Skeletal muscle injury results in functional deficits that can take several weeks to fully recover. Ultimate recovery of function is dependent on the muscle’s ability to regenerate, a highly coordinated process that involves transient muscle inflammation and the replacement of damaged myofibers. Instrumental in the inflammatory response, is the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Expression of TNF-α is thought to be regulated, in part, by the stress sensing 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70). However, it remains unclear how Hsp70 alters TNF-α following injury, and if so, how these changes affect skeletal muscle repair. Therefore, we up-regulated Hsp70 expression using 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) prior to and following BaCl2-induced injury, and assessed TNF-α and myogenin content. Regenerating fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and in vivo isometric torque were also analyzed in the weeks following the injury. Treatment of 17-AAG resulted in a ~5 fold increase in Hsp70 of the uninjured muscle, but did not affect any other biochemical, morphological or functional variables compared to controls. In the days following the injury, TNF-α and myogenin were elevated and directly correlated. At these earlier time points (≤7 days), treatment of 17-AAG increased TNF-α above that of the injured controls and resulted in a sustained increase in myogenin. However, no differences were observed in regenerating fiber CSA or in vivo torque production between the groups. Together, these data suggest that Hsp70 induction increases TNF-α and myogenin content following BaCl2-induced injury, but does not appear to alter skeletal muscle regeneration or attenuate functional deficits in otherwise healthy young mice.

Sleep fragmentation induces acute inflammation and increases glucocorticosteroids in vertebrates. Obesity and sleep fragmentation are often concurrent pro-inflammatory conditions in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Despite the association between the two, their simultaneous effects on immune and endocrine profiles have not been explored. In the first experiment, we investigated changes in proinflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β1) cytokine gene expression in the periphery (liver, spleen, fat, and heart) and brain (hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus) in mice exposed to various intervals of sleep fragmentation. Serum corticosterone concentration was also assessed. Sleep was disrupted in male C57BL/6J mice using an automated sleep fragmentation chamber (Lafayette Industries), which involved movement of a sweeping bar at specified intervals. Mice were exposed to bar sweeps every 20 sec (high sleep fragmentation; HSF), 120 sec (low sleep fragmentation; LSF), or the bar remained stationary (control). Trunk blood and tissue samples were collected after 24 h of SF. It was found that HSF is a potent inducer of inflammation in the periphery (IL-1β: adipose, heart, and hypothalamus), but leads to upregulation of antiinflammatory cytokines in the brain (TGF-β1: hypothalamus and hippocampus), despite elevated serum corticosterone. Due to the association between obesity and SF, this experiment was replicated in male C57BL/6J mice (lean) and ob/ob KO mice (obese) using the previously described methods. We predicted the acute inflammatory response resulting from HSF would be different for the lean and the obese mice, with the greatest cytokine gene expression levels in the OB HSF group, due to a summative effect of the pro-inflammatory conditions. Obesity was the factor that most affected cytokine gene expression profiles. Additionally, the pro- vs anti-inflammatory gene expression profile varied with tissue type. While obesity resulted in neuroinflammation (hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus), it led to decreases in pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the periphery (spleen, fat, heart). Serum corticosterone concentration was significantly elevated due to SF, but was not affected by obesity. As a result, the obese mice likely had neuroendocrine adaptations to combat the pre-existing pro-inflammatory condition of obesity, which impacted the acute inflammatory response to sleep loss.

Of all of the cancer patients throughout the world, approximately 50% of them are affected to some degree by cachexia. This syndrome involves significant skeletal muscle wasting, loss of adipose tissue and overall decrease in body weight in patients, particularly those with lung, pancreatic and gastric cancers. Cancer-induced cachexia is characterized by the presence of increased cytokines, notably TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Most patients suffering of cancer-induced cachexia experience increased toxicity in response to chemotherapy, leading to fewer rounds of treatment and thus impeding the patients’ chances for recovery. More research into effective treatments for cancer-induced cachexia would therefore be indispensable. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) have emerged as important cancer targets, primarily because of their roles as caspase inhibitors and regulators of NF-κB signalling. Small molecule IAP antagonists known as Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs) are currently in stage I/II clinical trials. They function by targeting cIAP1 and cIAP2 (and to a lesser extent, XIAP) resulting in a cytokine mediated death response in cancer cells. SMCs induce the production of TNF-α, a cytokine with which SMCs can potently synergize. However, limited efficacy occurs in some cancer cell lines (presumably because TNF-α cannot be induced in an autocrine fashion) and an exogenous source of the cytokine, such as that induced by using an oncolytic virus, is required. Notably, TNF-α (initially known as “cachectin”) is known to play a significant role in the induction of skeletal muscle atrophy. We therefore wanted to examine the effects of TNF-α induction by SMC and oncolytic virus co-treatment on both tumour regression and skeletal muscle in tumour bearing mice. We investigated the effects of SMC treatment on Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) and B16F10 melanoma cell lines, both of which have been shown to be established cachectic cancer cell lines. Our in-vitro analysis of LLC and B16F10 cells revealed that LLC cells are sensitive to SMC and TNF-α co-treatment whereas B16F10 cancer cells remain resistant. SMC treatment, in combination with an oncolytic virus, VSVΔ51, increased tumour regression and survival time in LLC tumour bearing mice. Based on findings from previous studies, we investigated the role of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) in the resistance of the B16F10 melanoma cell line to SMC treatment. We were able to determine that the down-regulation of c-FLIP sensitizes the B16F10 cells to SMC and TNF-α induced cell death. In extending these findings, we found that SMC treatment alone can cause skeletal muscle wasting in the tibialis anterior muscle of LLC tumour bearing mice. However, the atrophic response was observed to be minimal as documented by a slight but significant decrease (approximately 10%) in muscle fibre cross-sectional area. Moreover, no biochemical evidence of muscle atrophy, as visualized by changes in the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and Muscle RING Finger protein 1 (MuRF1), was found. Regardless, we speculate that the impact of SMC treatment on muscle wasting would be transient and reversible, and propose that the benefits of such a combination immunotherapy would greatly outweigh the risks.

Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2015) 135, 1007–1015; doi:10.1038/jid.2014.516; published online 8 January 2015 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18890号 / 医博第4001号 / 新制||医||1009(附属図書館) / 31841 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 河本 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20667号 / 医博第4277号 / 新制||医||1024(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 三森 経世, 教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 竹内 理 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:34:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Bernini de Brito.pdf: 1595621 bytes, checksum: eef53307cc2b9e3d872ec9478aeef786 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:34:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Bernini de Brito.pdf: 1595621 bytes, checksum: eef53307cc2b9e3d872ec9478aeef786 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-20 / Olanzapine is a second generation antipsychotic that show low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects and has been recommended as the first line drug for the treatment of schizophrenia and is also used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. But it has the weight gain as a side effect which is common in the chronic use of this medicine. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed that olanzapine induces more weight gain than most other antipsychotics, except clozapine. The incidence of weight gain induced by olanzapine and associated diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases is higher in this group of patients than in the general population. These unwanted side effects have decreased patients' adherence to treatment. Many clinical observations and studies have attempted to elucidate the possible mechanism involved. However, to date, the mechanism underlying the weight gain induced by olanzapine remains unclear. This present study retrospective evaluates 21 patients using olanzapine for a period of 20 to 119 months, compared within the sample, patients who lost weight or remained stable (<7% gain in relation to BMI) group which gained weight at a moderate or severe way during the use of olanzapine (> 7% gain in relation to BMI). We also evaluated the levels of glucose and plasma lipids of all patients. For the group of patients were also analyzed genetic polymorphisms of TaqIA DRD2 gene and G-308A TNF-α gene by PCR-RFL and ARMS-PCR, respectively. TaqIA of genetic polymorphism (C32806T) in the DRD2 gene was correlated with prolonged use of olanzapine with relevant statistical significance in relation to weight gain and biochemical changes observed in plasma of patients. Regarding the genetic variants of the SNP G-308A TNF-α gene, the findings of this study failed to corroborate or refute the findings of other studies. / A olanzapina é um antipsicótico de segunda geração que exibe uma baixa incidência de efeitos colaterais extrapiramidais e tem sido recomendada como fármaco de primeira linha para o tratamento da esquizofrenia e também é utilizada no tratamento do transtorno bipolar, mas tem o ganho de peso como efeito colateral comum no uso crônico deste medicamento. Uma análise abrangente da literatura revelou que a olanzapina induz maior ganho de peso do que a maioria dos outros antipsicóticos, com exceção da clozapina. A incidência de ganho de peso induzido pela olanzapina e doenças associadas, como diabetes e doenças cardiovasculares, é maior entre o grupo de pacientes do que a da população em geral. Estes efeitos secundários indesejados têm diminuído a adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento. Muitas observações clínicas e estudos têm tentado elucidar o possível mecanismo envolvido. No entanto, até o momento, o mecanismo subjacente ao ganho de peso induzido pela olanzapina permanece obscuro. No presente estudo foi realizada uma investigação retrospectiva, que avaliou 21 pacientes em uso de olanzapina por um período de 20 a 119 meses, comparando dentro da amostra, pacientes que perderam peso ou ficaram estáveis (< 7% ganho em relação ao IMC) ao grupo que ganhou peso de forma moderada ou grave durante o uso da olanzapina (>7% ganho em relação ao IMC). Também foram avaliados os níveis de glicose e lipídeos plasmáticos de todos os pacientes. Para o grupo de pacientes ainda foram analisados os polimorfismos genéticos de TaqIAno gene DRD2 e G-308A do gene TNF-α por PCR-RFL e ARMS-PCR, respectivamente. O polimorfismo genéticos da TaqIA (C32806T) no gene DRD2 apresentou relação com o uso prolongado de olanzapina com relevante significância estatística em relação ao ganho de peso e às alterações bioquímicas observadas no plasma dos pacientes. Em relação as variantes genética do SNP G-308A no gene TNF-α, os achados do presente estudo não permitiram corroborar ou refutar as conclusões de outros estudos.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2012-07-19T19:54:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gisele Batista Carvalho. Análise da expressão dos Genes e IGF-1, HGF, VEGF - CPqGM - Dissertação de Mestrado - 2008.pdf: 634399 bytes, checksum: c4a7c8d54e5c114e87ff5e2c2cd711b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-19T19:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gisele Batista Carvalho. Análise da expressão dos Genes e IGF-1, HGF, VEGF - CPqGM - Dissertação de Mestrado - 2008.pdf: 634399 bytes, checksum: c4a7c8d54e5c114e87ff5e2c2cd711b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Nos últimos anos estudos têm demonstrado a participação de citocinas e fatores de proliferação e diferenciação na regeneração do miocárdio em condições de agressão. Os fatores que influenciam a regeneração do miocárdio na fase aguda da infecção por T. cruzi na qual ocorre um processo massivo de destruição do miocárdio, ainda são desconhecidos. Neste trabalho foi investigada a expressão dos genes de HGF, IGF-1, VEGF e TNF-α no coração de camundongos durante o curso da infecção aguda por T. cruzi. Fragmentos de corações de camundongos C57Bl/6 infectados com cepa Colombiana de T. cruzi, sacrificados com 15, 25 30, 40 e 60 dias pós-infecção, foram analisados pela técnica de PCR em tempo real. A expressão dos genes de HGF, IGF-1, VEGF e TNF-α no coração foi avaliada e correlacionada ao grau de inflamação, fibrose e parasitemia nos tempos de infecção analisados. Foi observado um aumento significativo na expressão dos genes de TNF-α e IGF-1 durante toda a fase aguda da infecção, enquanto que a expressão de HGF apresentou-se diminuída. Já a expressão do gene de VEGF não foi significativamente alterada no decorrer da infecção. As expressões dos genes de HGF, IGF-1 e TNF-α apresentaram uma correlação negativa com a parasitemia e a inflamação. Estes resultados indicam que o miocárdio produz vários mediadores solúveis em resposta à infecção por T. cruzi, que podem ter uma participação tanto nos mecanismos de lesão, como o TNF-α, como na recuperação da lesão tecidual promovida pela infecção por T. cruzi, como é o caso do IGF-1. Outros estudos devem ser realizados no sentido de melhor entender o papel destes mediadores produzidos localmente ou trazidos pela circulação no processo de reparo do miocárdio pela infecção por T. cruzi. / Studies carried out in the past few years have demonstrated the participation of cytokines and growth factors related to cell proliferation and differentiation in the regeneration of the myocardium after injury. The factors involved in the regeneration of the myocardium during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection, when a process of massive destruction of the myocardium occurs, are not known. In this work we investigated the gene expression of HGF, IGF-1, VEGF e TNF-α in the hearts of mice during the acute infection by T. cruzi. Heart fragments of C57Bl/6 mice infected by Colombian strain T. cruzi were obtained 15, 25 30, 40 e 60 days after infection and analyzed by real time PCR. The gene expression of HGF, IGF-1, VEGF, and TNF-α in the heart was evaluated and correlated to the degree of inflammation, fibrosis and parasitemia at the time points analyzed. A significant increase in TNF-α and IGF-1 gene expression was observed during the acute phase of infection, whereas the expression of HGF was decreased. The expression of VEGF gene was not significantly altered during infection. The expression of HGF, IGF-1, and TNF-α genes showed a negative correlation with parasitemia and inflammation. The results indicate the miocardium as a source of soluble mediators, in response to T. cruzi infection, which may participate both in the mechanisms of lesion induction, in the case of TNF-α, as well as in the repair of tissue lesions promoted by T. cruzi infection, such as IGF-1. Additional studies should be carried out in order to understand the role of these mediators produced locally or brought by the circulation in the process of lesion repair in the miocardium during T. cruzi infection.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-03T14:02:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviamarciadecastroesilva.pdf: 1765527 bytes, checksum: 348a19d6219196394409151345b86399 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-03T15:17:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviamarciadecastroesilva.pdf: 1765527 bytes, checksum: 348a19d6219196394409151345b86399 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-03T15:17:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 flaviamarciadecastroesilva.pdf: 1765527 bytes, checksum: 348a19d6219196394409151345b86399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-05 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / As leishmanioses são doenças infecto parasitárias que atingem aproximadamente 12 milhões de pessoas em 88 países em todo o mundo, incluindo o Brasil. Esta doença é causada por diferentes espécies de Leishmania, as quais invadem e se multiplicam dentro de macrófagos no hospedeiro vertebrado. Ainda não existe vacina e a quimioterapia é baseada principalmente nos antimoniais pentavalentes, anfotericina B e pentamidina. Entretanto, estas drogas tem uso limitado devido a toxicidade, longo tempo de tratamento e alto custo. Portanto, existe uma necessidade urgente de desenvolvimento de novas drogas para as leishmanioses. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade leishmanicida de 12 derivados de aminoquinolinas, mais especificamente 4-amino-7-cloro-quinolinas, as quais apresentam grupos diaminas mono e di substituídas com alquil alcino. Em análise preliminar os compostos foram testados em formas promastigotas de L. amazonensis, L. major, L. chagasi e L. braziliensis e a atividade leishmanicida foi estabelecida pelo método do MTT. Nossos resultados mostraram variada sensibilidade das espécies de Leishmania aos compostos testados. Derivados com grupo das aminas-livre demonstraram melhor atividade leishmanicida do que outros compostos mono e di-alquil alcino substituídos. O composto 3 (4-amina-7-cloro-N-butilamina)quinolina mostrou o melhor CI50 (0,16 M para L. chagasi) demonstrando um CI50 ainda melhor do que o apresentado pela anfotericina-B (1,90 M para L. chagasi). Interessantemente, foi observada relação estrutura atividade principalmente em promastigotas de L. chagasi, sendo importante a presença do grupo amino-livre e o número de átomos de carbono. A maioria dos compostos não mostraram citotoxicidade para células de mamíferos, exceto os compostos com grupo amino-livre. O composto 5 (4-amina-7-cloro-quinolina-N-(prop-2-inil)quinolina foi escolhido para avaliação da atividade em amastigotas intracelulares e a atividade leishmanicida foi a partir da contagem dos parasitos após coloração por Giemsa. O tratamento com o composto em macrófagos infectados com L. major e L. amazonensis não demonstrou atividade leishmanicida para a primeira espécie deste parasito. Em L. amazonensis, o tratamento mostrou significante atividade nas formas intracelulares, reduzindo o número de amastigotas/macrófagos, número de células infectadas e a carga parasitária acima de 90% após 72 horas. O efeito antiamastigota foi dose e tempo dependente. Nenhuma alteração nos níveis de óxido nítrico pelos macrófagos infectados tanto com L. amazonensis quanto por L. major foi observada após tratamento com o composto 5. Entretanto, esta aminoquinolina significativamente aumentou e inibiu a produção de TNF- em células infectadas com as respectivas espécies. Conjuntamente, estes resultados sugerem que a atividade leishmanicida do composto 5 pode atuar diretamente no parasito ou através de mecanismos imunomodulatórios. Este estudo indica que derivados de aminoquinolinas tem promissoras propriedades leishmanicidas sendo bons candidatos para alvos de pesquisas para desenvolvimento de novas drogas anti-protozoários. / The leishmaniasis are parasitic-infection diseases that affect 12 million people in 88 countries, it remains a serious public health problem worldwide, including in Brazil. This disease is caused by different Leishmania species, which invade and multiply within macrophages in vertebrate host. No vaccine exists yet and chemotherapy has been based mainly in pentavalent antimonials, amphotericinB e pentamidina. However, these drugs have limited use due to their toxicities, long term treatment and high costs. Therefore, there is an urgent need for development of new drugs for leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the leishmanicidal activity in twelve aminoquinolines derivatives, but specifically, 4-amino-7-chloro-quinoline, those present diamine with amine-free, mono-alkyne or di-alkyne groups. In a previous analysis the compounds were tested in promastigote forms of L. amazonensis, L. major, L. chagasi and L. braziliensis and the leishmanicidal activities was established by MTT method. Our results showed varied sensibility of the Leishmania species to the tested compounds. Derivatives with amine-free groups demonstrated better leishmanicidal activity than the others compounds and the compound 3(4-amine-7-cloro-N-butilamine)quinoline showed the best IC50 (=0,16 M for L. chagasi) displaying an IC50 better than anfothericin B (1,90 M para L. chagasi) Interestingly, it was observed structure-activity relationships (SAR) mainly in promastigotes of L. chagasi, being important the presence of amine-free group and number of carbon atoms. The majority of compounds didn’t showed citotoxicity for the mammalian cells, except compounds containing amine-free groups. The compound 5 (4-amine-7- chloro-quinoline-N-prop-2-ynil)quinoline was chosen for antileishmanial evaluation in an intramacrophage amastigotes model and the leishmanicidal activity was achieved from the count of parasites after coloration by Giemsa. The treatment with this compound from infected macrophages with L. major e L. amazonensis didn’t show leishmancidal activity for the first specie of this parasite. In L. amazonensis, the treatment showed a significant activity against intracellular forms, reducing the number of amastigotes/macrophage, the infected cells and the parasite burden above 90% after 72 hours. The antiamastigote effect was dose and time response. No alteration in nitric oxide levels by infected macrophages as for L. amazonensis as well for L. major was observed after treatment with the compound 5. However, this aminoquinoline significantly enhanced and inhibit the TNF- production in infected cells with the respective Leishmania species. Together, these results suggest strongly that leishmanicidal acitivity from compound 5 can be directly in parasites or through the immune modulatory mechanism. This study indicate that aminoquinolines have promising leishmanicidal properties being a good candidates for further research to develop of new anti-protozoan drugs.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T12:09:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridestevampereira.pdf: 2004254 bytes, checksum: 326e3188dc98d9fc4ddc417af89ebc1e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-02T15:12:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridestevampereira.pdf: 2004254 bytes, checksum: 326e3188dc98d9fc4ddc417af89ebc1e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T15:12:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ingridestevampereira.pdf: 2004254 bytes, checksum: 326e3188dc98d9fc4ddc417af89ebc1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A talidomida é uma potente droga anti-inflamatória empregada no tratamento de diversas patologias, incluindo Eritema Nodoso Leproso (ENL), câncer, doença de Crohn e outras desordens inflamatórias e vasculares. Entretanto, seus efeitos tóxicos e teratogênicos tornam sua utilização limitada e motivam pesquisas para a síntese de análogos que apresentem eficácia semelhante na imunomodulação, sem efeitos tóxicos. Diversos análogos da talidomida vêm sendo desenvolvidos no laboratório de química da UFJF. Em estudos anteriores, mostramos que a introdução de dois anidridos ftálicos na composição aumenta significativamente a atividade biológica e solubilidade em água do composto, sem aumento da toxicidade em modelos experimentais in vitro e in vivo. O presente trabalho visa a síntese de dois novos compostos análogos da talidomida, CAT-15 e CAT-16, formados por apenas um derivado anidrido ftálico aberto, mantendo um grupo amino livre, e a avaliação da sua atividade anti-inflamatória utilizando linhagem de célula HT-29 e células mononucleares de sangue periférico humano (PBMC) estimuladas com LPS. A citotoxicidade dos compostos foi avaliada pelo ensaio do MTT, com tratamento por 18 horas para células HT-29 e por 24 e 48 horas para PBMC, usando concentrações crescentes de talidomida, CAT-15, CAT-16. A dexametasona foi utilizada como controle positivo. A produção de TNF-α, CXCL-10, IL-6, IL-8 e IL-10 foi avaliada pelo método de ELISA. Os novos compostos não foram tóxicos para as células HT-29 e PBMC em nenhuma das concentrações testadas, com exceção de CAT-16 a 1600µM. Células HT-29 produziram grande quantidade de CXCL-10 em resposta ao LPS e os resultados deste trabalho mostram que a talidomida e os análogos CAT-16 e CAT-15 apresentam atividade inibitória sobre a produção desta quimiocina. O composto CAT-16 modulou a produção de CXCL-10 em concentrações menores que a talidomida em ambos os modelos de tratamento (simultâneo e prétratamento). Em contrapartida, a modulação por CAT-15 foi observada apenas no modelo de pré-tratamento. Com relação a IL-8, a talidomida e o CAT-16 inibiram a produção desta citocina por células HT-29 apenas na concentração de 100µM. Ao contrário das células HT-29, o PBMC produziu TNF-α em resposta ao LPS, tendo a talidomida e o análogo CAT-16 apresentado capacidade de inibição da produção do TNF-α em ambos os tempos de tratamento. O análogo CAT-15 não influenciou a produção de TNF-α por PBMC em nenhuma das concentrações e tempos de tratamento. Este estudo também mostra a atividade da talidomida e dos nos análogos sobre a produção de IL-6 e IL-10 por PBMC, havendo significativa inibição da produção de IL-6 por todos os compostos e tempos de tratamento e sobre IL-10 pelo composto CAT-15 após 48 horas de incubação. Nossos resultados sugerem a aplicabilidade dos novos compostos, CAT-15 e CAT-16, no controle de respostas inflamatórias uma vez que inibiram a produção de moléculas chave como TNF-α, IL6, IL-10, IL-8 e CXCL-10. Ainda, esses compostos possuem estruturas simplificadas, têm baixo custo de produção, são hidrossolúveis e não possuem centro quiral. Esses resultados podem contribuir no desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de tratamento para certas condições inflamatórias. / Thalidomide is a potent anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of various pathologies including Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL), cancer, Crohn's disease and other inflammatory and vascular disorders. However, its toxic and teratogenic effects make its use limited and motivate research groups to synthesize analogues presenting similar immunomodulation efficacy, without toxic effects. Several analogs of thalidomide have been developed in the laboratory of chemistry of the UFJF. Previously, we have shown that introduction of two phthalic anhydrides into the composition significantly enhances biological activity and water solubility, without enhanced toxicity. The present work aims at the synthesis of two new analogues of thalidomide, CAT-15 and CAT-16, formed by only one open phthalic anhydride derivative, maintaining a free amino group, and the evaluation of its anti-inflammatory activity using HT- 29 and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with LPS. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated by the MTT assay, with 18 hours treatment for HT-29 cells and for 24 and 48 hours for PBMC, using increasing concentrations of thalidomide, CAT-15, CAT-16. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control. Production of TNF-α, CXCL-10, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 was evaluated by the ELISA method. The novel compounds were not toxic to HT-29 and PBMC cells at any of the concentrations tested, with the exception of CAT-16 at 1600μM. HT-29 cells produced large amounts of CXCL-10 in response to LPS and the results of this work show that thalidomide and the CAT-15 and CAT-16 analogs exhibit inhibitory activity on the production of this chemokine. CAT-16 compound modulated the production of CXCL-10 at lower concentrations than thalidomide in both treatment models (simultaneous and pretreatment). In contrast, CAT-15 modulation was observed only in the pre-treatment model. Regarding IL-8, thalidomide and CAT-16 inhibited their production by HT-29 cells only at the concentration of 100 μM. Unlike HT-29 cells, PBMC produced TNF-α in response to LPS, with thalidomide and CAT-16 analog being able to inhibit TNF- production at both treatment times. The CAT-15 analogue did not influence the production of TNF-α by PBMC at any of the concentrations and treatment times. This study also shows the activity of thalidomide and the analogs on IL-6 and IL-10 production by PBMC, with significant inhibition of IL-6 production by all compounds and treatment times and on IL-10 by compound CAT-15 after 48 hours of incubation. Our results suggest the applicability of the new compounds, CAT-15 and CAT-16, in the control of inflammatory responses since they inhibited the production of key molecules such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and CXCL-10. Furthermore, these compounds have simplified structures, and low cost of production, are water soluble and have no chiral center. These results may contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies for certain inflammatory conditions.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung hatte zur Zielsetzung, bei Kühen die Unterschiede zwischen hypokalzämischen und normokalzämischen Festliegern zu analysieren. Es sollte geklärt werden, welche klinischen und labordiagnostischen Veränderungen, außer der Kalzium- (Ca) Konzentration, dem normokalzämische Festliegen zugrunde liegen. Des Weiteren wurden die TNF-α-, Haptoglobin- (Hp-) und TEAC-Konzentrationen in Beziehung zum Festliegen, den Mineralstoffkonzentrationen sowie hinsichtlich diagnostischer Information geprüft. Außerdem wurden die Festlieger mit Nachgeburtsverhaltung (Ret. sec.) und die Kühe mit Exitus letalis labordiagnostisch genauer analysiert.