Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-05T15:35:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fabiane V. Soares.pdf: 2842986 bytes, checksum: f65acb16091242753d91f534b2d8d8f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-05T15:35:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fabiane V. Soares.pdf: 2842986 bytes, checksum: f65acb16091242753d91f534b2d8d8f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-02-05T15:36:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fabiane V. Soares.pdf: 2842986 bytes, checksum: f65acb16091242753d91f534b2d8d8f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T15:36:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Fabiane V. Soares.pdf: 2842986 bytes, checksum: f65acb16091242753d91f534b2d8d8f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is a public health problem worldwide. It is widely distributed in Brazil and the Amazonas population is among the states most affected by the disease in the country. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological and entomological leishmaniasis in the municipality of Tabatinga, Amazonas state. The city is situated on the left margin of the Solimões River, the border region to Colombia and Peru. We conducted a retrospective study (seven years), human cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis reported in the city, from data supplied by the Municipal Health Tabatinga and fauna survey of sand flies in August 2010 and 2011. Sandfly collections were carried out on the road from the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform - INCRA, Geodesy II, between km 4 and 8, using light traps (CDC) and aspiration in base tree with modified CDC. For statistical analysis we used the abundance index of species (ISA), standardized index of abundance of species (SISA), Index of Shannon-Wiener diversity (H ') and evenness index (J'). Have been reported 41 autochthonous cases of ACL in Tabatinga, where 61.7% were male, aged 30-39 years (24.4%) and farmers (21.9%). The predominant clinical form was cutaneous. We collected 5741 specimens representing 35 species of the genus Lutzomyia, both captured in the sylvatic and peridomiliciar environment. The most abundant species was L. umbratilis (SISA = 1.000). Of this total, 13 species are considered vectors or potential vectors of Leishmania and/or other trypanosomatids. Of the 44 positive samples, 10 were isolated / maintained in culture, eight from L. umbratilis and two L. dendrophyla. Isozyme analysis of these isolates showed similar profiles to Leishmania colombiensis and Endotrypanum sp., however, the profile of MDH locus showed greater similarity to the genus Endotrypanum. It made the report of the occurrence of two new species of sand flies in the Amazonas State (Lutzomyia howardi) and Brazil (Lutzomyia witoto). These are the first information on the phlebotomine fauna in the municipality of Tabatinga and expanding knowledge of the distribution, diversity and natural infection of trypanosomatids in the state of Amazonas / A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) é um problema de Saúde Pública mundial. É amplamente distribuída no Brasil e a população amazonense encontra-se entre os estados mais acometidos pela doença no país. Este estudo teve como objetivo averiguar os aspectos epidemiológicos e entomológicos da LTA no município de Tabatinga, Estado do Amazonas. O município está situado à margem esquerda do rio Solimões, região fronteiriça à Colômbia e ao Peru. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo (últimos sete anos) dos casos humanos de leishmaniose cutânea notificados no município, a partir dos dados fornecidos pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Tabatinga e o levantamento da fauna de flebotomíneos em agosto de 2010 e 2011. As coletas de flebotomíneos foram realizadas na Estrada do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária - INCRA, Geodésica II, entre os km 4 e 8, utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas (CDC) e aspiração em base de árvore com CDC modificada. Para análise estatística foram utilizados o Índíce de Abundância de Espécies (IAE), Índíce Padronizado de Abundância de Espécies (IPAE), Índice de Diversidade Shannon-Wiener (H’) e Índice de eqüitabilidade (J’). Foram notificados 41 casos autóctones de LTA em Tabatinga, onde 61,7% eram do sexo masculino, com faixa etária de 30 a 39 anos (24,4%) e agricultores (21,9%). A forma clínica predominantemente foi cutânea. Foram coletados 5.741 espécimens, correspondente a 35 espécies do gênero Lutzomyia, capturados tanto em ambiente silvestre quanto peridomiliciar. A espécie mais abundante foi L. umbratilis (IPAE= 1.000). Deste total, 13 espécies são consideradas transmissoras ou vetores potenciais de Leishmania e/ou outros tripanosomatídeos. Das 44 amostras positivas, 10 foram isoladas/mantidas em cultivo, sendo oito de L. umbratilis e duas de L. dendrophyla. Análise isoenzimática desses isolados, demonstrou perfis similares a Leishmania colombiensis e Endotrypanum sp., no entanto, o perfil do locus MDH demonstrou maior similaridade para o gênero Endotrypanum. Foi feito o relato da ocorrência de duas novas espécies de flebótomos no Amazonas (Lutzomyia howardi) e no Brasil (Lutzomyia witoto). Os resultados deste trabalho referem-se à primeira informação sobre a fauna de flebotomíneos no município de Tabatinga, ampliando o conhecimento da distribuição, diversidade e infecção natural por tripanosomatídeos no Estado do Amazonas.

No description available.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites aresmall hydrophilic compounds that play crucial roles in biological species ranging fromenergy metabolism, immune homeostasis to cellular signalling. There is a need for reliableand precise quantification of these metabolites in biological matrices as they can providecrucial information of metabolic status and potentially be used as diagnostic biomarkersfor different pathological and physiological conditions. However, their retention andseparation in traditional reversed-phase system, without chemical derivatization, is oftenproblematic due to their volatile and hydrophilic characteristics. The aim of this studywas to implement a facile and effective derivatization method for the simultaneousquantitation of SCFAs and TCA cycle metabolites by LC-qToF-MS in negative ion mode. Inthis work, 3-nitrophenylhydrazine (3-NPH) was employed for preanalyticalderivatization to convert the compounds to their respective 3-nitrophenylhydrazones.Analytical standards and faecal samples were used to assess the linearity, matrix effect,accuracy, extraction efficiency, precision, retention-time shift and short-term stability.The compounds were successfully separated within 6 minutes on a reverse-phase C18column. All the compounds showed good linearity (R2≥ 0.97) in both solvent-only andfaecal samples. The matrix effect was minimal and did not affect the compoundsquantitation. The extraction efficiency ranged from 80% to 110% (CV≤9.7%, n = 6). Theaccuracy of quantitation was determined to be between 82.8% to 113.8% (CV≤9.0%, n =6). The intra-day (CV%) demonstrated good precision for all analytes, the inter-day (%)were more variable due to the derivatives’ chemical instability. However, most of thederivatives were chemical stable up to 5 days in the autosampler (10°C). The method wasalso applied to explore the levels of these metabolites in human faecal samples and mousebrain samples.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Les travaux présentés à travers ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans un contexte de recherches exploratoires sur l'optimisation des surfaces engrenantes. Après une étude approfondie de l'emploi des engrenages dans un environnement aéronautique, l'élaboration d'une nouvelle méthodologie de génération de profils de denture est proposée. Les travaux s'attachent à caractériser le comportement mécanique spécifique d'un montage d'engrenages dans les Boites de Transmission de Puissances (BTP) d'hélicoptère.Un outil informatique a été créé dans le module VBA (Visual Basic Application) d'Excel. Il permet de créer automatiquement des profils de denture conjugués et optimisés. Il a l'avantage de définir analytiquement plusieurs grandeurs physiques. L'outil a ainsi pour objectif de proposer des profils de denture optimisés selon plusieurs critères. Les « objectifs » retenus sont le rendement et la contrainte équivalente de Hertz au contact suivant le critère de Von Mises.Les travaux s'articulent autour de trois axes : - la reconstruction de profils conjugués de denture par une approche novatrice basée sur le « contact », - la construction de critères physiques (glissement, pression, contrainte, …), - la recherche de profils de denture optimaux en utilisant la simulation de Monte Carlo.Enfin, la perspective de rendre générique cette méthode afin qu'elle puisse générer n'importe quels types d'engrenage est envisagée en fin de manuscrit. / The work described in the present manuscript is part of exploratory researches dealing with gears meshing surfaces optimization. After a short study of gears used in an aeronautical environment, the development of an innovative tool for tooth profile design is defined. Then, the specific behavior of a gear mesh within a helicopter main gearbox (MGB) is evaluated.A VBA software has been coded under MS Excel to generate conjugated and optimized gear tooth profiles. It advantageously defines and uses several physical parameters with their analytical formulation. The software provides at the user optimized tooth profiles according to a couple of criteria. The two “objective” functions evaluated are the efficiency and the Hertz equivalent stress within the contact using the Von Mises criterion.The work has been focused on three aspects:- The design of conjugated tooth profiles by contact sharing,- The definition of the relevant physical parameters,- The optimization of tooth profiles using Monte Carlo SimulationEventually, a generic method to design gear profiles, taking into account any physical parameters related to a gear mesh, could be expected as a future of this thesis work.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à déterminer si le Traité sur le commerce des armes (TCA) est effectif en ce qui concerne les dispositions relatives au transfert (art. 6) et à l’exportation (art. 7) dans leurs applications aux ventes d’armes à l’Arabie saoudite. Cette effectivité est appréciée en mesurant l’applicabilité du TCA dans les ordres juridiques des principaux fournisseurs d’armes à l’Arabie saoudite, à savoir, la Belgique, le Canada, la France et le Royaume-Uni. L’applicabilité du TCA comprend deux volets : l’examen de la justiciabilité du TCA, à savoir, comment le juge national lui donne-t-il concrètement effet; et l’examen de son opposabilité, à savoir, comment déterminer si les individus peuvent se prévaloir de ses dispositions devant un juge national. Notre thèse vise à démontrer que le TCA en ce qui concerne les obligations relatives au transfert (art. 6) et à l’exportation (art. 7) n’est effectif que partiellement. Cette ineffectivité s’explique par le fait qu’il ne soit pas applicable dans les ordres juridiques des principaux fournisseurs d’armes à l’Arabie saoudite, notamment, ceux de Belgique et de France. Dans l’ensemble, la situation ne tend pas à s’améliorer vu l’inefficacité même du TCA et les multiples obstacles placés par les autorités administratives. Cela n’empêche cependant pas le déclenchement d’un processus de renforcement de cette effectivité portant principalement sur la suppression des obstacles artificiels placés sur la voie de son applicabilité. Ainsi, l’applicabilité directe du TCA, dans les ordres juridiques belge et français, ne doit pas être interprétée de façon à ce qu’elle l’empêche de déployer pleinement ses effets en droit interne. Le renforcement peut également se faire, dans les ordres juridiques britannique et canadien, par une incorporation intégrale des dispositions de ce traité en droit interne et par une attitude des juges qui soit favorable à l’utilisation de celui. / The objective of this thesis is to determine whether the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is effective with respect to the transfer (Art. 6) and export (Art. 7) provisions as they apply to arms sales to Saudi Arabia. This effectiveness is assessed by measuring the applicability of the ATT in the legal orders of the main arms suppliers to Saudi Arabia, namely Belgium, Canada, France and the United Kingdom. The applicability of the ATT is twofold: the examination of its justiciability, namely, how does the national judge give practical effect to it; and the examination of its enforceability, namely, how to determine whether individuals can rely on its provisions before a national judge. Our thesis aims to demonstrate that the ATT with regard to the obligations on transfer (Art. 6) and export (Art. 7) is only partially effective. This ineffectiveness is explained by the fact that it is not applicable in the legal orders of the main arms suppliers to Saudi Arabia, namely those of Belgium and France. Overall, the situation does not tend to improve given the very ineffectiveness of the ATT and the multiple obstacles placed by the administrative authorities. This does not, however, prevent the initiation of a process of reinforcing its effectiveness, mainly by removing the artificial obstacles placed in the way of its applicability. Thus, the direct applicability of the ATT in the Belgian and French legal orders must not be interpreted in such a way as to prevent it from having full effect in domestic law. In the British and Canadian legal orders, reinforcement can also be achieved by a full incorporation of the provisions of this treaty into domestic law and by an attitude of the judges that is favorable to the use of the treaty.