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Purpose: This research intends to shed a light in the practice of project portfolio management in the non-traditional – although project oriented – aid sector. The research aim is to study the decision-making structures supporting the prioritization of projectsand/or programmes in multilateral organizations, which play a determinant role in the development aid sector. Research Methodology: Through an in-depth and-holistic case study, the empiricalresearch investigated how the UN coordination practitioners perceived the role of thecontext in the implementation of the Delivery as One Approach, which comprehends aset of standards and procedures (SOPs) supporting the management of multiple UN entities at the country level, to enhance effectiveness, efficiency, coherence and impact. A total of 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with current and former employees in the UN resident coordination office in a range of countries in Africa, LatinAmerica and the Middle East. From the collection of qualitative data, the researchers wereable to grasp the nuances of the data set through the elaboration of templates, which based the further discussion and conclusions of the work. Research Findings: The empirical findings confirmed the relevance of a number of constructs identified in the theoretical framework, defining how the context influences the decision making that takes place in the prioritization of programmes in the development aid sector. Specifically, the results highlight the relevance of the governancestructure, the bounded rationality of decision makers, specific characteristics of the decision, country peculiarities, and the different sources of uncertainty. Moreover, the relationships between these factors were highlighted through a relationship network diagram that clearly identifies the complex interrelations between these factors and theirsub-themes. Research Delimitations and Limitations: The delimitations in this study are characterized as the choices made by the researchers on the parameters considered and mentioned, setting the boundaries for the investigation. From a methodological standpoint, by using the single case study method, the findings and conclusion of the present research applies majorly to the organization studied. Originality / Value: This research advances the portfolio management literature on the field of international development aid and expands the understanding of how the aspects of this unique environment influences the decision making of assigning priorities to projects and programmes. Furthermore, the research draws attention to the different sources of uncertainties originating from the context, inherent of these types oforganizations.

Essa tese explora o efeito do comercio internacional sobre a proximidade dos países na Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas. Utilizando a abordagem de variáveis instrumentais, para um banco de dados que vai de 1946 até 2012, mostramos que o aumento na interdependência comercial estaria associado à diminuição no alinhamento entre países na Assembleia Geral da Organização das Nações Unidas. Esses resultados são contra-intuitivos, pois a maior parte dos trabalhos em Economia Política Internacional demonstra que comércio está mais relacionado à cooperação que a conflito. O trabalho mostra que os resultados são robustos à diversas especificações e que eles tornam-se claros quando controlamos a possível causalidade reversa entre comércio e votações. Por fim, a discussão dos resultados enfatiza que os ganhos advindos do comércio fortalecem países na arena internacional. / This thesis explore the effect of trade interdependence over the countries alignments in the United Nations General Assembly. Using the instrumental variables approach, for a data set ranging from 1946 to 2012, we show that the more trade interdependence in time t the lower the countries alignment in t + 1. These results are counter intuitive, as most of the International Political Economy literature relates trade interdependence and cooperation positively. This work shows that this negative relation is robust to diverse specifications and becomes more consistent when the reverse causality is controlled. Finally, the discussion emphasizes that trade gains empower countries in the international arenas

A presente pesquisa buscou analisar a intervenção internacional realizada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em Angola entre os anos de 1989 e 1999, enfocando a tentativa desta organização internacional em regular o conflito estabelecido neste país, através da pacificação de seu território e de sua reconciliação nacional. Seu principal objetivo foi o de descrever e avaliar a presença das Nações Unidas em Angola, identificando suas características principais e destacando suas realizações. Para tanto, partiu-se da caracterização das missões de paz da ONU, sua relação com o estabelecimento de projetos de regulação na arena mundial, e a atuação desta organização internacional na África, sobretudo nas unidades estatais fragilizadas existentes neste continente, intituladas, para os fins deste estudo, de quasi-Estados. Em seguida, buscou-se apresentar o caso do conflito angolano, destacando suas principais variáveis, bem como seu desenvolvimento até a chegada dos capacetes azuis em Angola. A seqüência da dissertação contempla as quatro etapas do projeto da ONU em Angola, considerando seu desenvolvimento e analisando suas conquistas e fracassos. A pesquisa foi baseada na análise de documentos publicados pelo principal órgão soberano da ONU, qual seja, o Conselho de Segurança, sobretudo suas resoluções e os relatórios elaborados pelo Secretário-Geral para este órgão. A premissa que conduziu a escolha destes documentos foi a de que tais registros expressam as principais posturas e decisões da ONU com relação ao projeto de regulação estabelecido em Angola, revelando decisivamente a atuação desta organização no tocante ao conflito angolano. Assim sendo, uma investigação pontual e minuciosa sobre tais documentos pode revelar características importantes sobre a postura e a conduta de tal organismo no cenário de Angola, bem como sua capacidade e intenções regulatórias para com o mesmo. Os resultados indicam o efetivo estabelecimento pela ONU de um projeto de regulação em Angola, sem que este, entretanto, tenha conseguido concretizar seus principais objetivos. A intervenção da ONU estabelece de fato uma regulação do conflito angolano, mas frusta sua resolução, abandonando, no fim de sua presença neste país, em 1999, os angolanos e sua própria sorte, em pleno momento de retomada da guerra civil.

A proposta de trabalhar o tema da accountability das Nações Unidas neste estudo tem origem no interesse em entender como a organização responde a atos cometidos, intencional ou não intencionalmente, que violam os direitos de quem, em princípio, a organização deveria proteger. Sobretudo acerca das operações de paz, expoentes da ideia de intervenção militar no âmbito multilateral, observa-se uma crescente preocupação com a proteção de indivíduos como formas de justificar essa ação, ou seja, esse tipo de ação é justificado pela necessidade de proteção da população de determinado Estado dada a incapacidade deste de provê-la, a despeito de seu objetivo fundamental de estabelecer a paz a partir de um conflito vigente. No entanto, a implementação das operações de paz se mostra uma tarefa complexa, tendo em vista a multiplicidade de atores envolvidos, a situação dual do sistema internacional, que transita entre o princípio da soberania e a valorização do indivíduo em situações de conflito, bem como à dependência da organização em relação aos meios de funcionamento desse tipo de atividade e ao seu caráter ad hoc. Sendo assim, essas características das missões de paz refletem as dificuldades de observar a accountability, o que resulta em um panorama de controle pouco efetivo sobre a realidade em campo. Ainda, mediante a ocorrência de ações ou inações que resultem nas violações de direitos reconhecidos pela comunidade internacional, os mecanismos oficiais de resposta institucional são pouco delineados e, em alguns casos, inexistentes. Dentro desse contexto, esse estudo se propõe a entender o conceito de accountability aplicável às Nações Unidas a partir da análise das ferramentas de responsabilização política e jurídica institucionais, tendo como enfoque o estudo do comportamento da missão de paz durante o conflito na Bósnia nos anos 90 e a consequente queda de Srebrenica, que resultou no massacre de mais de 8.000 bósnios sob os olhos das tropas holandesas que atuavam no local. A partir da metodologia de estudo de caso e análise documental, conclui-se que dentre os avanços do caso de Srebrenica no sentido da responsabilização estão o ineditismo da atribuição da responsabilidade penal ao Estado e o debate acerca da atribuição da responsabilidade a partir da conduta em campo na esfera penal, enquanto que os retrocessos dizem respeito, sobretudo, ao caráter ad hoc das missões de paz e à incompatibilidade entre Estado e indivíduo com a preponderância do papel do Estado na possível trajetória de responsabilização institucional do caso. / The proposal to work on the subject of United Nations accountability in this study stems from the interest in understanding how the organization responds to acts committed, whether intentionally or unintentionally, that violate the rights of those whom, in principle, the organization should protect. Above all, there is a growing concern about the protection of individuals as a way of justifying this action, that is, this type of action is justified by the need to protect the population of a particular State given the latter\'s inability to provide it, despite its fundamental objective of establishing peace from a conflict in force. However, the implementation of peace operations is a complex task, considering the multiplicity of actors involved, the dual situation of the international system, which transits between the principle of sovereignty and the valuation of the individual in situations of conflict, as well as to the dependence of the organization on the means of operation of this type of activity and its ad hoc character. Thus, these characteristics of peace missions reflect the difficulties of observing accountability, which results in a scenario of ineffective control over reality in the field. Moreover, through the occurrence of actions or inaction that result in violations of rights recognized by the international community, official mechanisms of institutional response are poorly delineated and in some cases non-existent. In this context, this study intends to understand the concept of accountability applicable to the United Nations from the analysis of the tools of institutional political and legal accountability, focusing on the study of the behavior of the peacekeeping operation during the conflict in Bosnia in the 1990s And the consequent fall of Srebrenica, which resulted in the massacre of more than 8,000 Bosnians under the eyes of Dutch troops operating there. Based on the methodology of case study and analysis of documents, it is concluded that among the advances in the Srebrenica case in the sense of accountability are the novelty of the attribution of criminal responsibility to the State and the debate about the attribution of responsibility from the conduct, as the retrocesses are related to the ad hoc nature of peace missions and the incompatibility between State and individual with the preponderance of the role of the State in the possible trajectory of institutional accountability of the case.

Orientador: Reginaldo Carmello Corrêa de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T21:49:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Welle_Arthur_M.pdf: 5149828 bytes, checksum: 9b4e76831000fbb2502a90dba66bbfd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente projeto consiste numa pesquisa exploratória centralizada sobre os padrões gerais do conjunto de tratados registrados pelo Secretariado das Nações Unidas seguindo as atribuições do Artigo 102 da Carta de fundação da entidade. Especificamente pretende adaptar e aplicar em tal conjunto ferramentas de visualização gráfica apoiadas por computador, que visam à exploração, descoberta e comunicação de fatores relevantes para o estudo das Relações Internacionais. As ferramentas permitem a manipulação das variáveis presentes neste banco de dados tais como datas, atores e assuntos dos tratados. As representações visuais geradas, por sua vez, permitem a análise de diferentes dimensões deste conjunto, tais como a distribuição temporal, espacial e qualitativa de uma seleção de tratados escolhida pelo usuário. Isto permite que padrões antes escondidos possam ser trazidos a tona. Também tem papel central nesta pesquisa uma discussão dos limites de tal ferramenta, elencando e discutindo os procedimentos e características que podem influenciar o resultado final da análise / Abstract: The present project consists in an exploratory research centralized on the main patterns of the database of treaties registered by the Secretariat of the United Nations due to its obligations stated at Article 102 of the organization?s Charter. More specifically its purpose is to adapt and apply computer visualization tools to this database. The visualization tools developed here aim the exploration, discovery and communication of relevant features to International Relations research. These tools allow the manipulation of selected variables in the database, such as dates, participant actors and treaties subject. The visual representations furthermore facilitate the analysis of several dimensions of subsets chosen by the user, such as qualitative, temporal and geographic distribution. These proceedings help bring hidden patterns to the surface. The discussion about the limits of these tools has also a central place on this research. We listed and analyzed the characteristics and steps which could have a relevant impact on the final result / Mestrado / Instituições, Processos e Atores / Mestre em Relações Internacionais

LL.M. (International Law) / Syria is currently embroiled in a bitter and bloody conflict which began three years ago, in the prime of what was commonly known as the Arab spring. The Syrian people clamoured for new leadership and greater freedoms. However, the hopes of an Arab spring soon faded into a cold, desolate Arab winter. Instead of acceding to the demands of the citizens, the Syrian president has sought to subdue and eliminate them. Resulting in August 2013 of the government forces reportedly unleashed deadly chemical weapons on opposition forces. The United Nations Security Council failed to embark on any action by this point, due to the first veto by Russia and China on 4 October 20113. The death toll subsequently peaked at over 100 000. Whilst on the 24th of November, 2013 following two days of conflict in the Eastern Ghouta region of Syria 160 people were killed. Could the devastation of Syria and its people have been avoided? Is there any organisation responsible for the safety and protection of the Syrian people? The answer lies in an organisation called the United Nations. The United Nations Security Council however has the primary responsibility to maintain international peace and security but this is not exclusive. Their primary function (as clearly stated in the United Nations Charter) is the responsibility for maintenance of international peace and security.

The aim of this study is to analyze how the United Nations as an organization has acted to combat IS between 2010 and 2015 from a perspective of human rights, and why the UN has not taken further action in this area. The second question is answered through three different perspectives: organizational theory, realism and liberalism and feminism. The essay is a case study, and it is based on primary sources such as literature and official websites concerning the UN and its work to combat terrorism. I have concluded that the UN has made extensive efforts to combat IS, through strategies, resolutions, institutions and sanctions. However, these efforts have sometimes represented violations of human rights and international law, which should form the basis for the UN's work against terrorism. The three perspectives provide different answers concerning why the UN has not made even more efforts to combat IS. The UN organization as a whole is emphasized, as well as the international system and male domination in the political arena.

Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – ses Etats membres, ses programmes officiels et ses fonctionnaires – s’intéresse aux connexions entre environnement et sécurité. Pourtant, l’inscription des problématiques environnementales dans l’agenda sécuritaire onusien n’a pas fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. De même, la littérature sur la construction sociale des enjeux de sécurité ne propose pas un éclairage exhaustif sur les fonctions des organisations internationales dans le processus de sécurisation. La présente thèse vise à combler ces vides. S’appuyant sur des enquêtes d’inspiration ethnographique – observations participantes, entretiens semi-directifs –, elle examine, de l’intérieur, l’intégration de l’environnement dans la définition et la gestion de la sécurité à l’ONU. La recherche a ainsi montré que, ancrés dans des intentionnalités multiples – stratégies gouvernementales, organisationnelles et individuelles –, les efforts de sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU s’articulent autour de quatre modalités principales : sécurisation par le langage, sécurisation par l’intégration institutionnelle, sécurisation par la technique, sécurisation inversée. Les manœuvres de sécurisation sont confrontées à des obstacles relevant tant de contraintes imposées par les Etats membres que de rivalités internes. Toutefois, même si peu d’effets ont été observés sur le système de gouvernance globale de l’environnement, les manœuvres de sécurisation ne sont pas sans conséquence : elles favorisent le changement institutionnel pour les acteurs sécurisants et participent à la construction d’un « ordre symbolique » constitué d’obligations et d’interdépendances. / For decades, the United Nations (UN) – its member states, its programs and its personnel – have been concerned with how the environment and security are linked. However, academic research does not offer an extensive analysis of the ways environmental issues have been promoted within the UN security agenda. Likewise, the literature on the construction of security issues does not provide comprehensive insight on the role of international organizations in the securitization process. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps. Based on a grounded theory approach and ethnographic methods – participant observations, semi-structured interviews – it investigates the integration of the environment into the definition and management of security within the UN, from the inside. First, research has revealed governments, organizations and individuals have multiple and sometimes competing motives. Second, at the UN, environmental securitization occurs through four main modalities: discursive securitization, institutional securitization, technical securitization, reverse securitization. Efforts to promote securitization may be opposed by the member states or competing UN agencies if such moves are counter to their interests. However, although few effects were observed on the global environmental governance system, securitizing moves are not inconsequential: they promote institutional change for securitizing actors and participate in building a "symbolic order" consisting of obligations and interdependence.

This thesis examines the effects of cooperation within multilateral counter-terrorist fora on the process of preference formation of a selected group of Western countries: the United States, the United Kingdom and Italy. The analysis focuses on the global counter-terrorist regime, a set of complex and multifaceted institutional arrangements, which were developed in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks in order to harmonise state counter-terrorist responses worldwide. The study looks at three sets of formal international institutions within the regime: the United Nations, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the European Union. It also selects a sample of three issue areas in multilateral counter-terrorist cooperation: counter-radicalisation policies, the inclusion of human rights safeguards within the main counter-terrorist sanctions provisions, and counter-terrorist financing standards. The thesis identifies as the visible symptom of institutional effects the progressive convergence of policy outputs at member state level, and proceeds with an exploration of the processes of regime creation, evolution, reform, and participation on the part of the three country case studies. The analysis reveals that the instances of pro-institution behaviour displayed by state actors are occasioned by image-related group-pressures, triggered by considerations of the maximisation of status markers and social praise, and the related avoidance of shame and social devaluation. The thesis labels this process social influence. The study further outlines the specific conditions under which interaction within a group can activate the social influence phenomenon and identifies the main triggers of state actors’ particular sensitivity to image and shame.