Orientadores: Edson Eiji Matsura, Regina Célia de Matos Pires / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:38:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LeonardoNazarioSilvados_D.pdf: 9014714 bytes, checksum: 443fd6aa43099fa45fe1a9d094fc9afb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A agricultura irrigada é a atividade caracterizada pelo alto consumo de água. Nesse contexto, a utilização de efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) como fonte de água para a irrigação pode ser uma alternativa para substituição de água doce, mas que requer estudos específicos para adoção e uso de forma sustentável. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de EET via gotejamento subsuperficial sobre as propriedades físicas do solo (Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico), distribuição da umidade no perfil do solo, desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, a produção de colmos e a qualidade tecnológica do caldo da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.). O experimento foi instalado em Campinas-SP, Brasil, adotando-se delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x2x2+1, com cinco repetições. Os fatores estudados foram: duas profundidades de instalação do tubo gotejador (0,2 e 0,4 m); duas qualidades de água (efluente de esgoto tratado ¿ EET, e água de reservatório superficial ¿ ARS); complementação nutricional via fertirrigação (com complementação nutricional ¿ CN, e sem complementação nutricional ¿ SN); e a testemunha sem irrigação. Para avaliação da umidade no perfil do solo foi utilizada a técnica da TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry); para a avaliação radicular foi utilizado o sistema minirhizotron; para determinar os atributos físicos do solo foram utilizadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas; e a produtividade estimada por biometria. O uso de efluente de esgoto tratado como fonte hídrica na irrigação demonstrou ser opção sustentável do ponto de vista agronômico, proporcionando incrementos na produtividade e melhoria na qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar em relação ao tratamento sem irrigação. A instalação do tubo gotejador a 0,2 m de profundidade disponibilizou água na região de maior desenvolvimento radicular e reduziu as perdas de água por evaporação e por percolação profunda. Os fatores testados não alteraram significativamente os parâmetros sódico-salinos, as propriedades físicas do solo e o comprimento radicular da cana-de-açúcar / Abstract: Irrigated agriculture is characterized by higher water consumption. In this context, the use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) as a water resource for irrigation can be an alternative in replacing freshwater, however it requires specific studies for adoption and as well as for sustainable use. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the TSE subsurface drip irrigation effect on a dystrophic Red Latossolo (Oxisol) physical properties, the effect on the moisture distribution in the soil profile, on the root system development, as well as on the yielding and quality of produced sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The experiment was carried out in Campinas-SP, Brazil, adopting a randomized block design in a 2x2x2+1 factorial, with five replications. Studied factors included: two depths of the dripline (0.2 to 0.4 m); two water qualities (treated sewage effluent ¿ TSE, and surface reservoir water ¿ SRW); nutritional supplementation by fertigation (with nutritional supplementation ¿ NS, and without nutritional supplementation - WNS); and no irrigation (NI). To evaluate the moisture in the soil profile it was used the technique named TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry); to evaluate root development was used the system known as minirhizotron; to determine soil physical properties it was employed disturbed and undisturbed samples; and productivity estimated by biometrics. The use of treated sewage effluent as a water resource for irrigation proved to be a sustainable option through the agronomic point of view, providing productivity increases and improvement of technological quality of sugarcane compared to treatment without irrigation. The installation of the dripline to 0.2 m depth provided of water in the region highest root development and reduced water losses by evaporation and deep percolation. The tested factors did not significantly alter the sodic-saline parameters, the physical properties of soil and root length of sugarcane / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

O bulbo molhado formado na irrigação por gotejamento pode ser modelado a partir informações das propriedades físico-hídricas do solo. Mas apesar do grande progresso na modelagem, a aplicação de modelos na irrigação e drenagem ainda não foi implementada em nenhum nível de maneira substancial. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo numérico utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos para estimar a forma e as dimensões do volume de solo molhado sob irrigação por gotejamento, e verificar a validade do modelo através da comparação com dados recolhidos em condições experimentais. O ensaio foi conduzido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz-ESALQ/USP. As sondas de TDR foram confeccionadas segundo procedimentos descritos por Souza et al. (2006). O perfil do bulbo molhado formado no solo abaixo de um emissor do tipo gotejador foi determinado para 3 tipos de material: areia, solo arenoso e solo argiloso e para 3 vazões nominais do emissor: 2, 4 e 6 L/h. Cada uma das combinações entre tipo de solo e vazão foi repetida três vezes em caixas (1000 L) diferentes, totalizando 27 medições. Um modelo numérico foi desenvolvido para simular a distribuição da água no perfil do solo abaixo de uma fonte pontual. A solução da equação diferencial para o movimento da água em solo não saturado foi realizada pela discretização do espaço-tempo utilizando a técnica dos volumes finitos. Um algoritmo em linguagem Visual Basic foi escrito para implementar o conjunto de equações e simular a evolução do bulbo molhado no tempo. Foi simulada a formação do bulbo molhado nas mesmas condições do experimento, e gráficos de isolinhas de umidade foram traçados no software Surfer. O modelo numérico proposto foi capaz de simular a formação do bulbo molhado em diferentes condições de tipo de solo e vazão do emissor. / The soil water patterns in drip irrigation can be modeled from physical and hydraulic properties of soil. But despite the great progress in modeling, the models have not been implemented at any level in irrigation and drainage. The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model using finite volume technique to estimate the shape and dimensions of the wetted soil volume under drip irrigation and verify the validity of the model by comparing data collected under experimental conditions. The trial was conducted at the experimental site of the Department of Biosystems Engineering, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz- ESALQ/USP. The TDR probes were manufactured according Souza et al. (2006). The soil water patterns under a drip emitter type was determined for three types of material: sand, sandy soil and clay soil and three nominal flows of the emitters: 2, 4 and 6 L/h. Each of the combinations of soil type and flow rate was repeated three times in boxes (1000 L), totaling 27 measurements. A numerical model was developed to simulate the distribution of water in the soil profile below a point source. The solution of the differential equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil was carried out by the discretization of space-time using the technique of finite volume. An algorithm in Visual Basic language was written to implement the set of equations and simulate the evolution of wetted soil volume in time. Contour plots of soil water content were drawn in Surfer software. The proposed numerical model was able to simulate wetted soil volume under different conditions of soil type and flow of the emitter.

This work focuses on a search of available literature on the theory of transmission lines and verify the possibility of simulation processes on these lines using a suitable simulation program. Initially, for the introduction to the parameters and the phenomenon that characterize the line and are important for understanding the issue. These parameters are then measured and compared with traces from the simulation in program PSpice. In another part of the work, the reader is familiar with the basics of reflectometry and fault detection capabilities on transmission lines with the basic reflectometry methods TDR and FDR, as well as with other methods of OTDR, MSR, and PD-FDR. For the TDR, FDR and MSR methods were made experimental measurements with a view to determining the position of the various types of faults on the tested leadership.

No description available.

The need for water conservation continues to increase as global freshwater resources dwindle. In response, many golf course superintendents are implementing new methods and tools to become more frugal with their water applications. For example, scheduling irrigation using time-domain reflectometer (TDR) soil moisture sensors can decrease water usage. Still, TDR measurements are time-consuming and only cover small scales, leading to many locations being unsampled. Remotely sensed data such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) offer the potential of estimating moisture stress across larger scales; however, NDVI measurements are influenced by numerous stressors beyond moisture availability, thus limiting its reliability for irrigation decisions. An alternative vegetation index, the water band index (WBI), is primarily influenced by water absorption within a narrow spectral range of near-infrared light. Previous research has established strong relationships between moisture stress of creeping bentgrass (CBG) grown on sand-based root zones, a typical scenario for golf course putting greens. However, this relationship characterizes only a small portion of total acreage across golf courses, which limits widespread adoption. In our research, '007' CBG and 'Latitude 36'hybrid bermudagrass (HBG) were grown on three soil textures, USGA 90:10 sand (S), sand loam (SL) and clay (C), arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design, randomized within six individual dry-down cycles serving as replications. Canopy reflectance and volumetric water content (VWC) data were collected hourly between 0700 and 1900 hr using a hyperspectral radiometer and an embedded soil moisture sensor, until complete turf necrosis. The WBI had the strongest relationship to VWC (r = 0.62) and visual estimations of wilt (r = -0.91) compared to the green-to-red ratio index (GRI) or NDVI. Parameters associated with non-linear regression were analyzed to compare grasses, soils, indices, and their interactions. The WBI and GRI compared favorably with each other and indicated significant moisture stress approximately 28 hr earlier than NDVI (P = 0.0010). WBI and GRI respectively predicted moisture stress 12 to 9 hr before visual estimation of 50% wilt, whereas NDVI provided 2 hr of prediction time (P = 0.0317). When considering the time to significant moisture stress, the HBG lasted 28 hr longer than CBG, while S lasted 42 hr longer than either SL and C (P ≤ 0.0011). Nonlinear regression analysis showed that WBI and GRI can be useful for predicting moisture stress of CBG and HBG grown on three diverse soils in a highly controlled environment. Our results provide substantial evidence and direction for future research investigating how WBI and GRI can expedite moisture stress assessment and prediction on a large-acreage basis. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Managed turfgrasses provide several benefits including filtering pollutants, cooling their surroundings, generating oxygen, preventing erosion, serving as recreational surfaces, and increasing landscape aesthetics. Intensively managed turfgrass systems, such as on golf courses and sports fields, require more inputs to maintain acceptable conditions. Freshwater use is often excessive on intensively managed turfgrasses to maintain proper plant growth. Drought conditions often limit water availability, especially in regions with limited rainfall. Turf managers tend to over-apply water across large acreage when few localized areas begin to show symptoms of drought. Additionally, turf managers sometimes wrongly identify stressed areas from other factors as ones being moisture-deprived. Advancements such as the use of soil moisture meters have simplified irrigation decisions as an aid to visual inspections for drought stress. While this method enhances detection accuracy, it still provides no solution to increase efficiency. Expanding our current knowledge of turfgrass canopy light reflectance for rapid moisture stress identification can potentially save both time and water resources. The objective of this research was to enhance our ability to identify and predict moisture stress of creeping bentgrass (CBG) and hybrid bermudagrass (HBG) canopies integrated into varying soil textures (USGA 90:10 sand (S), sand loam (SL) and Clay (C)) using light reflectance measurements. Dry-down cycles were conducted under greenhouses conditions collecting soil moisture and light reflectance data every hour from 7 am to 7 pm after saturating and withholding water from established plugs. Moisture stress was most accurately estimated over time using two vegetation indices, the water band index (WBI) and green-to-red ratio index (GRI), with approximately ninety percent accuracy to visible wilt stress. The WBI and GRI predicted moisture stress of CBG in all soil types and HBG in SL and C approximately 14 hours before the grasses reached 50% wilt. While light reflectance varies on exposed soils, our research shows that underlying soils do not interfere with measurements across typical turfgrass stands. This research provides a foundation for future research implementing rapid, aerial measurements of moisture stressed turfgrasses on a broad application of CBG and HBG on constructed or native soils.

O desenvolvimento econômico e o aumento da produtividade agrícola intensificaram o uso de produtos químicos nas lavouras. Quando se pretende quantificar o impacto ambiental de tal uso é necessário empregar modelos que descrevam o fluxo de água e solutos na região não saturada do solo. Para esse fim, um dos parâmetros mais eficazes é conhecer a retenção de água no solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver funções de pedotransferência (FPTs) que estimassem a partir de análise em redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) a retenção de água nos solos da microbacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Canchim, município de São Carlos, SP. Os atributos físicos, textura (argila, silte e areia), densidade e resistência à penetração dos solos: LVAd, LVe, LVdf e NVef, manejados com e sem cobertura vegetal e sob mata foram determinados com equipamentos não convencionais na Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária em São Carlos, SP. Esses parâmetros foram utilizados como variáveis de entrada nas duas redes neurais artificiais. Foram obtidas, ainda, as curvas de retenção de água no solo por meio da câmara de pressão de Richards e da tomografia computadorizada, além da porosidade total e da condutividade hidráulica não saturada. O analisador granulométrico de solos e o penetrômetro associado a TDR possibilitaram a obtenção de um grande número de dados. Os atributos físicos dos solos apresentaram grande variabilidade em função da constituição granulométrica e manejos adotados. As RNAs foram eficientes no desenvolvimento de FPTs capazes de estimar a retenção de água com base em propriedades básicas de solo obtidas em grande número. / Economic development and increasing agricultural productivity have intensified the use of chemical products in farming. The quantification environmental impact of these products requires the use of models that describe the flow of water and solutes in the unsaturated region of the soil. For this purpose, one of the most effective parameters belong to the water retention curve of the soil. The purpose of this work was to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) to estimate the retention of water by soils of the hydrographic microbasin of the Canchim river, in the municipality of São Carlos, state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). The physical attributes, granulometry (clay, silt and sand), density and resistance to penetration of LVAd, LVe, LVdf and NVef soils, managed with and without vegetal cover and under forest, were determined using nonconventional equipment at Embrapa Instrumentação Agropecuária in São Carlos, SP. These parameters were used as input variables for two artificial neural networks. The soils\' water retention curves were also obtained using a Richards pressure chamber and computed tomography, as well as their total porosity and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. A soil granulometric analyzer and a penetrometer allied to TDR provided a large number of data. The soils\' physical attributes displayed a wide variability as a function of their granulometric constitution and adopted managements. The ANNs were effective in developing PTFs able to estimate the water retention based on the large number of basic soil properties.

台灣地區對於私有公共設施保留地之取得方式大多是以現金徵收補償方式為之，但在現今政府財政困難之情形下，如欲將全數之私有公共設施保留地以現金徵收補償方式為之，恐有其困難。因此國內學者主張以發展權移轉制度，補償公共設施保留地所有權人之損失，以取得興建公共設施之用地。惟「土地徵收條例」實行，對於私有公共設施保留地徵收補償標準，採公告現值加成計算，加成成數比照一般正常交易價格為之。因此公共設施保留地所有權人勢必會在徵收市價補償，與發展權移轉制度間作一選擇。本論文探討公共設施保留地所有權人面臨發展權移轉與徵收現金補償時，其所面臨之選擇為何。 本論文先探討公平補償之分類及補償標準，同時定義所謂公平補償，為基於憲法中之公平正義及保障私有財產權原則下，以完全之市價補償為之。其次本論文就發展權之理論予以討論，藉由經濟理論之探討，分析發展權制度運作之市場前題，並以此建立本論文之研究假說，即從權利集束說及發展權評價方法之殘餘法觀點，發展權之價值僅為完全土地所有權之一部份，發展權移轉取得私有公共設施保留地，並無法達到完全補償公共設施保留地所有權之價值。同時本論文在此基礎下，透過個案模擬方式，分析公共設施保留地所有權人之損益，以佐証本論文之研究假說。經由研究成果顯示，發展權之價值小於公共設施保留地之土地價值，因此公共設施保留地所有權人將會採取現金徵收補償方式。 本論文認為，由於「土地徵收條例」之實施，勢必會造成發展權移轉制推行之困難，加重政府財政壓力。因此政府授與公共設施保留地所有權人之發展權數量應予以放寬，或在原數量下，不足土地價值者，由政府予以現金補貼方式為之，如此可使發展權移轉制度順利推行，政府之財政壓力獲得減輕，同時也能達到取得公共設施保留地之目的。

公共設施保留地容積移轉在於藉由市場交易機制，使公共設施保留地地主在等待政府徵收之前，得透過容積出售給開發業者獲致價金補償之機會，並免除政府直接辦理徵收之財政壓力。容積移轉制度基本精神是以市場效率解決土地分區使用之公平問題，然現行制度下，不同地區之公共設施保留地移出容積可得價金懸殊缺乏公平性，且容積交易集中於特定地區，造成當地生活環境品質之惡化。故本研究在制度建立之政策層面，尋求達到「受損補償，受益付費」公平原則，使容積購買者付出合理的價金購買公共設施保留地地主持有容積並透過制度設計控管容積移轉對生活環境品質衝擊之問題。在容積交易市場層面，則透過市場機制設計，塑造有助於市場形成與價格維繫之環境及降低容積買賣雙方之交易成本，以促進市場交易之效率並實現前述對地主之公平為目標。 本研究首先從市場供需之角度，分析容積供需失衡，對公共設施保留地容積移轉市場中容積價格之影響，並檢視影響TDR方案成功之市場運作因素與供需條件。其次，就買賣雙方交易盈餘分配進行探討，運用賽局理論中那許均衡之概念，分析討價還價之均衡解，以闡明信息不對稱下，如何解決地主在容積交易中議價資訊不足之問題，提高容積移轉價格，增進該制度在保障公共設施保留地地主財產權之貢獻。第三，引用中間層理論探討TDR銀行在解決交易成本問題之優勢，並闡明非營利性質因減少中介費用支出，增加交易雙方之交易剩餘，較能使TDR方案成功。第四，藉由前述理論之探討，本研究研擬改善現行公共設施保留地容積移轉的市場機制之相關議題，透過學者專家問卷及權利關係人的問卷調查之設計，汲取市場機制改善之建議。 本研究認為我國容積移轉市場存在容積總量超出環境容受力、市場所能提供之交易資訊不足、容積價格落差過大、中介者所提供的服務仍待加強及交易成本偏高等問題，需透過政府介入加以解決。因此，提出以容積銀行為容積移轉政策執行核心之市場交易機制，由各直轄市、縣市政府成立一個非營利性質的容積銀行，作為容積移轉交易平台，並成立專款專用之容積銀行運作基金，作為政策性購買容積取得所需公共設施保留地之用，賦予容積銀行資訊提供、中介媒合、價格引導、確保交易等功能，降低容積移轉交易成本，創造有利之交易環境，確保公共設施保留地地主，能以合理價格出售變現、政府財政可以負荷及都市居住環境品質得到掌控與維護的政策目標。根據研究結果提出建立公共設施保留容積移轉政策之決策與實踐機制及以容積銀行交易平台為主之交易市場機制等制度建議，作為政府未來改善公共設施容積移轉制度之參考。 / The transferable development rights (TDR) of land reservations for public facilities are a unique transferring method of development rights in Taiwan. This system allows the owners of land reservations for public facilities to sell the land, through market transaction mechanism and before the acquisition by the government, to developers through TDR in order to earn land transferring compensation. This system can also reduce the financial burden on the government on land acquisition. However, TDR has been questioned for deteriorating the urban living environment due to overdevelopment, and the transaction mechanism may reduce the market function and efficiency due to high transaction costs. Therefore, this study aims to design a market mechanism that can control the impact of TDR on the living environment, create an environment that is conducive to market formulation and price maintenance, and reduce the transaction costs of sellers and buyers, in order to facilitate the efficiency of market transaction and realize the fairness on the land owners. This paper first analyzes the imbalance between the TDR supply and demand from the market supply and demand perspective, and examines the effect of TDR of land reservations for public facilities on volume price in the market, as well as the market operational factors and supply/demand conditions that affect the success of TDR plans. Then, it discusses the surplus distribution of buyers and sellers, and applies the concept of Nash Equilibrium in the Game Theory to analyze the equilibrium solution of price bargaining. It aims to expound on how land owners could raise the TDR price under insufficient information due to information asymmetry during the bargaining process, and enhance the contribution of this system on the proprietorship of the land owners on land reservations for public facilities. Third, this paper applies the intermediation theory to discuss the advantages of TDR banks in solving the problem of transaction costs, and explains the reason that non-profit characteristics are more likely to guarantee the success of TDR plans. Fourth, based on the above discussions, this paper aims to improve the market mechanism of the TDR of land reservations for public facilities, and conduct questionnaire survey on experts and interest parties in order to collect opinions on the improvement schemes. Lastly, this paper proposes the market mechanism of using TDR bank as the policy executor of TDR, and establishing a non-profit TDR bank in each city/county by the local government as a transaction platform for TDR transaction. TDR bank operational fund should be established for exclusive use on the policy-oriented purchase of TDR of land reservations for public facilities. Thus, the TDR bank has the functions of providing information, mediating, price guiding, and transaction guaranteeing, in order to reduce the TDR transaction costs, create a favorable transaction environment, ensure the land owners of land reservations for public facilities to sell their lands at reasonable prices, reduce the financial burden of the government, and maintain a fair urban living environment. Suggestions are provided based on the research findings as a reference to the government on improving the TDR system of land reservations for public facilities.

<p>The coupled transport of water and heat, involving freezing and thawing, in the road structure and its immediate environment is important to consider for optimal design and maintenance of roads and when assessing solute transport, of e.g. de-icing salt, from roads. The objective of this study was to develop mechanistic models, and measurement techniques, suitable to describe and understand water flow and heat flux in road structures exposed to a cold climate. </p><p>Freezing and thawing was accounted for by implementing new routines in two numerical models (HYDRUS1D/2D). The sensitivity of the model output to changes in parameter values and operational hydrological data was investigated by uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. The effect of rainfall event characteristics and asphalt fractures on the subsurface flow pattern was investigated by scenario modelling. The performance of water content reflectometers (WCR), measuring water content, was evaluated using measurements in two road structure materials. A numerical model was used to simulate WCR sensor response. The freezing/thawing routines were stable and provided results in agreement with laboratory measurements. Frost depth, thawing period, and freezing-induced water redistribution in a model road was greatly affected by groundwater level and type of subgrade. The simulated subsurface flow patterns corresponded well with published field observations. A new method was successful in enabling the application of time domain reflectometer (TDR) calibration equations to WCR output. The observed distortion in sampling volume for one of the road materials could be explained by the WCR sensor numerical model. Soil physical, hydrological, and hydraulic modules proved successful in simulating the coupled transport of water and heat in and on the road structure. It was demonstrated in this thesis that numerical models can improve the interpretation and explanation of measurements. The HYDRUS model was an accurate and pedagogical tool, clearly useful in road design and management.</p>

The coupled transport of water and heat, involving freezing and thawing, in the road structure and its immediate environment is important to consider for optimal design and maintenance of roads and when assessing solute transport, of e.g. de-icing salt, from roads. The objective of this study was to develop mechanistic models, and measurement techniques, suitable to describe and understand water flow and heat flux in road structures exposed to a cold climate. Freezing and thawing was accounted for by implementing new routines in two numerical models (HYDRUS1D/2D). The sensitivity of the model output to changes in parameter values and operational hydrological data was investigated by uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. The effect of rainfall event characteristics and asphalt fractures on the subsurface flow pattern was investigated by scenario modelling. The performance of water content reflectometers (WCR), measuring water content, was evaluated using measurements in two road structure materials. A numerical model was used to simulate WCR sensor response. The freezing/thawing routines were stable and provided results in agreement with laboratory measurements. Frost depth, thawing period, and freezing-induced water redistribution in a model road was greatly affected by groundwater level and type of subgrade. The simulated subsurface flow patterns corresponded well with published field observations. A new method was successful in enabling the application of time domain reflectometer (TDR) calibration equations to WCR output. The observed distortion in sampling volume for one of the road materials could be explained by the WCR sensor numerical model. Soil physical, hydrological, and hydraulic modules proved successful in simulating the coupled transport of water and heat in and on the road structure. It was demonstrated in this thesis that numerical models can improve the interpretation and explanation of measurements. The HYDRUS model was an accurate and pedagogical tool, clearly useful in road design and management.