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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Etude du rôle des microARN dans la réponse à l'irradiation ionisante et au cours de la différenciation des kératinocytes humains primaires / Study of microRNA response to ionizing irradiation and during epidermis differentiation in human priumary skin keratinocytes

Joly-Tonetti, Nicolas 29 October 2012 (has links)
Les microARN sont des petits ARN (22 nucléotides en moyenne) non codants connus pour réguler l'expression des gènes au niveau post-transcriptionnel. Ils jouent un rôle dans de nombreux processus cellulaires, notamment dans la peau. La nature et la fonction précise des microRNAs contrôlant la différenciation épidermique restent à clarifier. De même; leur rôle dans la réponse à l'irradiation ionisante du kératinocyte n'a jamais été étudié. Nous avons donc entrepris une analyse d'expression du miRnome par la technique de TLDA dans ces deux contexts. Pour la différentiation épidermique, ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence une induction globale de l'expression des microARN au cours de la différentiation précoce des kératinocytes. Plusieurs microARN significativement modulés ont été caractérisés. Parmi eux, MiR-132 a été validé in vivo sur coupe de peau. Au cours des étapes tardives de la différentiation, miR-23b est induit. Nous avons montré qu'il agit en régulant TGIF1, répresseur de la voie TGF-β et active la phosphorylation de SMAD2, facteur de transcription nécesssaire à la différenciation terminale. Nous avonss également observé que les microARN répondent de façon globale aux rayons γ, mais que la nature de cette réponse dépend de l'état de différenciation des cellules. Cette réponse globale n'est pas corrélée à des modifications d'expression de protéine de la voie de synthèse des microRNAs comme AGO2 et DICERI. Nous avons montré que, dans les cellules proliférantes, l'induction de micro ARN réprimés par les rayons γ affecte la viabilité des cellules après irradiation. Ainsi, ces travaux de thèse contribuent à une meilleure compréhnesion du rôle des microRNA dans la régulation de la différenciation épidermique et la réponse des kératinocytes au stress génotoxique. / MicroRNA are small non-coding RNA (22 nucleotides in mean) known to regulate gene expression at the post-translational level. They play a role in many cellular processes, especially in skin. However, their exact role during epidermal differenciation remains to be clarified. Moreover, their role in the response of keratinocytes to ionizing irradiation has never been studied. Therefore, we settled up a miRnome expression analysis by TDLA technique in both situations. In epidermis differenciation, we observed a global induction of microRNA expression during the early steps of keratinocytes differenciation. Several significantly modulated microRNA have been characterized. Among them, miR-132 was validated in vivo on skin sections. During the late steps of differentiation, miR-23b is induced. We showed that miR-23b is able to regulate TGIF1, repressor of TGF-β pathway and to induce SMAD2 phosphorylation, a key transcription factor in terminal differentiation. In keratinocytes exposed to ionizing irradiation, we observed that microRNA display a global response to γ-rays that is higly dependent to the differentiation state of irradiated cells. This global response is not correleted to expression modifications of proteins from the microRNA synthesis pathway such as AGO2 and DICERI. We finally found that in proliferative keratinocytes the induction of irradiation-repressed microRNA impact cell viability after irradiation. Taken together, those results contribute to a better understanding of the microRNA function in the regulation of epidermal differentiation and in the response of keratinocytes to genotoxic stress
2

Characterization of Altered MicroRNA Expression in Cervical Cancer

How, Christine Diane 20 June 2014 (has links)
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women worldwide, and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. Despite significant declines in the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Canada, it remains the 4th most common cancer in women aged 20-29 years. In order to gain novel insights into cervical cancer tumourigenesis and clinical outcome, we investigated and characterized the alterations in microRNA (miRNA) expression in this disease. Firstly, we performed global miRNA expression profiling of cervical cancer cell lines (n=3), and patient specimens (n=79). From this analysis, we identified miR-196b to be significantly down-regulated in cervical cancer, and characterized its role in regulating the HOXB7~VEGF axis. The global miRNA expression data also led to the development of a candidate 9-miRNA signature that was prognostic for disease-free survival in patients with cervical cancer, although we were unable to validate this signature in an independent cohort. This report describes important considerations concerning the development and validation of microRNA signatures for cervical cancer. Our investigations also led us to a comparison of three methods for measuring miRNA abundance: the TaqMan Low Density Array, the NanoString nCounter assay, and single-well quantitative real-time PCR. Our findings demonstrated limited concordance between the TLDA and NanoString platforms, although each platform correlated well with PCR, which is considered the gold standard for nucleic acid quantification. Furthermore, we examined biases created by amplification protocols for microarray studies. Our analysis demonstrated that performing a correction using the LTR-method (linear transformation of replicates) could help mitigate, but not completely eliminate such biases. Overall, this report presents insights into the role of miRNAs in cervical cancer, as well as an evaluation of technical considerations concerning miRNA and mRNA expression profiling studies.
3

Expression Profiling and Functional Validation of MicroRNAs Involved in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

Kim, Albert H 26 July 2011 (has links)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. MiRNAs have been shown to affect neuronal differentiation, synaptosomal complex localization and synapse plasticity, all functions thought to be disrupted in schizophrenia. We investigated the expression of 667 miRNAs (miRBase v.13) in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia (SZ, N = 35) and bipolar disorder (BP, N =35) using a real-time PCR-based Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA). After extensive QC steps, 441 miRNAs were included in the final analyses. At a FDR of 10%, 22 miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed between cases and controls, 7 dysregulated in SZ and 15 in BP. Using in silico target gene prediction programs, the 22miRNAs were found to target brain-specific genes contained within networks overrepresented for neurodevelopment, behavior, and SZ and BP disease development. Given that miRNAs can bind to their targets with imperfect complementarity, computational prediction of true miRNA:mRNA interactions has been difficult and therefore, functional validation of miRNA:mRNA interactions has been relatively sparse. Thus, it was the goal of this study to demonstrate biological functionality of miRNAs on their targets by evaluating transcriptional and translational levels of gene expression(real-time PCR, western blot) as well as determining miRNA target-site specificity (luciferase reporter gene assays). We investigated two miRNAs, miR-132 and miR-137, both of which have been shown to regulate neuronal function and development, and are believed to be associated with schizophrenia from two distinct avenues of research, miR-132 from expression studies and miR-137 from genetic studies. We demonstrated miR-132 down-regulates NTF3, DISC1, and GRIK5 at the transcript level and down-regulates GRIK5 at the protein level as well. Furthermore, we demonstrated miR-137 down-regulates TCF4, CACNA1C, CDK6, ANK3, and ZNF804A at the transcript level, and down-regulates TCF4, CACNA1C, and CDK6 at the protein level. Going further, we also demonstrated miR-137 binds specifically to target sites in the 3'-UTR of CACNA1C, TCF4, and CDK6, suggesting repression of these genes is directly mediated by miR-137. In total, this study provides strong evidence that miRNA dysregulation may contribute to schizophrenia pathogenesis.
4

Characterization of Altered MicroRNA Expression in Cervical Cancer

How, Christine Diane 20 June 2014 (has links)
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women worldwide, and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. Despite significant declines in the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Canada, it remains the 4th most common cancer in women aged 20-29 years. In order to gain novel insights into cervical cancer tumourigenesis and clinical outcome, we investigated and characterized the alterations in microRNA (miRNA) expression in this disease. Firstly, we performed global miRNA expression profiling of cervical cancer cell lines (n=3), and patient specimens (n=79). From this analysis, we identified miR-196b to be significantly down-regulated in cervical cancer, and characterized its role in regulating the HOXB7~VEGF axis. The global miRNA expression data also led to the development of a candidate 9-miRNA signature that was prognostic for disease-free survival in patients with cervical cancer, although we were unable to validate this signature in an independent cohort. This report describes important considerations concerning the development and validation of microRNA signatures for cervical cancer. Our investigations also led us to a comparison of three methods for measuring miRNA abundance: the TaqMan Low Density Array, the NanoString nCounter assay, and single-well quantitative real-time PCR. Our findings demonstrated limited concordance between the TLDA and NanoString platforms, although each platform correlated well with PCR, which is considered the gold standard for nucleic acid quantification. Furthermore, we examined biases created by amplification protocols for microarray studies. Our analysis demonstrated that performing a correction using the LTR-method (linear transformation of replicates) could help mitigate, but not completely eliminate such biases. Overall, this report presents insights into the role of miRNAs in cervical cancer, as well as an evaluation of technical considerations concerning miRNA and mRNA expression profiling studies.
5

Profilování extracelulárních mikroRNA u pacientů s akutní myeloidní leukémií před léčbou a po léčbě / Profiling of extracellular microRNA in acute myeloid leukemia before and after treatment

Štěrbová, Monika January 2014 (has links)
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) the most common acute leukemia in adults is characterized by various cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities. However, the genetic etiology of the disease is not yet fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single- stranded noncoding RNAs that are negative regulators of gene expression. miRNAs influence processes of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Deregulation of miRNAs expression can contribute to human disease. Circulating miRNAs are emerging biomarkers in many diseases and cancers such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer and lung cancer. However, defining a plasma miRNA signature in AML that could serve as a biomarker for diagnosis has been conducted only once. We studied miRNA expression in plasma of 8 AML patients in first detection of the disease and repeatedly after achieving remission using TaqMan miRNA microarray for 750 human miRNA. The plasma expression level of 25 miRNA was down-regulated whilst that of 20 miRNA was up-regulated in the AML group at diagnosis when compared to healthy controls. The plasma expression level of 21 miRNA was down-regulated whilst that of 13 miRNA was up-regulated in the AML group in remission compared to healthy controls. Keywords acute myeloid leukemia (AML), biomarker, microRNA (miRNA), plasma, TaqMan Low...
6

Molecular mechanisms involved in the protective effect of Mediterranean diet and olive oil consumption in humans

Konstantinidou, Valentini 22 March 2010 (has links)
The scope of the present work was to investigate whether the protective role of the traditional Mediterranean diet (TMD), and virgin olive oil (VOO) rich in phenolic compounds (PC), towards cardiovascular disease can be mediated through gene expression changes. Two trials were performed to assess the in vivo nutrigenomic effects of TMD and VOO in healthy volunteers. The results point out: a) significant gene expression changes of those genes related with cardiovascular-risk processes after VOO ingestion; b) a down-regulation in the expression of atherosclerosis-related genes after a 3-month intervention with a TMD; and c) an olive oil PC health-protective nutrigenomic effect within the frame of the TMD. Changes in gene expression were concomitant with decreases in oxidative damage and systemic inflammation markers. Data from our studies provide further evidence to recommend both the TMD and the VOO as a useful tool for the prevention of atherosclerosis. / El objetivo de este estudio es investigar si el papel protector de la dieta Mediterránea tradicional (TMD) y del aceite de oliva virgen (VOO), rico en compuestos fenólicos (PC), puede ser mediado a través de cambios en la expresión génica. Se realizaron dos ensayos clínicos para evaluar los efectos nutrigenómicos de la TMD y del VOO, in vivo, en voluntarios sanos. Los resultados mostraron a) cambios en la expresión génica de genes relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular tras la ingestión del aceite virgen de oliva, b) una infra-expresión en la expresión de genes relacionados con el proceso aterosclerótico tras una intervención con TMD de 3 meses y c) que los compuestos fenólicos del aceite de oliva ejercen un efecto nutrigenómico protector en el marco de la TMD. Los cambios en la expresión génica fueron coherentes.

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