Like many Gram-negative bacteria, the food-borne pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis harbours different regulatory mechanisms to maintain an intact bacterial envelope especially during exposure to extracytoplasmic stress (ECS). The CpxA-CpxR two component regulatory system is one such ECS-responsive regulatory mechanism. Activation of CpxA-CpxR two-component regulatory system (TCRS) accumulates phosphorylated CpxR (CpxR~P), which not only up-regulates various factors that are designed to maintain envelope integrity, but also down-regulates key determinants of bacterial virulence. Y. pseudotuberculosis establishes close host cell contact in part through the expression of the invasin adhesin. Invasin expression is positively regulated by the transcriptional regulator RovA, which in turn is negatively regulated in response to nutrient stress by a second transcriptional regulator RovM. In Y. pseudotuberculosis, loss of CpxA phosphatase activity accumulates CpxR~P, and this represses both rovA and inv transcription directly, or indirectly via activation of rovM transcription. It is now of interest to understand the molecular mechanism behind how CpxR~P regulates gene transcription both positively and negatively. A type III secretion system (T3SS) is a highly conserved multi-protein secretion system used by many Gram-negative bacteria to secrete protein cargo that counteracts the effects of a host cell emitted anti-bacterial activity. A typical set of proteins that make-up a functional T3SS includes structural proteins, translocators, effectors and regulatory proteins. Accumulation of CpxR~P was shown to repress the plasmid encoded Ysc-Yop T3SS of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Although yet to be confirmed experimentally, promoter-CpxR~P binding studies indicate multiple modes of regulatory control that for example, could influence levels of the plasmid-encoded Ysc-Yop system transcriptional activator, LcrF, and the chromosomal encoded negative regulators YmoA and YtxR.  Regulatory processes of TCRS involve transient molecular interactions between different proteins and also protein with DNA. Protein-protein interaction studies using the BACTH assay showed that it can be useful in analysing the molecular interactions involving the N-terminal domain of CpxR, while the λcI homodimerization assay can be useful in analysing molecular interactions involving the C-terminal domain of CpxR. Therefore, in combination with other biochemical and physiological tests, these hybrid-based assays can be useful in dissecting molecular contacts that can be helpful in exploring the mechanism behind CpxR~P mediated transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, this work uncovered direct involvement of CpxR~P in down-regulating virulence in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. It also utilised genetic mutation and explored different protein-protein interaction assays to begin to investigate the mechanism behind the positive and negative regulation of gene expression mediated through active CpxR~P.

Les bactéries entéropathogènes du genre Salmonella et Shigella sont transmises par les aliments ou l’eau et sont responsables de nombreuses infections entériques chez les animaux et les humains. Ces maladies infectieuses restent une cause importante de morbidité et de mortalité dans les pays en voie de développement. L’existence de multiples sérotypes de Salmonella et de Shigella ainsi que l’émergence de souches résistantes aux antibiotiques, nécessite le développement de vaccins efficaces et large spectre. Ces bactéries utilisent un système d’injection de leurs protéines effectrices, appelé injectisome ou encore Système de Sécrétion de Type III (SST3), nécessaire à leur pathogénicité. Alors que les protéines effectrices injectées au moyen de cet injectisome sont variées et dépendent essentiellement du type cellulaire cible et donc de la spécificité du pathogène, certaines des protéines structurales composant l’injectisome sont relativement bien conservées parmi les différentes bactéries pathogènes, notamment les protéines de l’aiguille : PrgI et MxiH, et celles de la coiffe de l’aiguille : SipD et IpaD, respectivement de Salmonella et Shigella. Ces protéines, fortement impliquées dans la virulence des bactéries, semblent donc être des cibles de choix pour lutter contre des infections opportunistes impliquant ces bactéries pathogènes.Le premier objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer l’immunogénicité et l’effet protecteur des protéines structurales de l’injectisome citées précédemment contre les infections à Salmonella et Shigella. Les protéines recombinantes préparées et produites au laboratoire ont été utilisées de façon séparée ou en combinaison pour immuniser des souris par différentes routes. Ensuite, les réponses immunitaires des souris ainsi immunisées ont été analysées par des tests immunométriques. Enfin, le potentiel immunogène et vaccinant de ces protéines structurales a été évalué en infectant les souris immunisées avec 100 DL50 de Salmonella par voie orale ou de Shigella par voie intranasale. Le meilleur résultat a été obtenu en utilisant la voie intra-gastrique pour les immunisations avec environ 70% de protection. Cette stratégie a permis également d’évaluer la pertinence de cette approche vaccinale dans un modèle murin de protection croisée (entre 25 et 60%). Le deuxième objectif de cette thèse était d’évaluer le pouvoir protecteur d’anticorps monoclonaux murins reconnaissant les régions conservées des protéines SipD et IpaD. Les anticorps obtenus ont été caractérisés et leur pouvoir neutralisant a été évalué in vivo dans un modèle murin d’infection avec Salmonella ou Shigella (jusqu’à 60% de protection).L’ensemble de ces travaux montre que l’utilisation de certaines protéines structurales conservées de l’injectisome de bactéries entéropathogènes présente un intérêt vaccinal et immunothérapeutique pour aider au traitement de certaines salmonelloses et shigelloses. / Salmonella and Shigella species are food and water borne pathogens that are responsible for enteric infections in both humans and animals. These infectious diseases are still the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the emerging countries. The existence of multiple Salmonella and Shigella serotypes as well as the emergence of antibio- resistant strains, require the development of protective and broad-spectrum vaccines. All these bacteria utilize a system for injection of their effectors, called injectisome or Type III Secretion System (T3SS), necessary for their pathogenicity. While effector proteins are varied and depend essentially on the cellular target and thus on the specificity of the pathogen, the structural proteins that form the injectisome are common to all virulent Salmonella and Shigella spp., particularly the needle proteins PrgI and MxiH and the needle-tip proteins SipD and IpaD of Salmonella and Shigella respectively. These proteins, strongly involved in the virulence of the bacteria, appear to be ideal candidate antigens for a subunit-based, broad spectrum vaccine.The first aim of my PhD was to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of structural proteins of the above-mentioned injectisome against Salmonella and Shigella infections. The recombinant proteins were prepared and produced in the laboratory and were used alone or in combination to immunize mice using different routes. The immune responses of immunized mice were then analyzed by immunometric assays. Finally, the protective efficacy was evaluated in a mouse model of intestinal (Salmonella) or pulmonary (Shigella) challenge. The best result was obtained by orogastric immunization with 70% of protection. This strategy also allowed to estimate the relevance of this approach in a mouse model of crossed protection (from 25 to 60%). The second objective of my PhD was to evaluate the protective efficacy of murine monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved regions of SipD and IpaD proteins. The obtained antibodies were characterized and their therapeutic effect was evaluated in vivo with a Salmonella and Shigella infection murine model (up to 60% of protection).To conclude, this work showed that some conserved structural proteins composing the injectisome of enteropathogenic bacteria is of interest for treatment of enteric diseases caused by Salmonella and Shigella.

Orientador: Rodrigo Tavanelli Hernandes / Resumo: O principal mecanismo de virulência de Escherichia coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) é a capacidade de causar uma lesão histopatológica na mucosa intestinal denominada attaching and effacing (AE), caracterizada pela aderência íntima das bactérias, destruição das microvilosidades e formação de estruturas semelhantes a pedestais, ricos em F-actina, nos enterócitos infectados. Genes do locus of enterocyte effacement (região LEE) codificam todas as proteínas necessárias para a formação da lesão AE. As EPEC são divididas em típicas (tEPEC) e atípicas (aEPEC), com base na presença do EPEC adherence factor plasmid no primeiro grupo. A partir de um conjunto de sete amostras de aEPEC pertencentes ao sorotipo O2:H16, obtidos de surtos e casos esporádicos de diarreia, mostramos que cinco deles produziram uma adesão híbrida localizada/difusa (AL/AD) em células HeLa. Neste estudo, uma amostra de aEPEC deste sorotipo (282/14), que produziu o padrão AL/AD, foi selecionada para investigar as estruturas bacterianas envolvidas em seu fenótipo adesivo. Para este propósito, a amostra de aEPEC 282/14 foi mutagenizada usando o kit EZ::TN <R6Kyori/KAN-2> Tnp transposome kit, gerando uma biblioteca de inserções Tn5. Esses mutantes de inserção Tn5 foram testados quanto a perda ou redução da capacidade aderente, em ensaios realizados em 6 h de incubação com células HeLa. Dentre 320 clones pesquisados, nove foram considerados deficientes em sua capacidade de interagir com células epiteliais e quatro deles a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main virulence mechanism of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is the capacity to cause a histopathological lesion on the intestinal mucosa, termed Attaching and Effacing (AE); characterized by intimate bacterial adherence, microvillus destruction and formation of F-actin rich pedestal-like structures, in infected enterocytes. Genes of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE region) encode all proteins necessary for AE lesion formation. EPEC are divided in typical (tEPEC) and atypical (aEPEC), based on the presence of the EPEC adherence factor plasmid in the former group. From a collection of seven aEPEC O2:H16, obtained from outbreak and sporadic cases of diarrhea, we showed that five of them produced a hybrid localized/diffuse adherence (LA/DA) in HeLa cells. In this study, we selected one aEPEC isolate of this serotype (282/14) that produced the LA/DA pattern, to investigate the bacterial structures involved in its adhesive phenotype. For this purpose, aEPEC 282/14 was mutagenized using the EZ::TN < R6Kyori/KAN-2 > Tnp transposome kit, generating a library of Tn5 insertions. These Tn5 insertion mutants were screened for non-adherent or less adherent mutants, in assays performed in 6 h of incubation with HeLa cells. Among the 320 clones screened, nine were considered deficient in their ability to interact with epithelial cells, and four of them presented the Tn5 insertion in genes within the LEE region, such as tir, escV, and grlR. In order to confirm the role of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

Enteropathogenic bacteria, such as Shigella and Salmonella, are associated with diarrheal diseases, which remain a significant cause of infant mortality worldwide. The secretion of protein effectors by the type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) is used by these pathogens to invade human cells and modulate host cell functions. First, we used RNA-Seq to analyze the differential transcriptome of Shigella flexneri when the T3SA is active or inactive. This allowed us to identify two uncharacterized genes that were temporarily named gem1 and gem3 and whose expression was regulated by MxiE and IpgC as other late substrates of the T3SA. Finally, we pursued the characterization of gem1 and gem3 at the protein level and renamed them icaT and icaR, respectively, when we found their protein products were secreted by the T3SA. Furthermore, we find homologs of icaT and icaR with a conserved MxiE box in several E. coli phylogroups. We also demonstrated that these homologous genes could be reactivated when both MxiE and IpgC were introduced in these strains. This discovery paved a new perspective on the evolution of pathogenesis into the E. coli lineage as both commensal and pathogenic strains harbored these genes. Treating infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae is becoming more challenging due to growing antibiotic resistance and no vaccines are widely available. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized that we entered the "post-antibiotic era," where new antibiotics or antivirulence drugs are urgently needed, including for Shigella. The T3SA is an attractive target for antivirulence drugs, which may become alternative to classical antibiotics. Through screening 3,000 compounds, we found two novel inhibitors of the T3SA. Our data suggested that one of these candidate inhibitors, a dipyridyl-containing compound, reduces the virulence of Shigella at the transcriptional level. Indeed, the virulence inhibition occurs via the repression of the transcriptional activator VirB by the small chromosomal RNA RyhB, which is upregulated by this compound through an unknown mechanism involving the pyridyl groups. The repression of VirB induced by this molecule reduce the expression of several genes encoding parts of the T3SA. In comparison, the second compound is a quinone that seems to affect the assembly of the T3SA.

No description available.

No description available.

Das Typ III Sekretionssystem (T3SS) ist ein Proteinkomplex den Gramnegative Bakterien nutzen um in einem Schritt Effektorproteine (Effektoren) aus dem Zytosol über die Doppelmembran zu sekretieren. Für viele Bakterien ist das T3SS ein essenzieller Virulenzfaktor, der es ihnen erlaubt mit ihrem Wirt zu interagieren und diesen zu manipulieren. Charakteristisch für das T3SS ist die strukturelle Komponente, der Nadelkomplex. Dieser ähnelt strukturell einer Spritze, deren Basalkörper die bakteriellen Membranen und das Periplasma durchspannt und einer Nadel, die vom Basalkörper aus dem Bakterium ragt. Basierend auf dem Modell einer Spritze wird angenommen, dass Effektoren entfaltet und anschließend durch Basalkörper und Nadelkanal sekretiert werden. Trotz der kontinuierlichen Forschung an T3SS entbehrt dieses Modell einer experimentellen Grundlage und der Mechanismus ist nicht vollständig erklärt. Ziel der Arbeit war es, eine experimentelle Basis für den Sekretionsmechanismus des T3SS zu schaffen. Um zu verstehen, wie das T3SS Effektoren sekretiert, wurden zunächst Fusionsproteine konstruiert, welche aus einem Effektor und einem stabil gefalteten Knotenprotein bestehen. Aufgrund des Knotens in der Fusion ist davon auszugehen, dass dieser während der Sekretion nicht entfalten kann. Die Effektordomäne wird sekretiert während der Knoten im Kanal verbleibt und diesen verstopft. Nach unseremWissen ist diese Arbeit die erste Visualisierung von Effektorfusionen an isolierten Nadelkomplexen. Die Effektorfusion wird N-terminal voran durch den Kanal sekretiert, wobei der Kanal das Substrat umschließt und gegen Proteasen und chemische Modifikationen abschirmt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit untermauern eine Grundidee der Funktionsweise des T3SS und liefern eine vielversprechende Strategie für in situ-Strukturanalysen. Dieser Ansatz lässt sich auch auf andere Proteinsekretionssysteme übertragen, bei welchen Substrate vor dem Transport entfaltet werden müssen. / The Type III Secretion System (T3SS) is a complex used by Gram-negative bacteria to secrete effector proteins from the cytoplasm across the bacterial envelope in a single step. For many pathogens, the T3SS is an essential virulence factor that enables the bacteria to interact with and manipulate their respective host. A characteristic structural feature of the T3SS is the needle complex (NC). The NC resembles a syringe with a basal body spanning both bacterial membranes and a long needle-like structure that protrudes from the bacterium. Based on the paradigm of a syringe-like mechanism, it is generally assumed that effectors are unfolded and secreted from the bacterial cytoplasm through the basal body and needle channel. Despite extensive research on T3SS, this hypothesis lacks experimental evidence and the mechanism of secretion is not fully understood. This work aimed to provide an experimental basis for the model of the T3SS mechanism. In order to elucidate details of the effector secretion mechanism, fusion proteins consisting of an effector and a bulky protein containing a knotted motif were generated. It is assumed that the knot cannot be unfolded during secretion of the chimera. Consequently, these fusions are accepted as T3SS substrates but remain inside the NC channel and obstruct the T3SS. This is, to our best knowledge, the first time effector fusions have been visualized together with isolated NCs and it demonstrates that effector proteins are secreted directly through the channel with their N-terminus first. The channel encloses the substrate and shields it from a protease and chemical modifications. These results corroborate an elementary understanding of how the T3SS works and provide a powerful tool for in situ-structural investigations. This approach might also be applicable to other protein secretion systems that require unfolding of their substrates prior to secretion.

La protéine BamB est une lipoprotéine de membrane externe appartenant au complexe BAM (β-Barrel Assembly Machinery) et impliquée dans l’assemblage des protéines de membrane externe (PME), la sensibilité aux antibiotiques, le contrôle de l’expression des trois systèmes de sécrétion de type III (T3SS) et la virulence de Salmonella. Chez E. coli, au sein du complexe BAM, elle interagit directement avec la protéine BamA. De plus, chez cette bactérie, BamB présente une activité sérine-thréonine kinase. Afin de mieux caractériser le rôle de BamB, nos objectifs ont été d’étudier (1) l’impact de l’altération de l’interaction de BamB avec le complexe BAM ou de sa séquestration dans le cytoplasme sur l’ensemble des rôles décrits de BamB et (2) l’activité kinase putative de BamB chez Salmonella. Nos résultats montrent que certains rôles de BamB sont dissociables entre eux et que l’interaction BamA/BamB n’est pas requise pour le rôle de BamB dans le contrôle de l’expression des T3SS, la virulence de Salmonella et l’assemblage des PME à la membrane externe. Aucune activité kinase ni aucune activité cytoplasmique de la protéine n’a pu être formellement démontrée. / BamB is an outer-membrane lipoprotein belonging to the BAM complex (β-Barrel Assembly Machinery). In Salmonella, it is involved in the assembly of outer membrane proteins (OMP), in antibiotic susceptibility, in the transcriptional control of the three Type-Three-Secretion-Systems (T3SS) related genes and also in virulence. In E. coli, BamB interacts directly with the BamA protein. Moreover, BamB has been shown to have a serine-threonin kinase activity in this bacterium. In order to better characterize the roles of the BamB protein, our purposes were to study (1) the impact of the alteration of the interaction of BamB with the BAM complex or of its cytoplasmic sequestration and (2) its putative kinase activity in Salmonella. Our results show that some of the BamB roles are dissociable and that the BamA/BamB interaction is not required for T3SS expression, Salmonella virulence or OMP assembly in the outer membrane. Currently, neither a kinase activity nor a cytoplasmic activity has been clearly demonstrated for this protein.

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a highly conserved secretion system among Gram negative bacteria that translocates anti-host proteins directly into the infected cells to overcome the host immune system and establish a bacterial infection. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is one of three pathogenic Yersinia spp. that use a plasmid encoded T3SS to establish an infection. This complex multi-component Ysc-Yop system is tightly regulated in time and space. The T3SS is induced upon target cell contact and by growth in the absence of calcium. There are two kinds of substrates for the secretion apparatus, the translocator proteins that make up the pore in the eukaryotic target cell membrane, and the translocated effector proteins, that presumably pass through this pore en route to the eukaryotic cell interior. The essential YopD translocator protein is involved in several important steps during effector translocation, such as pore formation, effector translocation. Moreover, in complex with its cognate chaperone LcrH, it maintains regulatory control of yop gene expression. To understand the molecular mechanism of YopD function, we made sequential in-frame deletions throughout the entire protein and identified discrete functional domains that made it possible to separate the role of YopD in translocation from its role in pore formation and regulation, really supporting translocation to be a multi-step process. Further site-directed mutagenesis of the YopD C-terminus, a region important for these functions, revealed no function for amino acids in the coiled-coil domain, while hydrophobic residues within the alpha-helical amphipathic domain are functionally significant for regulation, pore formation and translocation of effectors. Unique to the T3SSs are the chaperones which are required for efficient type III protein secretion. The translocator-class chaperone LcrH binds two translocator proteins, YopB and YopD, which is necessary for their pre-secretory stabilization and their efficient secretion. We have shown that LcrH interacts with each translocator at a unique binding-site established by the folding of its three tandem tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs). Beside the regulatory LcrH-YopD complex, LcrH complexes with YscY, a component of the Ysc-Yop T3SS, that is also essential for regulatory control. Interestingly the roles for LcrH do not end here, because it also appears to function in fine tuning the amount of effector translocation into target cells upon cell contact. Moreover, LcrH’s role in pre-secretory stability appears to be an in vitro phenomenon, since upon bacteria-host cell contact we found accumulated levels of YopB and YopD inside the bacteria in absence of a LcrH chaperone. This suggests the true function of LcrH is seen during target cell contact. In addition, these stable YopB and YopD are secreted in a Ysc-Yop independent manner in absence of a functional LcrH. We propose a role for LcrH in conferring substrate secretion pathway specificity, guiding its substrate to the cognate Ysc-Yop T3SS to secure subsequent effector translocation. Together, this work has sought to better understand the key functions of LcrH and YopD in Yersinia pathogenicity. Using an approach based heavily on recombinant DNA technology and tissue culture infections, the complex molecular cross-talk between chaperone and its substrate, and the effect this has on the Yersinia lifestyle, are now being discovered.