Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA09MA052.pdf: 726948 bytes, checksum: 2a141d4d92b1c5ac552655f7c9ad3c1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-06 / Many infectious agents have been associated with reproductive failure in swine, representing significantly economic losses for production. Recently, Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), etiologic agent of PCVAD or PCV2 associated diseases, was associated with reproductive failure in swine around the world. To confirm the pathogenic potential of PCV2 inducing reproductive failure in sows, it s necessary the viral isolation and antigen and nucleic acid demonstration in fetuses. Other viral agent, Torque Teno Vírus (TTV), also have been recently associated with infections caused by PCV2. TTV alone has not showed pathogenic signals in swine, but, its role in co-infections with other pathogens has been investigated. The present study aimed the diagnostic of PCV2 in natural infections where there was reproductive failure, as well as to establish and apply the Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique for TTV from organs. Samples from field cases, as aborted fetuses, mummified, stillborn, fragile piglets and material from abattoir sows were collected and processed to diagnostic infection in order to detect PCV2 by PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples were collected from 21 farms; and a total of 169 fetuses were necropsied. Moreover, reproductive samples from 83 abattoir sows were collected in 4 slaughterhouses of Santa Catarina State. In the present study was possible detect viral DNA by PCR in 29 (17,1%) of 169 analyzed fetuses, where heart and lymphoid tissues showed virus DNA more frequently, 41,4% and 37,8%, respectively. Viral presence was confirmed by IHC in tissues, which detected viral antigens in 17 PCV2 positives fetuses by PCR. Samples of reproductive tissues from sows also were tested by PCR and PCV2 was identified in 4 sows (4,8%). PCR technique aimed to detect TTV was established for viral DNA from organs. Samples of reproductive tissues from sows were tested, and were found both genogroups of TTV (TTV1 and TTV2), in 25 (30,1%) and 41 (49,3%) sows, respectively. Fetuses samples that resulted positive to PCV2 by PCR were also tested to TTV, and it was observed the occurrence of co-infection between these agents. The results obtained here suggest the involvement of PCV2 in reproductive failure in sows, besides show that TTV was present in analyzed samples, corroboring the association with PCV2 / Muitos agentes infecciosos têm sido associados às falhas reprodutivas na produção de suínos, representando significativas perdas econômicas para os suinocultores. Recentemente o Circovirus Suíno tipo 2 (PCV2), agente etiológico da circovirose suína, foi associado a falhas reprodutivas em suínos em diversas partes do mundo. Para confirmar o potencial patogênico do PCV2 causando falhas reprodutivas em porcas, é necessário o isolamento do vírus e demonstração de antígeno e ácido nucléico viral em fetos. Outro agente viral, o Torque Teno Vírus (TTV), também foi recentemente associado às infecções causadas pelo PCV2. O TTV sozinho ainda não tem se mostrado patogênico em suínos, porém, seu papel em co-infecções com outros patógenos vem sendo investigado. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos diagnosticar o PCV2 em infecções naturais onde existiam falhas reprodutivas, assim como padronizar e aplicar a técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) para TTV a partir de órgãos. Amostras provenientes de casos clínicos de campo, como fetos abortados, mumificados, natimortos, leitões inviáveis e material de fêmeas descartadas foram coletadas e processadas para diagnóstico da infecção pelo PCV2 através de PCR e imunoistoquímica (IHQ). Foram colhidas amostras de 21 granjas produtoras de suínos, totalizando 169 fetos, que foram necropsiados para coleta de órgãos. Além disso, amostras de órgãos reprodutivos de 83 fêmeas descartadas foram colhidas em 4 abatedouros da região oeste catarinense. No presente estudo foi possível detectar DNA viral por PCR em 29 (17,1%) dos 169 fetos analisados, sendo coração e tecidos linfóides os órgãos onde o vírus foi identificado com maior freqüência, 41,4% e 37,8%, respectivamente. A presença do vírus foi confirmada por teste de IHQ dos tecidos, sendo encontrado antígeno viral em 17 fetos positivos para PCV2 por PCR. As amostras de tecido reprodutivo das fêmeas também foram testadas por PCR e o PCV2 foi identificado em 4 porcas (4,8%). Visando a detecção de TTV foram testadas por PCR amostras de órgãos reprodutivos de fêmeas suínas, sendo diagnosticados os dois genogrupos de TTV, TTV1 e TTV2 em 25 (30,1%) e 41 (49,3%) fêmeas, respectivamente. As amostras de fetos que resultaram positivas para PCV2 pela técnica de PCR também foram testadas para TTV, observando-se a ocorrência de coinfecção entre estes agentes. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam o provável envolvimento do PCV2 em falhas reprodutivas em fêmeas suínas, bem como mostram que o TTV está presente nas amostras analisadas, confirmando a associação com o PCV2

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Die vorliegende Habilitationsschrift befasst sich schwerpunktmäßig vor allem mit der Klinik und Therapie der Hepatitis C. Evaluiert wurden: 1. verschiedene therapeutische Strategien, 2. die Ursachen der "Non-Response" auf eine anti-virale Therapie sowie 3. die klinische Relevanz der neu entdeckten Hepatitis-assoziierten Viren und 4. ihre Bedeutung bei Patienten mit akuter bzw. chronischer Lebererkrankung unklarer Ätiologie sowie bei Patienten vor und nach Lebertransplantation. Ad 1. Aus dem Vergleich verschiedener Therapie-Konzepte wie der Kurzzeit- Kombinationstherapie, Triple-Therapie, Hochdosis-Interferon?-Therapie und der Anwendung antiviraler Substanzen wie Ribavirin und Amantadin ergaben sich neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich relevanter prognostischer Parameter für die Therapieresponse. Ad 2. Analysiert wurden die möglichen molekularen Mechanismen der Therapieresponse bzw. Non-Response sowie der Stellenwert von Interaktionen bestimmter HCV-Proteine (NS5A, E2, sogenannte PKR-eIF2a Phosphorylisations-Homologie-Domäne [PePHD]) mit den Interferon? induzierten Effektorproteinen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Anzahl der Mutationen innerhalb des NS5A Proteins einen prognostischen Parameter darstellen hinsichtlich der Response auf eine Interferon?-Therapie. Dagegen spielen Mutationen innerhalb der PePHD-Region keine Rolle. Ad 3. Aus den Untersuchungen zur klinischen Relevanz der neu entdeckten Hepatitis-assoziierten Viren GB Virus-C/Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV) und TT-Virus (TTV) ergaben sich keine Hinweise bzgl. eines Einflusses von GBV-C/HGV bzw. TTV-Infektionen auf den Verlauf der chronischen Hepatitis C. Die durchgeführten Verlaufsuntersuchungen bei koinfizierten Patienten sprechen dafür, daß es sich um Interferon-sensitive Viren handelt; jedenfalls beeinflussen sie nicht die IFN?-induzierte Response. Ad 4. Untersucht wurden ferner die Prävalenz, Transmission und Relevanz der GBV-C/HGV und TTV-Infektion im Hinblick auf ihre Hepatitis-induzierenden Eigenschaften. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass beide Viren parenteral übertragen werden, und dass sie eine hohe Prävalenz bei Patienten mit parenteralen Risikofaktoren besitzen. Eine Hepatitis-induzierende Potenz dieser Viren konnten wir nicht beobachten; bei der Mehrzahl aller chronisch infizierter Personen ließen sich keine Zeichen einer chronischen Hepatitis finden. / The major goal of this thesis is the analysis of the clinical outcome of patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the response to therapy. Analysed were 1. different types of therapeutic strategies 2. causes responsible for ineffective antiviral therapy (non-response) 3. clinical relevance of the newly discovered hepatitis-associated viruses and 4. the role of these viruses in patients with acute or chronic hepatitis of unknown causes and in those receiving liver grafts. Ad 1. Compared were different therapeutic concepts such as short-term combination therapy, triple-therapy, high dose IFN?-therapy and the use of antiviral substances such as ribavirin and amantadine. It emerged that relevant prognostic parameters can be deduced with respect to the therapeutic response rate. Ad 2. Analysed were possible molecular mechanisms, which may interfere with response or non-response to antiviral therapy. In this respect, we focussed on the interaction of certain HCV-proteins as NS5A, E2, so-called PKR-eIF2a phosphorylisation-homology-domain (PePHD). with the interferon-?-induced effector proteins. There is evidence, that number of mutations within the NS5A proteins are of prognostic relevance with respect to the response to interferon?-therapy. In contrast, mutations within the PePHD-region do not play any role in this respect. Ad 3. We also studied the clinical relevance of the newly discovered viruses GBV-C/HGV and TTV, and found, that they have no impact concerning the course of chronic hepatitis C. These viruses are interferon-sensitive and do not influence the IFNa-response as it could be documented by following the course of co-infected patients. Ad 4. Our studies also focused on the prevalence, transmission and relevance of GBV-C/HGV and TTV infections with respect to their role as hepatitis-inducing agents. We can show that both virus types are parenterally transmitted. There is a high prevalence for both types in patients confronted with risk factors for parenteral factors. From analysis of many patients being chronically infected with these viruses it became quite clear that they lack any important potency to provoke chronic liver disease.

台灣無線電視「老三台」（台視、中視與華視）所有權制度，在2000年代中期發生劇烈變化。華視朝公共化發展，中視與台視則民營化成為商營電視台；雖然走向不同，但以往「官控商營」的三台，卻也都各自進入「媒體集團」的所有權模式。民營化後的台視由非凡電視台入主，新資方揭櫫「低成本、高收視」之方針，在製作成本大幅降低與人事預算縮編下，新聞從業人員直接面臨工作負擔增加等問題。本研究希冀以台視2007年公股釋出、走向民營化、集團化的的歷程為例，探究所有權變動對於新聞組織與工作者的勞動影響。 台視勞動條件隨民營化組織變革有著幾個時期的轉變，首先在優離優退的人事瘦身後，留任員工雖明顯感受工作負擔加重，然因資方塑造「共體時艱」共識，勞動者與工會多以順從承擔代替抵抗。新聞部員工則因工作性質，不僅缺席工會運作，也少有為自己勞動權益發聲的行動。民營化之初，台視透過外購與合製等方式節省成本，但資方也不忘逐步提高節目自製之比例，在有限人力下，留任的勞動者身兼數職以成就資方揭櫫之方針。而資方棒子與紅蘿蔔賞罰兼施，逐步在薪資福利上調整，持續凝聚勞資雙方的共識。總體而言，黨政軍三退、民營化的台視，政治勢力脫離官控商營的侍從關係，不過藉由業配等商業運作，政治力則以較迂迴的方式滲透新聞製作獲得發語權。 / The central concern of this thesis underlines ,after Free Radio Movement, how the ownership shifted and what Taiwan Television Enterprise has done to the process of the privatization before and after 2007. It asks how media workers reflect and adapt themselves to the strategies of new employee. Through the method of in-depth interview, this thesis interviewed nine employers, including 5 reporters, 3 supervisors of the news department as well as the head of the union. From the interview, it shows the solidarity and the consent which established and conveyed by TTV employee from many aspects to have their employers and labors ‘’Making out’’ all of the process, regardless of the overtime and overload works. Another finding of the thesis is ,without the political wrestling and after Free Radio Movement, TTV’s privatization process did get rid of the direct control from government and the political party, however, TTV develops the commercial way to penetrate into the news production.