produits de luxe dans le cadre de la vie quotidienne et religieuse. / My study aims to study the ancient production, use and diffusion of oil and wine in Syria in the second millennium BC. from the textual and the archaeological documentation. This study focuses geographically on the coastal plain and the Euphrates region, including the ancient cities of Ougarit, Alalah, Emar, Qatna and Mari. I studied the economic, administrative and legal archives discovered in these cities. It is a matter of determining to what uses this production of oil and wine responds, from the most immediate food uses to uses in the context of the religious life.

This essay addresses the issue of how the Syrian civil war has impacted Turkey’s state and human security. The study aimed to provide an enhanced understanding of how the Syrian war has impacted Turkey’s security, within the timeframe of 2011-2019. The method that was applied to this study was a single case study where theories of state and human security were used to analyze the Syrian war’s impact on Turkey’s security. The results showed that the advancement of Kurdish forces as well as the Islamic state’s territorial expansion posed a threat towards the Turkish state’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. The war also impacted the authoritarian turn of the Turkish government, which generated in a coup attempt causing additional internal disability and threat towards the state’s security. In terms of Turkey’s human security, increased terrorism within the state as a cause of the Syrian war has impacted the physical security of the people. Moreover, health concerns arose due to the vast number of Syrian refugees in Turkey and posed a threat to the Turkish population. The refugee influx also changed the ethnic balance in some areas showing indications of ethnic tensions to foster, threatening the population. One can conclude that the Syrian war has impacted Turkey’s state security, through direct military threats regarding the rise and expansion the of PKK-YPG and ISIS. In terms of Turkey’s human security one can conclude that increasing terrorism and the vast number of refugees residing in the state caused by the Syrian war has impacted the safety and security of the Turkish people.

This diploma thesis examines the prospects of the Islamic State's expansion to Libya. Using the method of process tracing, the author assesses the campaign of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq and establishes 6 factors he calls ‚enablers' that played key roles in facilitating its success - the ideology, exploitation of state breakdown and governance, funding, combat know-how, propaganda, and sectarianism. He dedicates special attention to the problematics of sectarianism and the way the Islamic State made instrumental use of it in both of these countries. The author then proceeds to assess the viability of the IS enterprise in Libya, examining whether the conditions and circumstances in the country are conducive for an IS unsurgency. He identifies 8 structural conditions that underpinned the relevant enablers in Syria and assesses their relevance in Libya. Comparison of the two cases shows that except for sectarianism all the structural conditions are relevantly present in Libya which, according to J. S. Mill's method of a difference of J. S. Mill's method of a difference, should explain the stalling campaign of IS in Libya. The author proceeds to confirm this hypothesis by assessing the actual campaign of the Islamic State in Libya. He contends the Islamic State tried to follow the successful...

The master thesis on the topic Why do states decide for or against the intervention in other states? Case Study: Libya and Syria is focused on analysing the motives of states, which are crucial for deciding to intervene or not to intervene in the territory of a foreign state. The whole issue is assessed from the perspective of two major theories of international relations - liberalism and realism. As the first research case was chosen the international community's intervention in Libya in 2011. The case was analysed from the perspective of Sweden, which took part in the operation by the deployment of eight fighters Jas 39 Gripen. As the second case was chosen the civil war in Syria, which has been underway since 2011 and whose situation would have required similar interference by the international community. However, this has not happen until that time, although the states are militarily involved in Syria. This case was analysed from the view of Russia, which did not take part in operation in Libya, but since September 2015 has been involved in fighting on the ground in Syria. As a last case was chosen Great Britain, which has militarily participated in both conflicts. For the analysis itself was used Ortega's typology of interventions, which was adapted for the purpose of this work. The different...

The thesis "The legitimization of non-intervention in Syria in the U.S. discourse: A discourse analysis of the selected Western speeches between 2011 and 2014" examines the discourse of the President of the United States Barack Obama concerning the Syrian crisis. It focuses on the reasoning that Obama used to explain or even justify his non- interventional approach regarding the crisis in Syria between the years 2011 and 2014. The thesis works with the hypothesis that the United States while justifying non-intervention in Syria, have avoided the geopolitical background of a split in the international community regarding possible solutions to the Syrian conflict. In legitimizing military "non- intervention" they chose another strategy, such as the 'downplaying' strategy, gradually setting out increasingly distant criteria and mitigating emerging threats. To accomplish the established goals the paper used the Narrative Conceptualization Analysis (NCA), as introduced by Shaul Shenhav, that examines the narrative concept through a signified story that consists of at least two events. The NCA largely confirmed the hypothesis. Obama's discourse lacked the geopolitical background. Obama mitigated the threats and set out the increasingly distant criteria, e.g. he claimed the regime of Bashar al-Assad would fall on...

The Master Thesis Engagement of Obama's Administration in the Syrian Civil War is dealing with the role of the United States in the conflict. This work studies the approach of Obama's administration toward the situation in country from the beginning of the revolution until the end of president's second tenure. It analyzes the development of this approach and key events that influenced its shape. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first is dealing with the background of the crisis, historical development of relations between the US and Syria and the broader context of Obama's Middle East policy. The second part analyzes specific period of time between the start of the revolution until 2014. It follows key events that had profound effect on the inner dynamics of the conflict and phenomenon that were shaping the situation in Syria, like the rising influence of the radicals among the opposition. It also analyzes in detail the chemical attack in Ghouta from 2013, which almost led Washington to direct intervention and is regarded as one of the most important events in Obama's foreign policy. The third part is dealing with the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS) and American-led intervention against this terrorist organization. The thesis was written with the help of different sources such as...

of Master thesis Russia's Syria policy: geopolitical interests or defense of great power identity? Marcel Hirling Abstract: Russia has been the dominating actor in Syria since the outbreak of the civil war in 2011. Researchers disagree what Russia motivates to block UN resolutions, support Assad, and intervene militarily in 2015. Academics have mainly focused on neorealist explanations. Constructivist arguments have been shortcoming so far as they miss a detailed theoretical justification and empirical evidence. This thesis aims to fill this gap by arguing that the objective utility of Syria is marginal. Instead, Syria provided Russia the opportunity to present itself as a global power, able to shape world affairs on eye level with the US. Therefore, this paper conducts a congruence analysis, which evaluates each theory's explanatory power. The analytical section is split into three parts. The first shows that events before Syria did not make a Russian intervention in Syria necessary, but that recognition of Russia's global power identity has been denied. That Russia's actions in Syria are not entirely congruent with neorealist expectations is shown by the second part. Finally, by conducting a content-analysis, several Russian narratives are evaluated that support the argument that Russia seeks...

This research question is whether the social and political fear was used in the Syrian case to mobilize the Alawi minority and how. Therefore, this research is deductive research directed toward testing how applicable is the social theory of fear in the Syrian conflict. Whereas the Syrian regime has highly relied on the Alawi minority to sustain its existence in power. This in turn resulted in high casualties within the minority and bad living conditions for both the minority and the country total. However, this did not lead the regime to lose the support of the Alawis. Much of the research made on the topic presented the Alawi minority as the regime loyalists because of being privileged. This research gives a different view on the reasons which led this specific minority to support the Syrian regime. Where it presents a different approach to study the case through qualitative interviewing of a purposive sample, then analyzing the data through the narrative analysis method. The findings of this research fill the research gap presented by simply claiming Alawis are loyalists for being privileged. On the contrary, this research denies this assumption and presents findings that prove the usage of the social fear mechanism and in what method. This research does not only contribute to filling the gap in the existing research, but also to the theory of social fear applying to a further dimension than the author had explained. When it comes to the field of conflict studies, the research presents the mechanism that caused this conflict to become protracted and bloody. Those mechanisms if early detected may help avoid conflicts of the same nature in the future.

Introduction and objectives: The correct assessment of resources is a key condition for ensuring the sustainable supply of forest resources. In Syria, sustainable forest management is limited, because there is practically not enough knowledge on how to determine an annual growth, how future developments can be predicted, how the site productivity and the optimal rotation age can be accurately estimated, or which thinning regime is best suitable. To cover these gaps and to answer the questions, objective of the work is to develop an individual-tree growth model based on real-time series. Methodology and results: The study analyzed existing inventory data that came from 61 plots (51 for modeling and 10 for validation). The data used to develop the individual tree growth model could be categorized into four groups: Measured and calculated individual trees, variables describing the growth, measured plot variables, calculated stand variables.e.g. Stand basal area, stand volume, mean stand height…. Plot-wise equations for tree height, crown diameter and crown length were used to model the missing data values. The also analyzed the factors affecting the individual tree growth: competition and the site index. The study analyzed the competition using a set of distance-dependent and independent competition indices. The results found it that distance-independent and dependent competition indices have a consistent negative impact on tree basal area increment. On another hand, competition stimulates a little the height increment before start decreasing as competition increases. The best distance-independent indices were candidate for further modeling. Site index which is a measure of potential site productivity and it is defined in this work as stand dominant height at given age. The study tested 10 equations. Sloboda equation was confirmed as most appropriate for site index characterization of Pinus brutia stands in Syria. Then, the study tested the statistical models for describing the important life processes of single trees which consists of growth and mortality equations. Growth equations included diameter increment, height increment, crown ratio and generalized height-diameter equation. The study developed diameter increment equation as function of tree size, site characteristics (site index and geo-climatic variation OGV), and competition variables. The equation showed good performance for explaining the variations in diameter increment, where the coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.58. One supplementary equation for diameter increment equation was fitted without geo-climatic variation (OGV) and showed similar performance. XVIII The study developed two individual tree height increment equations: linearized height increment in similar way to that developed to diameter increment, and the second equation is Modifier-Potential height increment by achieving Nagel‟s equation (1999). Modifier-Potential height increment is more desirable to be applied in pure even stands of Pinus brutia forests because it gave better results than linearized height increment, and requires less information. The study also developed the crown ratio equation using tree size, competition, and site variables. The exponential equation performed best. Concerning the height-diameter relationship, the study tested 4 equations. The equation proposed by Mirkovich (1958) provides more satisfactory results as compared to the other tested equations. Finally, the study developed the mortality equation as function of stand variables, competition and site variables and could be applied deterministically or stochastically. The study implemented the forest simulation PINUS-SYRIA in NETLOGO. The simulation model allowed us to simulate the behavior of the individual-tree growth mortality dynamics under different conditions (site characteristics and competition) which allowed deep understanding of dynamic of Pinus brutia stands in Syria, and it showed that stochastic and deterministic simulations of mortality equation yield different results for the same single-tree model and the same initial conditions. The model applied forest management scenarios to suggest the optimal rotation age and most appropriate thinning regime. Thinning improved the growth rates for diameter at breast height, tree height and tree volume, the improvement on diameter increment is clearer than on height increment, and optimal rotation age was determined upon site index and density. Finally, the study tested the individual-tree growth model by using independent data and applying the global sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: The PINUS-Syria Model can be applied effectively in several aspects of forest management. Firstly, it can be used for sustainable forest management as determining the rotation length in the absence of thinning and simulating the effect of different scenarios of thinning regimes on the stand development. Based on the simulation results, this study suggests one thinning scenarios with heavy intensity in good and very good sites, and one or two thinning with moderate, heavy or very heavy thinning in medium and poor sites depending on the density.:ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V TABLE OF CONTENTS VII LIST OF FIGURES X LIST OF TABLES XII APPENDICES XIV ABBREVIATIONS XV SUMMARY XVII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG XIX 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Forest growth and yield models 2 1.2.1 Site productivity 5 1.2.2 Competition 6 1.2.3 Individual-tree diameter increment 9 1.2.4 Individual-tree height increment 11 1.2.5 Individual-tree mortality 12 1.2.6 Individual-tree crown ratio 15 1.2.7 Height-diameter relations 15 1.2.8 Model evaluation 16 1.2.9 Thinning treatment 17 1.3 Individual-based simulation tools 18 1.4 Objective and research questions of this thesis 19 2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 21 2.1 Study area and sites 21 2.2 General research framework 26 2.3 Data collection 28 2.3.1 Tree level variables 28 2.3.2 Stand level variables 29 2.4 Data preparation 30 2.4.1 Height, crown diameter and crown length curves 30 2.4.2 Calculation of tree variables 31 2.4.3 Calculation of stand level variables 34 2.5 Studying the factors that affect individual-tree growth 36 2.5.1 Competition Analysis 36 2.5.2 Developing the site index 40 2.5.2.1 Fitting the site index equation 40 2.5.2.2 Selection of reference age for site index 41 2.6 Individual-tree growth model 43 2.6.1 Development of diameter increment equation 43 2.6.2 Development of height increment equation 44 2.6.2.1 Development of linearized height increment equation 44 2.6.2.2 Development potential modifier height increment 45 2.6.3 Development of individual-tree crown ratio 46 2.6.4 Generalized height- diameter equation 48 2.6.5 Development of individual-tree mortality equation 48 2.7 Simulation of individual-tree growth model 51 2.7.1 The purpose 51 2.7.2 Entities stand variables and scales 51 2.7.3 Process overview and scheduling 52 2.7.4 Design concepts 53 1. Basic principles 53 2. Emergence 53 3. Interaction 55 4. Observation 55 5. Sensing 55 6. Stochasticity 55 7.Initialization 55 2.7.5 Sub-models 56 2.8 Methods used for model evaluation 57 2.8.1 Sensitivity analysis 57 2.8.2 Validation procedure 57 3 RESULTS 59 3.1 Results of initial data processing 59 3.1.1 The results of height curve fitting 59 3.1.2 Calculation of stand variables 60 3.1.3 Crown diameter curves 61 3.1.4 Crown length curves 62 3.2 Competition indices 62 3.2.1 Spearman correlation test 63 3.2.2 Determination of appropriate competition indices 63 3.3 Site index 67 3.4 Individual-tree growth model 70 3.4.1 Diameter increment equation 70 3.4.2 Development of height increment equations 73 3.4.2.1 Development of realized height increment equation 73 3.4.2.2 Development of potential-modifier height increment 75 3.4.3 Crown ratio equation 76 3.4.4 Generalized height-diameter relationship 78 3.4.5 Mortality equation 79 3.5 Simulation of individual-tree growth model 82 3.5.1 Short-term prediction of a eight-year period 82 3.5.2 Model plausibility 84 3.5.3 Sensitivity analysis 89 3.5.4 Application of the PINUS-Syria Model 92 3.5.4.1 Optimal rotation age 92 3.5.4.2 Thinning treatment 93 4 DISCUSSION 96 4.1 Data collection, size and representation 96 4.2 Individual tree’s response to competition 98 4.3 Site curves of Pinus brutia and forest yield 100 4.4 Individual-tree growth model 102 4.4.1 Diameter increment equation 102 4.4.2 Height increment equations 103 4.4.3 Crown ratio 105 4.4.4 Height-diameter equations 106 4.4.5 Mortality equation 107 4.5 Model Applications 110 4.6 Outlook on the future 112 REFERENCES 114 APPENDICES 125

Cette thèse est consacrée à la céramique dite« métallique», au Bronze ancien en Mésopotamie du Nord (3e millénaire avant n.è.). Après un historique détaillé des recherches et une mise à plat des problèmes terminologiques, l'ensemble de la production de cette céramique de haute qualité technique est regroupé en trois catégories apparentées: la North Mesopotamian Metallic Ware, la Red Euphrates Ware et la Black Euphrates Ware. L'application d'un système descriptif uniformisé à un corpus de 446 vases complets permet de définir les traits morphologiques et stylistiques de ces catégories. L'analyse de la répartition géographique (2 605 vases) met en évidence quelques différences entre quatre principales régions: le Khabur, le Balikh, l'Euphrate syrien et l'Euphrate turc. L'examen des contextes de découverte (1 456 vases) ne montre pas de relation particulière entre type ou sous-type de vase et les contextes domestique, public ou funéraire. L'étude chronologique (1 231 vases), fondé sur 21 sites présentant des séquences stratigraphiques fiables, permet de documenter l'apparition et la durée des trois catégories céramiques. Ces résultats rectifient, confirment ou complémentent des travaux antérieurs sur les questions chronologiques. La North Mesopotamian Metallic ware témoignerait ainsi de l'apparition sur le cours supérieur de l'Euphrate d'une nouvelle tradition de production céramique, impliquant une nouvelle maîtrise des techniques de cuisson qu'il est tentant de mettre en rapport avec l'émergence précoce de métallurgie du bronze dans cette même région. / This thesis is a study of the so-called "metallic ware" pottery of the Early Bronze Age in northern Mesopotamia (3rd millennium BC). After a detailed overview of research history and terminological problems, all these high-quality ceramics were grouped into three related categories: North Mesopotamian Metallic Ware, Red Euphrates Ware and Black Euphrates Ware. By applying a uniform descriptive system to a corpus of 446 complete vessels, it was possible to define the morphological and stylistic traits of these categories. Analysis of the geographical distribution (2 605 vessels) revealed some differences between the four main regions: the Khabur, Balikh, Syrian Euphrates and Turkish Euphrates. Examination of finds contexts (1 456 vessels) showed no particular relationships between vessel type or sub-type and domestic, public or burial contexts. The chronological study (1 231 vessels), based on 21 sites with reliable stratigraphic sequences, provided evidence for the appearance and duration of the three ceramic categories. These results rectify, confirm or complement earlier research on chronological questions. North Mesopotamian Metallic Ware could thus be seen as reflecting the appearance in the upper Euphrates of a new tradition of pottery manufacture, implying a new mastery of firing techniques that one is tempted to relate to the onset of bronze metallurgy in this same region.