There is a greater recognition by Maori of the potentially harmful effects of alcohol and drugs. However there are concerns about the patterns of use and the rising incidence of alcohol and drug related risks such as; hospital admissions, domestic abuse, and alcohol and drug related convictions. As a result alcohol and drug use among Maori is a major threat to their health and well being. Consequently there is a need for models that are culturally appropriate to effectively address the problem. In New Zealand there is an increase in the use of customary Maori values, beliefs and practices in the treatment of Maori with substance abuse. This has also involved the integration of Western approaches and treatment modalities that are beneficial to Maori. However, the main purpose of the research is to give credence to Te Toi o Te Matariki model within the clinical setting. It is anticipated that the outcomes will inspire confidence in cultural model of practice in personal growth and development for Maori people who present with substance abuse. Te Toi o Te Matariki model is examined in the context of the Te Ara Hou residential drug and alcohol programme, a service provided by Raukura Hauora o Tainui (RHOT) in Auckland. The analogy is "to ascend or achieve to the highest point of the Whare Wananga (house of learning) so that the best view or position in the world is gained." It demonstrates three stages of continuous layers and has been developed in accordance with the key principles of the whakapapa (genealogy) paradigm of Te Kore, Te Po and Te Ao Marama. These principles form the infra-structure of the programme.

There is a greater recognition by Maori of the potentially harmful effects of alcohol and drugs. However there are concerns about the patterns of use and the rising incidence of alcohol and drug related risks such as; hospital admissions, domestic abuse, and alcohol and drug related convictions. As a result alcohol and drug use among Maori is a major threat to their health and well being. Consequently there is a need for models that are culturally appropriate to effectively address the problem. In New Zealand there is an increase in the use of customary Maori values, beliefs and practices in the treatment of Maori with substance abuse. This has also involved the integration of Western approaches and treatment modalities that are beneficial to Maori. However, the main purpose of the research is to give credence to Te Toi o Te Matariki model within the clinical setting. It is anticipated that the outcomes will inspire confidence in cultural model of practice in personal growth and development for Maori people who present with substance abuse. Te Toi o Te Matariki model is examined in the context of the Te Ara Hou residential drug and alcohol programme, a service provided by Raukura Hauora o Tainui (RHOT) in Auckland. The analogy is "to ascend or achieve to the highest point of the Whare Wananga (house of learning) so that the best view or position in the world is gained." It demonstrates three stages of continuous layers and has been developed in accordance with the key principles of the whakapapa (genealogy) paradigm of Te Kore, Te Po and Te Ao Marama. These principles form the infra-structure of the programme.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Heinz Dieter Oskar August Fill / Dissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Parana, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduaçao em Engenharia de Recursos Hidricos e Ambiental. Defesa: Curitiba, 2007 / Inclui bibliografia / Resumo: Considerando a necessidade de identificação de fontes alternativas para o abastecimento de aguas para unidades residenciais, a presente dissertação visa verificar a viabilidade do abastecimento residencial através da coleta, do armazenamento e da distribuição de aguas pluviais. O estudo foi efetuado no município de Curitiba, utilizando dados pluviométricos da estação meteorológica de Curitiba, localizada atualmente no Centro Politécnico da Universidade Federal do Paraná. O método adotado consiste em identificar os valores do máximo déficit acumulado anual das alturas de chuvas diárias e sua distribuição de probabilidade para avaliar a viabilidade de implantação de sistemas de abastecimento domiciliar usando reservatórios de regularização, para acumulação e distribuição a uma unidade residencial. A presente dissertação efetuou avaliações da viabilidade da implantação de um reservatório considerando, condições técnicas e econômicas, identificando o grau de risco e a taxa interna de retorno do investimento. Empregou-se para determinação do risco o método do máximo déficit acumulado anual, utilizando registros de 83 anos dados pluviométricos diários, para diferentes volumes de reservatórios a serem implantados. Para o calculo da taxa interna de retorno considerou-se o beneficio liquido obtido pela economia relativa a fatura da concessionaria publica sempre levando em conta a probabilidade de falha do sistema. Conclui o presente trabalho que, para obter taxas de retorno atraentes, o risco de falha devera ser relativamente elevado (tempo de retorno da ordem de 2 anos). Verificou-se também que a taxa interna de retorno aumenta com o aumento da área de captação e um consumo maior. Palavras Chaves: Aguas de Chuva; Analise de Series Temporais; Máximo Déficit Acumulado; Taxa Interna de Retorno. / Abstract: This thesis analyses the tecnical and economic feasibility of domestic water supply using rainfall collecting systems. This source of domestic water supply may become important because of progressive shortage of traditional supply sources (surface and ground water). The study was performed for the city of Curitiba situated in South Brazil, but the method used may be applied to other locations as well. The maximum deficit method also known as sequent peak method has been used to estimate storage requirements to regulate the intermitent rainfall process. Adjustment of these storage requirements to a probabilistc model allows the computation of risk, realiability and expected shortages. Using cost estimates of several alternative systems and benefits equal to the savings of water suply bills, the internal rate of return has been computed for a variety of alternatives. It is concluded that for an atractive internal rate of return, risks should be as high as 50%. Also the internal rate of return increases as collecting area is increased.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-136). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Prior to the 1950s, visual culture within tribal environments could be separated into customary and non-customary. In the early 19th century, customary visual culture maintained visual correspondence with prior painted and carved models of the pre-contact period. In the latter part of the 19th century, non-customary painted and carved imagery inspired by European naturalism informed tribal visual culture. This accommodation of European imagery and practice was trans-cultural in its translation to tribal environments. In the 1960s, an innovative trans-customary art form evolved outside tribal environments, fusing customary visual culture and modernism. This trans-customary art form, which maintained visual empathy with customary form of the 19th century, was introduced into the tribal environment, initially, in a painted mural in 1973, and subsequently in a multimedia mural in 1975. In 1989 and 1990, this trans-customary Maori art practice informed the art of the Taharora Project at Mihikoinga marae in Ohineakai. In this Project, the 1970s transcustomary Maori art precedents were extended with non-customary form and practice. The thesis employs tataitanga kaupapa toi as a paradigm for Maori cultural relativity and relevance en-framing form, content and genealogy. Annexed to this paradigm are a range of methods: a tataitanga reo method for interpreting Maori language texts; a tataitanga korero method, conjoining a kaupapa Maori and an iconographic approach, for interpreting meaning in tribal visual culture, and a tataitanga whakairo method, incorporating stylistic analysis as formal sequence, semiology and intrinsic perception, for analysing a continuum of stylistic development from the Rawheoro School of carving to the Taharora Project. The Taharora Project constitutes the case study where tribal visual culture and contemporary art within tribal environments are contextualised in a trans-cultural continuum. The critical question that underpins this thesis is how do form, content and genealogy contribute to art that resonates with Maori? The thesis concludes that trans-cultural practice in contemporary art can resonate with Maori if the art maintains visual correspondence or visual empathy with customary tribal form. In their absence, cultural resonance can be achieved through a grounding of the content, informing the art, in a paradigm of Maori cultural relativity and relevance, a tataitanga kaupapa toi. The genealogy of the artist is a further determinant for resonance.

Nairobi compte près de 200 bidonvilles où vit 70% de sa population. La plupart des habitants manquent de sécurité foncière et subissent des menaces constantes d'expulsion forcée. Pourtant, nous en savons encore très peu sur la façon dont ces établissements se forment, se développent et se consolident dans des espaces urbains contestés et comment leurs habitants s'adaptent aux conditions d'incertitude. Une partie de la raison réside dans l'écart entre les théories de design et d'adaptation. Alors que la théorie du design se concentre principalement sur les processus cognitifs des professionnels (en négligeant les mécanismes d'adaptation adoptés par les habitants des bidonvilles), les transformations spatiales dans les taudis sont souvent abordées par la théorie de la résilience qui, de son côté, ne tient pas compte des processus de design. Quel est le rôle du design dans les processus d'adaptation liés à des espaces urbains contestés? Je réponds à cette question en explorant les relations entre le design et les capacités d'adaptation dans le Toi Market, le deuxième plus grand marché informel de Nairobi. J'étudie les régimes fonciers du marché et les pratiques de design des commerçants au moyen d’une étude de cas combinant des enquêtes longitudinales et transversales. Le parcours de recherche est abductif. Le cadre conceptuel de la recherche est basé sur une revue de la littérature sur le régime foncier et la théorie du design. Les concepts de rationalité limitée, d'incertitude et de mécanismes adaptatifs constituent la base du cadre théorique utilisé pour analyser les données empiriques. La méthodologie comprend l’observation participante, 59 entrevues avec les commerçants, des rencontres avec les leaders du marché, des techniques de cartographie et l'analyse de plus de 80 documents pertinents sur le marché. Les résultats montrent que le Toi Market a trois types de conditions foncières controversées et que les commerçants mènent des activités de design à trois niveaux: le design de développement, le design évolutif et le design de consolidation. Le design de développement consiste en des initiatives collectives d'adaptation suscitées par des mécanismes de survie. Ce type de design émerge en réaction aux interventions urbaines ordinaires. Il renforce le capital social et vise à améliorer la fonctionnalité du marché. Le design évolutif est mené par des sous-groupes communautaires en réponse aux principaux événements et aux forces externes. Il conduit à des changements sociaux et morphologiques à l’échelle urbaine et dépend des mécanismes de gouvernance et de contrôle. Le design de consolidation fait référence à des initiatives adaptatives dirigées par des individus et des groupes et menées en période de relative stabilité. Il renforce le développement économique et les réseaux, et cherche à atteindre la sécurité foncière. Il émerge principalement dans des niches vacantes, car les habitants des bidonvilles profitent des espaces vides et sous-utilisés. Ces trois niveaux de design génèrent ce que j'appelle ici les établissements multiniveaux. J’oppose ce concept à celui de « quartiers informels », un concept qui ne représente pas la façon dont les bidonvilles et les marchés fonctionnent et évoluent. Je rejette donc la dichotomie formelle/informelle qui persiste dans la littérature. La notion d’habitat multiniveaux reconnaît l'influence d’alliances changeantes et de multiples niveaux de gouvernance comme faisant partie intégrale des processus de design. Dans ces habitats, le design émerge comme un connecteur de capacités adaptatives. Les concepts d’habitats multiniveaux, de niche vacante et de design en tant que connecteur de capacités adaptatives peuvent aider des intervenants à développer des initiatives d’amélioration des bidonvilles qui répondent à l'approche de design adoptée par les habitants de bidonvilles. Ces initiatives peuvent reconnaître la présence d'alliances multiples qui parfois entravent – et d'autres qui favorisent – le changement désiré. Les pratiques de design communautaire peuvent également être adaptées pour équilibrer les objectifs collectifs et individuels. En comprenant ces concepts, les décideurs peuvent à la fois optimiser l'espace disponible en fonction des pratiques locales et prévoir la façon dont les modèles apparaîtront dans les espaces prévus. Enfin, j'encourage les chercheurs à explorer davantage la pensée et la pratique de design des habitants de bidonvilles et de les inclure dans la théorie du design. / Nairobi has nearly 200 slums where 70% of its population live. Most slum dwellers lack tenure security and suffer the constant threat of eviction. Yet, we still know very little about how these slums form, grow, and consolidate in contested urban spaces, and how their residents adapt to uncertainty. Part of the reason lies in the gap between design and adaptation theories. Whereas design theory focuses mainly on professionals’ cognitive processes (largely ignoring adaptation mechanisms adopted by slum dwellers), spatial transformations in slums are often addressed by resilience theory, which usually overlooks design processes. What is the role of design in adaptation processes in contested urban spaces? I answer this question by exploring the relationships between design and adaptive capacities in the Toi Market, the second largest informal market in Nairobi. I study the market’s tenure regimes and traders’ design practices through a case study that combines longitudinal and cross-section investigation. The research reasoning is abductive, made of iterative paths between conceptual frameworks and empirical results. It is largely based on a literature review on land tenure and design theory. The concepts of bounded rationality, uncertainty, and adaptive mechanisms constitute the basis of the theoretical framework used to analyse the empirical data. Methods include participant observation, 59 interviews with traders, meetings with market leaders, mapping techniques and the analysis of over 80 pertinent documents about the market. Results show that the Toi Market has three types of controversial tenure regimes and traders conduct design at three levels: development design, evolutionary design, and consolidation design. Development design consists of collective adaptive initiatives prompted by survival mechanisms. It strengthens social capital, emerges in reaction to ordinary urban interventions, and seeks to improve functionality. Evolutionary design is conducted by community sub-groups in response to major external forces and events. It leads to social and morphological changes at the urban scale and depends on governance and control mechanisms. Consolidation design refers to individual and group-led adaptive initiatives conducted during times of relative stability. It reinforces economic development and networks and seeks to achieve land tenure security. It emerges mainly in vacant niches, as slum-dwellers take advantage of empty, underused spaces. These three levels of design generate what I call here Multi-Level Settlements. I oppose this concept to “informal settlements” that fails to represent how slums and markets work and evolve. I thus reject the formal/informal dichotomy that persists in literature. The Multi-level concept recognises shifting alliances and multiple levels of governance as integral part of design processes. In it, design emerges as a connector of adaptive capacities. The concepts of Multi-Level Settlements, Vacant Niche and Design as a connector of adaptive capacities can help developing slum upgrading initiatives that meet the design approach naturally adopted by slum-dwellers. These initiatives can therefore acknowledge the presence of multiple alliances, which sometimes hinder—and others, foster—desired change. Community design practices can also be tailored to balance collective and individual objectives. By understanding these concepts, decision-makers can both optimize available space according to local practices and forecast how patterns will emerge in planned spaces. Finally, I encourage scholars and practitioners to further explore slum-dwellers’ design-thinking and practices to include them in mainstream design theory.