Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier comment l'entrainement de jeunes joueurs de tennis brésiliens est actuellement effectué. Un questionnaire qui mesure spécifiquement l'entrainement technique a été élaboré et validé (Questionnaire d'Évaluation de I'Entrainement du Perfectionnement Technique du Joueur de Tennis- QATATT) , aprés differentes versions ont été testées. La derniére version du questionnaire comprend 12 questions, en rapport avec les coups techniques utilisés pendant le jeu de tennis. Les sujets ont répondu les questions selon une échelle Lickert en 5 points, allant de « três peu de fréquence » d'entrainement (1) à « beaucoup de fréquence» (5) d'entrainement de chaque coup. Le QATATT a été appliqué en 432 jeunes joueurs de tennis, des deux sexes, d'âge variant entre 13 et 16 ans, qui participent au circuit brésilien officiel de tennis. L'échantillon comporte des joueurs entre les 1 O meilleurs du rang brésilien selon chaque categorie d'âge, et des joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang mais qui jouent le même circuit national. On a vérifié que les jeunes joueurs brésiliens entrainent les coups essentiels de façon pas équilibrée ; quelques coups sont entrainés de façon plus fréquente que d"autres. Ce résultat a été observé entre toutes les âges en étude, et il n'y a pas de différence de forme d'entrainement entre ces differents âges, ou entre les 1O meilleurs joueurs du rang et les autres joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang. Les résultats de cette étude sugérent que les jeunes joueurs de tennis au Brésil sont soumis à une spécialisation technique précoce, ce qui previlegie le perfectionnement des quelques coups au détriment d'autres, et que l'entrainement éffectué ne respécte pas les différences cronologiques, et par conséquence, ne repécte les différences maturationnelles de jeunes joueurs non plus. Les résultats competitifs futurs de ces jeunes joueurs de tennis peuvent être négativement influencés par cet abordage d'entrainement. / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como o treino técnico de jovens tenistas brasileiros é realizado atualmente. Um questionário específico para avaliação do treino técnico dos tenistas foi construído e validado (Questionário de Avaliação do Treino do Aperfeiçoamento Técnico do Tenista - QATATT), após testagem de diferentes versões. Em sua última versão, o QATATT constou de 12 questões, relacionadas às jogadas essenciais que combinam golpes técnicos utilizados durante o jogo de tênis. Os tenistas responderam as questões utilizando escala do tipo Lickert em 5 pontos, variando de "pouquíssima freqüência" (1) à "muitíssima freqüência" (5) de treino para cada jogada. O QATATT foi aplicado em 432 jovens tenistas de ambos os sexos, de 13 a 16 anos de idade, que participam do circuito de tênis brasileiro. A amostra contou com jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país em sua idade, e tenistas não-ranqueados integrantes do circuito nacional. Constatou-se que os jovens tenistas brasileiros treinam as jogadas essenciais do tênis de forma não equilibrada; algumas jogadas são treinadas com maior freqüência que outras. Este resultado foi observado em todas as idades investigadas, e não há diferença na forma de treino nas diferentes idades, ou entre jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país e os jogadores não-ranqueados. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os jovens tenistas brasileiros são submetidos ao treino técnico especializado precocemente, que privilegia o aperfeiçoamento de algumas jogadas em detrimento de outras, e que o treino realizado não respeita as diferenças cronológicas e, conseqüentemente, maturacionais dos jovens tenistas. Resultados competitivos futuros destes tenistas podem ser comprometidos com esta abordagem de treino. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical training of young tennis players from Brazil. A specific questionnaire aimed at evaluating the technical training of tennis players was developed and validated (QATATT), after different versions of the questionnaire were tested. In the last version, the QATATT had 12 questions, with the essential combinations of technical skills used during a tennis match. The tennis players answered questions using a Liker-type scale with 5 points, ranging from "very little frequency" (1) to "very high frequency" (5) in each combination of technical skill. The QATATT was applied to 432 tennis players (males and females, 13 to 16 years old) that were participating actively in tennis tournaments in Brazil when the study was conducted. Among the subjects, there were players ranked among the top 10 players in Brazil, and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. lt was observed that young tennis players do not practice the essential combinations of technical skills in a balanced way; some skills are practiced more frequently than others. This result was observed in ali ages investigated, and there were no differences between ages, or between players ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that young tennis players from Brazil are subjected to a specialized training that emphasizes the perfection of only a few combinations of technical skills. Further, the technical training does not take into consideration the differences in age and maturation of the young tennis players. This method of training may bring negative results in competitions in the near future.

Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier comment l'entrainement de jeunes joueurs de tennis brésiliens est actuellement effectué. Un questionnaire qui mesure spécifiquement l'entrainement technique a été élaboré et validé (Questionnaire d'Évaluation de I'Entrainement du Perfectionnement Technique du Joueur de Tennis- QATATT) , aprés differentes versions ont été testées. La derniére version du questionnaire comprend 12 questions, en rapport avec les coups techniques utilisés pendant le jeu de tennis. Les sujets ont répondu les questions selon une échelle Lickert en 5 points, allant de « três peu de fréquence » d'entrainement (1) à « beaucoup de fréquence» (5) d'entrainement de chaque coup. Le QATATT a été appliqué en 432 jeunes joueurs de tennis, des deux sexes, d'âge variant entre 13 et 16 ans, qui participent au circuit brésilien officiel de tennis. L'échantillon comporte des joueurs entre les 1 O meilleurs du rang brésilien selon chaque categorie d'âge, et des joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang mais qui jouent le même circuit national. On a vérifié que les jeunes joueurs brésiliens entrainent les coups essentiels de façon pas équilibrée ; quelques coups sont entrainés de façon plus fréquente que d"autres. Ce résultat a été observé entre toutes les âges en étude, et il n'y a pas de différence de forme d'entrainement entre ces differents âges, ou entre les 1O meilleurs joueurs du rang et les autres joueurs qui n'intégrent pas ce rang. Les résultats de cette étude sugérent que les jeunes joueurs de tennis au Brésil sont soumis à une spécialisation technique précoce, ce qui previlegie le perfectionnement des quelques coups au détriment d'autres, et que l'entrainement éffectué ne respécte pas les différences cronologiques, et par conséquence, ne repécte les différences maturationnelles de jeunes joueurs non plus. Les résultats competitifs futurs de ces jeunes joueurs de tennis peuvent être négativement influencés par cet abordage d'entrainement. / O principal objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como o treino técnico de jovens tenistas brasileiros é realizado atualmente. Um questionário específico para avaliação do treino técnico dos tenistas foi construído e validado (Questionário de Avaliação do Treino do Aperfeiçoamento Técnico do Tenista - QATATT), após testagem de diferentes versões. Em sua última versão, o QATATT constou de 12 questões, relacionadas às jogadas essenciais que combinam golpes técnicos utilizados durante o jogo de tênis. Os tenistas responderam as questões utilizando escala do tipo Lickert em 5 pontos, variando de "pouquíssima freqüência" (1) à "muitíssima freqüência" (5) de treino para cada jogada. O QATATT foi aplicado em 432 jovens tenistas de ambos os sexos, de 13 a 16 anos de idade, que participam do circuito de tênis brasileiro. A amostra contou com jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país em sua idade, e tenistas não-ranqueados integrantes do circuito nacional. Constatou-se que os jovens tenistas brasileiros treinam as jogadas essenciais do tênis de forma não equilibrada; algumas jogadas são treinadas com maior freqüência que outras. Este resultado foi observado em todas as idades investigadas, e não há diferença na forma de treino nas diferentes idades, ou entre jogadores ranqueados entre os dez melhores tenistas do país e os jogadores não-ranqueados. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os jovens tenistas brasileiros são submetidos ao treino técnico especializado precocemente, que privilegia o aperfeiçoamento de algumas jogadas em detrimento de outras, e que o treino realizado não respeita as diferenças cronológicas e, conseqüentemente, maturacionais dos jovens tenistas. Resultados competitivos futuros destes tenistas podem ser comprometidos com esta abordagem de treino. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical training of young tennis players from Brazil. A specific questionnaire aimed at evaluating the technical training of tennis players was developed and validated (QATATT), after different versions of the questionnaire were tested. In the last version, the QATATT had 12 questions, with the essential combinations of technical skills used during a tennis match. The tennis players answered questions using a Liker-type scale with 5 points, ranging from "very little frequency" (1) to "very high frequency" (5) in each combination of technical skill. The QATATT was applied to 432 tennis players (males and females, 13 to 16 years old) that were participating actively in tennis tournaments in Brazil when the study was conducted. Among the subjects, there were players ranked among the top 10 players in Brazil, and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. lt was observed that young tennis players do not practice the essential combinations of technical skills in a balanced way; some skills are practiced more frequently than others. This result was observed in ali ages investigated, and there were no differences between ages, or between players ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil and players not ranked among the top 1 O players in Brazil. The results of this study suggest that young tennis players from Brazil are subjected to a specialized training that emphasizes the perfection of only a few combinations of technical skills. Further, the technical training does not take into consideration the differences in age and maturation of the young tennis players. This method of training may bring negative results in competitions in the near future.

Title: Evaluation of selected aids used in tennis training for children of early school age Objectives: The main goal of this thesis is to assess the efficiency of gathered tennis aids used in tennis training for children of early school age (6-11 years). Methods: The selected methods for achieving the established goals are research of available literature and sources and their consequent analysis and synthesis. Results: A well-arranged description, classification and efficiency evaluation of tennis aids were created in this thesis based on the examination of available sources related to tennis A process of putting aids into the training plan according to the relevant principles was introduced. The result of this work is a classification of the selected tennis aids to aids for beginners, intermediate and advanced users based on their usage. The main criteria for putting the aids into training are age and sport level. It mostly depends on the experience of the trainer to put the aids in the training unit according to the sport training rules appropriately. Methods created based on the research of available literature are justified and analyzed in detail in the analytic- descriptive part of this work and its conclusion. Keywords: tennis, aids, aids classification, aids efficiency, early school age,...

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse how elite sport students who studied at the National Sport Upper Secondary Schools with specialization on table tennis, experienced the aim and content of the subject Physical Education related to the learning of the subject, learning of the Specialized Physical Education, as well as their own elite investment. The theoretical perspective used in the study is Lave and Wengers (1991) theoretical concept the Community of practice. Where the focus is based on how the students like a community fulfills the criteria who used to characterize the Community of practice and also the aspect of "learning as participate" in the Community of practice. The results showed that the students did not experience a specific aim with the subject Physical Education. The biggest difference was in how the students experienced the learning of the subject Specialized Physical Education towards Physical Education. All of the students exemplify the meaning of studying at the National Sport Upper Secondary Schools with the aim of becoming an elite athlete. Therefore the subject Physical Education was seen by the students more as a subject of amusing character than a subject with knowledge, unlike what they experienced with the subject Specialized Physical Education. In relation to their own elite investment it became obvious that the students considered that they could not use the practical skills which were supposed to be developed in the subject of Physical Education. However two of the students emphasized that the theoretical knowledge was important elements in relation to their elite investment.

Microcurrent therapy (MCT) involves the application of sub-sensory electric current and can promote tissue repair, possibly by mimicking endogenous electrical cues for healing. It has been used successfully to treat recalcitrant bone fractures and skin ulcers, but its effects on other forms of tissue have received little attention. This study aimed to investigate the potential of MCT to promote healing and alleviate symptoms in a selected soft connective tissue disorder. A systematic review of human studies involving MCT for soft connective tissue damage was conducted. A survey of 93 musculoskeletal physiotherapists was used to help select a common, recalcitrant disorder to treat with microcurrent in a clinical trial. Novel sonographic scales to quantify tendon structural abnormality and tissue healing were developed, and their measurement properties evaluated along with several clinical and patient-rated outcome measures. Two preliminary clinical trials, involving 62 people with the selected disorder – chronic tennis elbow - were conducted, comparing four different types of microcurrent applied daily for 3 weeks. The review found fair quality evidence that certain forms of MCT can relieve symptoms, and low quality evidence that they can promote healing, in several soft connective tissue disorders, including those affecting tendons. Optimal treatment parameters are unknown. In the survey, clinicians identified frozen shoulder, plantar fasciitis and tennis elbow as particularly problematic, and tennis elbow was selected for treatment in the trials. The sonographic scales of hyperaemia had fair-to-good inter-rater and test-retest reliability. Minimum Detectable Change values are calculated for the sonographic scales and for pain-free grip strength measurements. The trials suggest that monophasic microcurrent of peak amplitude 50 µA applied for 35 hours was most effective in symptom alleviation, with a 93% treatment success rate three months after treatment. By final assessment, pain-free grip strength increased by 31% (95%CI:5,57%), pain measured on a multiple-item questionnaire reduced by 27% (95%CI:16,38%) and patient-rated functional disability by 26% (95%CI:14,28%). MCT with a current amplitude of 500 µA was significantly less effective, and varying the waveform appeared less important in determining outcomes. Differences between groups were non-significant on several measurs, though there was a risk of type II error in the tests used. No significant differences between any groups were seen in sonographic assessments, although consistent patterns in bloodflow chage suggested that MCT may modulate hyperaemia levels. Higher baseline hyperaemia was associated with sustained falls in hyperaemia levels after treatment, and with improved clinical outcome. MCT’s analgesic effect does not rely on sensory stimulation, and further investigation of its influence on tendinous blood flow and vascularity, or on the local biochemical milieu, may help elucidate its mechanism of action. On the basis of this investigation, a fully-powered controlled clinical trial is justified. A protocol, combining MCT with an exercise programme, is proposed.

I see myself as a maker. Most of what I do is make paintings, but to define myself as a painter puts other projects at a critical disadvantage, labeling them as “side projects.” Robert Morris once said that although visually his work may vary a great deal, he felt the ideas flowed throughout the work. I like this idea. The role of the studio and the idea of play as both diligent investigation and a way of playing a game with the viewer is part of what I will discuss. In addition, I use game spaces as a surrogate to look at interpersonal interactions and as setting for a game within a game dynamic to be discussed.

Title: The use of compensatory exercises in sports training process Goals: The aim of this work was to verify the influence of compensatory exercises for treatment of muscle imbalance in a selected group of tennis players. Method: During the research we used Janda' s (2004) functional spine tests and muscle tests, that were applied to selected group of three tennis players. The set of compensatory exercises was designed on the basis of the results of the admission testing. The players were asked to follow this set of exercises with regularly for the period of three months. The selected individuals underwent output testing at the end of the exercise programme. We compared the results of the admission and output testing for the evaluation of the influence of the compensatory exercises of the musculo-skeletal system on the selected subjects. Results: The results that are presented in charts and graphs evaluate the influence of the compensatory ecercises of the musculo-skeletal system on the selected subjects. The results prove that due to regular performance of compensatory exercises we can expect a reduction of muscle shortening and weakening. The muscle shortening in knee flexors and strengthening of the blade muscles occurred at the first of three selected subjects. The second subject' s measured...

Title: Differences in game acts at the baseline among youth and adult categories in tennis. Goals: The aim is to find out where on the court the players move in time of hitting the ball, if they "circle it" and to what extent. We'll compare the results through youth and adult categories. Method: Using a structured observation we observed the position of the players during the match on the court and the representation of single strokes during the game. Results: The results show the differences in game acts among all categories: the position of the player during the hit of the ball, the percentage of forehands and backhands in the game and success and effectiveness of strokes from the baseline. Key words: tennis, efficiency, success, stroke position

Title: Comparison of fitness abilities of tennis players in different performance catego ries in the junior category. Objectives: The main objective of this work was to compare and evaluate the results that we obtained by measuring the three groups of probands in different performance categories. As a secondary goal, we have compiled a fitness test battery, which was specific for tennis game for its content . Methods: In our study we used the method of comparative analysis. This method was applied in the comparison of individual tests and procedures. We compared the mean values between groups and individual performance tested. Results: We found out that the average performance in each group (except the test of explosive power of the lower limbs) corresponded with their level of game performance. Individual performances of the first group, however, did not reflect the position in the national ranking. All measurements are graphically elaborated in the results section of the work. Keywords: testing, fitness abilities, tennis

Title: Finances in Tennis: Analysis and Prognosis of Prize Money Objectives: Analysis of prize money trend in tennis and its prognosis until the year 2030, comparison of prize money in tennis with earnings in selected sports. Methods used: Prognostic methods in Microsoft Excel - linear, exponential and power trendlines, R-squared value. Results: Prize money comparison of tennis tournaments at different categories, summary of prize money prognosis in tennis until the year 2030. Key words: Finances, prize money, sport, tennis, prognosis.