A pesca no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos é uma atividade em disputa. De um lado, as comunidades de pesca produzem seus territórios de pesca através dos seus respectivos Conhecimentos Ecológicos Tradicionais (CET) que embasam os diferentes modos de usos dos recursos pesqueiros, os sistemas de manejo de recursos pesqueiros tradicionais (MT). A atividade pesqueira no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos é anterior à colonização portuguesa sendo os CETs que embasam os MTs resultado de um hibridismo cultural entre indígenas, afro e luso-descendentes. De outro, o Estado Moderno implementa políticas públicas de manejo de recursos pesqueiros, sobretudo a partir da segunda metade da década de 1970, que resultam na implementação de um sistema de manejo de recursos pesqueiros moderno (MM), característico de um projeto colonial de dominação. Como resultado da implementação do MM, a pesca entra em colapso na primeira metade da década de 1970 e as indústrias pesqueiras decretam falência na década de 1980. Para solucionar a crise no setor pesqueiro, na segunda metade da década de 1990 cria-se o Fórum da Lagoa dos Patos (FLP) onde se formula a atual legislação que regulamenta a pesca no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, a Instrução Normativa Conjunta de 2004 (INC 2004). A INC 2004 implementa um MM através da imposição de um calendário de pesca que se torna institucionalizado e, por isso, oficializado. O objetivo desta tese é descrever o processo de des-re territorialização das comunidades de pesca do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos gerado pelo Estado Moderno na implementação da INC 2004. Para atingir tal objetivo, foram utilizadas basicamente duas técnicas de pesquisa para coleta de dados do CET, que produz os territórios tradicionais, e dos conhecimentos, verdades e valores mobilizados na formulação da INC 2004: entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi necessário o desenvolvimento de uma proposta própria que se enquadra na perspectiva integradora de território: território como conhecimento. Segundo esta proposta, território é um espaço epistêmico produzido a partir do espaço. Com a tentativa de implementação da INC 2004, emerge um conflito ambiental territorial na produção de um espaço através do controle do uso de recursos pesqueiros no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. O Estado Moderno, que exibe caráter colonial, opera estrategicamente sobre o espaço tentando forçar o curso da modernidade às comunidades de pesca na produção de um espaço epistêmico disciplinar. O resultado, se o Estado Moderno fosse bem sucedido em seu projeto de colonialismo cultural, seria um epistemicídio: a eliminação dos multiterritórios operados pelo CET com uma dinâmica multicalendárica em cada uma das comunidades de pesca artesanal do estuário e a sua substituição por um território operado por uma racionalidade ocidental com um ritmo mecânico através da imposição do Calendário Oficializado da INC 2004. As comunidades de pesca, por sua vez, resistem silenciosa e abertamente operando taticamente via CET na produção de espaços de R-existência. Surpreendentemente, em movimentos diagramáticos infinitos, ambos, Estado Moderno e comunidades de pesca, des-re-territorializam um ao outro. / Fishing in the estuary of Patos Lagoon is an activity in dispute. On the one hand, fishing communities produce their fishing territories through their respective Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), which grounds the different use modes of fishery resources, the traditional resource management systems (TM). The fishing activity in Patos Lagoon estuary is prior to the Portuguese colonization and the TEKs which ground TMs are a result of a cultural hybridity among indigenous, African and Portuguese descendants. On the other hand, especially from the second half of the 1970s, the modern State has been implementing policies for fishery management which have led to the establishment of a modern sciencebased resource management (SM), characteristic of a colonial project of domination. As a result, fishery collapsed in the first half of the 1970s and fishing industries filed bankruptcy in the 1980s. To solve the crisis in the fishery sector in the second half of the 1990s, Forum of Patos Lagoon (FLP) was created. It was at the Forum that the 2004 Normative Instruction (INC 2004), the current legislation which regulates fishing in the estuary of Patos Lagoon, was formulated. INC 2004 implements an SM by imposing a fishing calendar that becomes institutionalized and, therefore, officialized. The objective of this thesis is to describe the process of de-reterritorialization in the fishing communities of the estuary of the Patos Lagoon which was generated by the Modern State when it implemented INC 2004. To achieve this goal, data on TEK were obtained through open and semi-structured interviews and ethnoscientific bibliographic review. Data on knowledge, truths and values that support the formulation of INC 2004 were collected through open interviews held with researchers, who played a key role in mobilizing such intellectual resources and through bibliographic research on the four fisheries whose fishing periods are regulated by INC 2004. From the data obtained, it was necessary to develop our own proposal that fits the integrative perspective of territory: territory as knowledge. Under this proposal, the territory is an epistemic space originating from space. With the attempted implementation of INC 2004, an environmental territorial conflict has emerged in the production of space through the control of the use of fishery resources in the Patos Lagoon estuary. The Modern State, in a display of its colonial character, strategically operates upon space by trying to force the course of modernity on the fishing communities in the production of a disciplined epistemic space. The result, if the Modern State were successful in its project of cultural colonialism would be an epistemicide: the elimination of multi-territories operated by TEK with a multicalendaric dynamics in each of the artisanal fishing communities of the estuary and its replacement by a territory operated by Western rationality, with a mechanical rhythm through the imposition of the official calendar of INC 2004. Fishing communities, in turn, resist quietly and openly by operating tactically via TEK in the production of spaces of R-existence. Surprisingly, in diagrammatic infinite movements, both the Modern State and fishing communities de-reterritorialize one another.

A presente Dissertação de Mestrado pretende avaliar a eficácia da proteção do patrimônio cultural imaterial no Brasil por meio do registro previsto no Decreto nº 3.551/2000, que regulamentou em parte o artigo 216 da Constituição Federal de 1988, e foi concedido pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). Para tanto, baseia-se em um estudo de caso envolvendo o gênero musical-coreográfico-poético e festivo denominado Fandango Caiçara, que é transmitido oralmente de geração a geração, no seio da comunidade tradicional caiçara localizada nos municípios de Iguape e Cananéia, no litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, e nos municípios de Morretes, Paranaguá e Guaraqueçaba, no litoral norte do Estado do Paraná e cujo registro como Patrimônio Cultural do Brasil junto ao IPHAN ocorreu em 29 de novembro de 2012 no Livro das Formas de Expressão. Nossa análise também procura levar em consideração os aspectos socioambientais envolvidos, bem como os desafios que, em nossa opinião, devem ser enfrentados pela comunidade tradicional caiçara diante da obtenção do referido registro. / This Masters Dissertation intends to evaluate the effectiveness of the cultural heritage of immaterial natures protection in Brazil by means of the registration provided by Decree n. 3.551/2000, which was partially regulated by article 216 of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and was granted by the Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage (IPHAN). For that it is based on a case study involving the musical-choreographic-poetic and festive genre called Fandango Caiçara, which is orally transmitted from generation to generation within the caiçara traditional community located in the municipalities of Iguape and Cananéia, in the south coast of the State of São Paulo, and in the municipalities of Morretes, Paranaguá and Guaraqueçaba, in the north coast of the State of Paraná and whose registration as Cultural Heritage of Brazil before the IPHAN occured on November 29, 2012 in the Book of Forms of Expression. Our analysis also seeks to consider the socialenvironmental aspects involved as well as the challenges that, in our opinion, should be faced by the caiçara traditional community before the obtainment of said registration.

El estudio se ocupa de la salud materna en el distrito de Haquira, un paraje enclavado en el contrafuerte de la cordillera occidental de las llamadas provincias altas de Apurímac, en el sur andino peruano. Se centra las prácticas y concepciones en salud materna, explorando el contexto de pluralidad de salud y el contexto dinámico de la zona rural. El argumento principal es que la salud materna está relacionado a los aspectos de la vida social y más que cualquier aspecto de la salud, es en este punto en donde la cultura es determinante. / Tesis

A lo largo de la historia se han usado distintos materiales de construcción, tal es el caso de la tierra en adobes el cual ha sido utilizado en el ámbito de la construcción por mucho tiempo, debido a su bajo costo y fácil aplicación. Sin embargo, las distintas construcciones se han visto afectadas por diferentes eventos sísmicos causando muchas pérdidas humanas. Por ello, la presente investigación propone implementar una dosificación de 1% fibra de lana con respecto al volumen del suelo y con una longitud de 3 cm, con la finalidad de mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de las unidades y la mampostería de adobe. Para ello, se elaboró 6 unidades patrón y 6 unidades con fibra de lana para someterlas a ensayos de compresión. Asimismo, se elaboraron pilas y muretes para obtener los resultados de los ensayos de compresión en albañilería y compresión diagonal de la mampostería. De esta forma, se obtuvo que la fibra de lana aumenta en un 75% la resistencia a la compresión de la unidad patrón al obtener una resistencia de 2.22 MPa y la una resistencia de 1.27 MPa. De la misma manera, se tiene un incremento del 13% con respecto a la compresión de la pila al obtener una resistencia de 0.51 MPa; no obstante, no cumple con la mínima resistencia de 0.60 MPa estipulada en la norma E0.80. Por último, la fibra de lana aumenta la resistencia a la compresión diagonal en un 25% con respecto a las muestras patrón al obtener una resistencia al corte de 0.059 MPa. Los resultados mencionados indicaron que la incorporación de la fibra de lana mejora significativamente el comportamiento del adobe frente a eventos telúricos. / Throughout history, different construction materials have been used, such is the case of adobe earth, which has been used in the construction field for a long time, due to its low cost and easy application. However, the different constructions have been affected by different seismic events causing many human losses. Therefore, the present research proposes to implement a dosage of 1% wool fiber with respect to the volume of the soil and with a length of 3 cm, in order to improve the mechanical properties of the units and the adobe masonry. For this, 6 standard units and 6 units were made with wool fiber to subject them to compression tests. Likewise, piers and walls were made to obtain the results of the masonry compression tests and the diagonal compression of the masonry. In this way, it was obtained that the wool fiber increases the compressive strength of the standard unit by 75% by obtaining a resistance of 2.22 MPa and a resistance of 1.27 MPa. In the same way, there is an increase of 13% with respect to the compression of the pile when obtaining a resistance of 0.51 MPa. However, it does not comply with the minimum resistance of 0.60 MPa stipulated in the E0.80 standard. Finally, the wool fiber increases the resistance to diagonal compression by 25% with respect to the standard samples, obtaining a shear strength of 0.059 MPa. The aforementioned results indicate that the incorporation of the wool fiber significantly improves the behavior of adobe in the face of telluric events. / Trabajo de investigación

Debido al crecimiento económico generado en los últimos años, así como el desarrollo del sector retail en el Perú, han brindado la oportunidad de aprendizaje de las mejores prácticas del canal moderno (cadenas de tiendas), incrementando su participación de mercado de consumo masivo llevando al shopper y/o consumidores a buscar mejores estándares de atención. Esto ha sido una oportunidad para empresas de capital peruano que se encuentran en crecimiento y que tienen la capacidad de poder atender a este nuevo consumidor, siendo el objetivo de la presente investigación determinar la relación que existe entre la estructura de capital y la generación de valor de una empresa retail de consumo masivo. El estudio es de tipo descriptivo y se utilizó una empresa peruana con una composición de venta elevada en el formato tradicional ( empresas independientes), y con indicadores de rentabilidad por debajo del mercado determinando que destruían el valor de la compañía, por tanto, se buscó desarrollar la estructura de capital más eficiente que permita cambiar los indicadores y poder generar valor en la compañía para lo cual se desarrolló un modelo financiero que tiene como pilar el indicador EVA (Valor Económico Agregado ). / Due to the economic growth in recent years, as well as the development of the retail sector in Peru, they have provided the chance to learn the best practices of the modern channel (chain stores), increasing their consumption market taking the shopper and/or consumers to seek better standards of serice. This has been an opportunity for growing peruvian companies that are able to serve this new consumer, being the objective of this research to determine the relationship between the capital structure and the generation of value. of a mass consumption retail company. The study is descriptive and we took as model a Peruvian company with a high sales composition in the traditional format (independent companies), and with indicators of profitability below the market, destroying the value of the company, therefore, we tried to develop the most efficient capital structure that allows to change the indicators and generate value in the company, for which a financial model was developed with the EVA (Economic Added Value) indicator as a pillar. / Trabajo de investigación

El trabajo realizado presenta un modelo de negocio que pertenece a la industria de alimentos y bebidas, y se dedicará a la producción y comercialización de bocaditos chinos congelados y empaquetados al vacío en el departamento de Lima, Perú. Mediante la recopilación de información obtenida del análisis PESTEL, se determinó la situación actual de los factores Macroentorno del país para estar preparados ante situaciones inusuales. Asimismo, se consideró relevante el estudio de las cinco fuerzas de Porter para abordar los factores de Microentorno que tiene relación con la industria que deseamos ingresar, esta fase permite conocer el comportamiento y el poder de negociación de ciertos factores como los clientes, proveedores y la competencia. Además, se hizo un estudio minucioso del mercado con entrevistas a profundidad y encuestas al consumidor final, dueños o colaboradores de los restaurantes chifas y otros negocios similares, a fin de definir la idea de negocio y las verdaderas necesidades de nuestro público objetivo para dar el enfoque correcto y tomar las decisiones empresariales más adecuadas. Toda actividad relacionada con la producción, tales como: la elaboración, conservación, distribución e inversión de activos, son analizados en relación a la demanda y según la capacidad proyectada del establecimiento, por ende, el sabor, la calidad y presentación de los bocaditos serán producidos según las exigencias del público objetivo. / The work carried out presents a business model that belongs to the food and beverage industry, and will be dedicated to the production and marketing of frozen and vacuum-packed Chinese snacks in the department of Lima, Peru. Through the compilation of information obtained from the PESTEL analysis, the current situation of the country's Macroenvironment factors was determined to be prepared for unusual situations. Likewise, the study of Porter's five forces was considered relevant to address the Microenvironment factors that are related to the industry we wish to enter, this phase allows knowing the behavior and bargaining power of certain factors such as customers, suppliers and the competition. In addition, a thorough study of the market was carried out with in-depth interviews and surveys of the final consumer, owners or collaborators of chifas restaurants and other similar businesses, in order to define the business idea and the true needs of our target audience to give the correct approach and make the most appropriate business decisions. All activities related to production, such as: the preparation, conservation, distribution and investment of assets, are analyzed in relation to demand and according to the projected capacity of the establishment, therefore, the taste, quality and presentation of the snacks will be produced according to the demands of the target audience. / Trabajo de investigación

El tema de la presente tesis es la influencia de las nuevas tecnologías en la evolución del periodismo digital informativo y cómo su uso ha alterado sus criterios de jerarquización tradicionales (en forma de pirámide invertida, en donde lo principal iba al inicio y el resto de la nota era su desarrollo o descripción). En este caso, la investigación se basará en cómo emplean el clickbait los medios de comunicación peruanos para el desarrollo de sus notas informativas y cómo este uso ha cambiado la estructura de la noticia. Se revisaron las plataformas en línea de tres medios: el Diario La República como prensa escrita, Radio RPP como prensa radial, y América Noticias como prensa televisiva; escogidos al haber sido pioneros en sus rubros en la transición al mundo digital y además por el alto nivel de lectoría y audiencia. Para el logro del objetivo planteado, se realizó un análisis de contenido con un periodo de tiempo delimitado por la aparición del paciente cero de COVID-19 en el Perú (6 de marzo), que fue el momento en que el público peruano tomó conciencia de que la enfermedad había llegado a nuestro país; hasta que se decretó el inicio de la cuarentena (15 de marzo), fecha en el que el Estado reaccionó y tomó medidas para combatir y/o prevenir la expansión del virus. El hallazgo más importante en los tres medios es que sí existe una variación en la estructura de las notas informativas que contienen un clickbait, utilizando una jerarquización principalmente romboide (estructura de redacción donde la información principal o la respuesta al titular de la nota está al medio y no al inicio). / The subject of this thesis is the influence of new technologies in the evolution of digital journalism and how its use has altered its traditional hierarchical criteria (in the form of an inverted pyramid, where the main thing was at the beginning and the rest of the note is its development or description). In this case, the research will be based on how the Peruvian media use clickbait for the development of their informative notes and how this use has changed the structure of the news. The online platforms of three media were reviewed: Diario La República as the written press, Radio RPP as the radio press, and América Noticias as the television press; chosen for having been pioneers in their fields in the transition to the digital world and also for the high level of readership and audience. To achieve the proposed objective, a content analysis was carried out with a period of time delimited by the appearance of the zero COVID-19 patient in Peru (March 6), which was the moment when the Peruvian public became aware of that the disease had reached our country; until the beginning of the quarantine was decreed (March 15), the date on which the State reacted and took measures to combat and / or prevent the spread of the virus. The most important finding in the three media is that there is a variation in the structure of the informative notes that contain a clickbait, using a mainly rhomboid hierarchization (writing structure where the main information or the response to the note holder is in the middle and not at the beginning). / Tesis

En los últimos años la tecnología ha progresado a tal punto que con la aparición de las plataformas de streaming, la forma de disfrutar de una película ha cambiado por completo, pasamos de estar sentados en una sala de cine a la comodidad de tu hogar y utilizar cualquier dispositivo electrónico. En el caso del lenguaje sonoro audiovisual, ha supuesto una etapa de avance no solo a nivel técnico sino también a nivel estético, logrando el crecimiento de la banda sonora dentro del proceso de diseño y producción. Este artículo analiza la evolución que ha tenido el tratamiento sonoro del cine con los contenidos en streaming y los nuevos avances tecnológicos, a través de un análisis comparativo de la obra del director Martin Scorsese. Además, cambios en la forma en que el espectador tiene la conexión con la película. Este tema supone una ampliación de los conocimientos en el campo del diseño sonoro y así conocer las nuevas técnicas y elementos utilizados para complementar este arte. / In recent years, technology has progressed to such an extent that with the emergence of streaming platforms, the way of enjoying a movie has completely changed, we went from sitting in a movie theater to the comfort of your home and using any electronic device. . In the case of audiovisual sound language, it has meant a stage of advance not only on a technical level but also on an aesthetic level, achieving the growth of the soundtrack within the design and production process. This article analyzes the evolution that the sound treatment of cinema has had with streaming content and new advances in technology, through a comparative analysis of the work of director Martin Scorsese. Also, changes within the way the viewer has the connection to the film. This topic supposes an extension of the knowledge in the field of sound design and thus know the new techniques and elements used to complement this art. / Trabajo de investigación

El trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad mostrar al lector el valor formal existente en la arquitectura y diseño del Cine Tradicional del Siglo XX. Usando como caso de estudio el Ex Cine Metro, ubicado en el Centro Histórico de Lima. Para ello, se define el valor formal y se analiza desde 3 diferentes escalas: Escala urbana, escala del edificio y escala de detalles. Así mismo, se estudia como el contexto del inmueble puede afectar este valor formal, tomando como referencia la ubicación el Centro Histórico de Lima, área protegida por la UNESCO. De igual manera, se realiza una comparación con otros casos de estudio: Cine Teatro Colón, Cine Metropolitan y Cine Central para notar las diferencias o similitudes existentes y entender a qué se deben estas mismas. El trabajo se centra en descubrir el valor formal del inmueble mencionado, con el fin de concientizar sobre su importancia y reflexionar sobre qué se debería de mejorar para que se encuentre en óptimas condiciones. / The purpose of the research work is to show the reader the formal value existing in the architecture and design of the Traditional Cinema of the 20th century. Using as a case study the Ex Cine Metro, located in the Historic Center of Lima. To do this, the formal value is defined and analyzed from 3 different scales: urban scale, building scale and scale of details. Likewise, it is studied how the context of the property can affect this formal value, taking as a reference the location of the Historic Center of Lima, an area protected by UNESCO. In the same way, a comparison is made with other case studies: Cinema Theatre Colón, Cinema Metropolitan and Cinema Central to note the differences or existing similarities and understand what they are due to. The work focuses on discovering the formal value of the aforementioned property, in order to raise awareness about its importance and propose what should be improved so that it is sought in optimal conditions. / Trabajo de investigación

Se ve al emprendimiento social como el futuro del emprendimiento, pues se requiere que las empresas se involucren más con la resolución de problemas sociales (Goyal, Sergi y Jaiswal, 2016). El presente estudio aborda el campo del emprendimiento social y emprendimiento tradicional, analizados desde su impacto en la sociedad, con el objetivo de contrastar las diferentes posturas sobre el emprendimiento social y tradicional. Es un estudio comparativo con enfoque hermenéutico, basado en la lectura y análisis de papers entre los años 2010 al 2020. Este trabajo describe cómo el concepto del emprendimiento social no tiene consenso y en cuanto al emprendimiento tradicional, se observan diversas definiciones lo que genera una confusión en algunos investigadores. Además, de las características del emprendimiento se distingue al social por tener fines sociales y económicos, a diferencia del tradicional cuyo fin primordial es incrementar sus recursos financieros, privilegiando el talento humano y las funciones que debe desempeñar. De lado de la evaluación del impacto social, se observó que existen diferentes métodos, sobre todo para el emprendimiento social, sobre el que algunos autores hacen notar el carácter subjetivo que puede tomar la medición. Por último, una de las principales problemáticas que enfrenta el emprendimiento es la dificultad en el acceso a financiamiento, que en el caso de las empresas sociales, se hace más crítico. Aunado a ello los emprendedores sociales tienen desafíos por el doble objetivo que persiguen: social y económico. / Social entrepreneurship is seen as the future of entrepreneurship, since companies are required to become more involved with solving social problems (Goyal, Sergi and Jaiswal, 2016). This study addresses the field of social entrepreneurship and traditional entrepreneurship, analyzed from their impact on society, with the aim of contrasting the different positions on social and traditional entrepreneurship. It is a comparative study with a hermeneutical approach, based on the reading and analysis of papers from 2010 to 2020. This work describes how the concept of social entrepreneurship does not have a consensus and as for traditional entrepreneurship, concepts based on different variables and their creation are observed. In addition, the characteristics of the enterprise distinguish the social one for having social and economic purposes, unlike the traditional whose primary purpose is to increase its financial resources, prioritizing human talent and the functions that it must perform. On the side of the evaluation of social impact, it was observed that there are different methods, especially for social entrepreneurship, on which some authors note the subjective nature that measurement can take. Finally, one of the main problems faced by entrepreneurship is the difficulty in accessing financing, which in the case of social enterprises, becomes more critical. In addition to this, social entrepreneurs face challenges due to the double objective they pursue: social and economic. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional