Master's thesis is devoted to improving the taxation of personal income in the Russian Federation and China. Graduation qualification work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and a list of sources used. In the first chapter, theoretical aspects of constructing taxation models for personal income in China and Russia are considered. In the second chapter, a comparative analysis of the application of different models of taxation of personal income in China and Russia. The third chapter presents ways to improve taxation models for personal income in China and Russia, taking into account foreign experience. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена совершенствованию налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Российской Федерации и Китае. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты построения моделей налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Китае и России. Во второй главе сравнительный анализ применения разных моделей налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Китае и России. В третьей главе представлены пути совершенствования моделей налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Китае и России с учетом зарубежного опыта.

Master's thesis is devoted to the improvement of the tax on value added tax in China and Russia. Final qualifying work consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of references. The first chapter discusses the theoretical aspects of value added tax. In the second chapter a comparative analysis of VAT receipts in the budgets of China and Russia is carried out. In the third chapter proposed directions for improving models of VAT taxation in China and Russia. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена совершенствованию налогообложения налога на добавленную стоимость в Китае и в России. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты налога на добавленную стоимость. Во второй главе проведён сравнительный анализ поступлений НДС в бюджеты Китая и России. В третьей главе предложены направления совершенствования моделей налогообложения НДС в Китае и в России.

Master's thesis is devoted to improving the taxation of personal income in China and Russia. Final qualifying work consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion and list of references. The first chapter discusses the theoretical aspects of the taxation of personal income in China and Russia. The second chapter analyzes the existing models of taxation of personal income in China and Russia. The third chapter identifies the main problems of taxation of personal income in the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, and suggests ways to improve the taxation of personal income. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена совершенствованию налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Китае и в России. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из введения, трех глав, заключения и списка использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические аспекты налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Китае и в России. Во второй главе проведён анализ действующих моделей налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Китае и в России. В третьей главе выявлены основные проблемы налогообложения доходов физических лиц в Российской Федерации и в КНР, предложены направления совершенствования налогообложения доходов физических лиц.

The diploma thesis deals with the tax system in the Visegrad Four countries, specifically with the determination of the corporate income tax base and their comparative analysis. The thesis provides characteristic of items involving the corporate income tax base in Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic. Subsequently, these items are compared, and the comparison also includes determination of the corporate income tax base in the Czech Republic. Further, the thesis also analyzes the impact of legislative regulations of the corporate income tax base on the tax base width, the effective tax rates and the tax revenue in these countries.

A Constituição Federal de 1988 conferiu aos Municípios e ao Distrito Federal a competência para instituir o imposto sobre serviços de qualquer natureza definidos em lei complementar, com exceção dos serviços de transporte interestadual e intermunicipal e dos serviços de comunicação, que são tributados pelos Estados por meio do ICMS. Um dos pontos principais do exercício daquela competência está na delimitação da base de cálculo do ISS, por se tratar do elemento que indicará o montante da riqueza que o contribuinte obteve com a prestação do serviço e sobre o qual o ISS será calculado. É necessário, então, que a base de cálculo definida na lei municipal para a cobrança do ISS tenha estreita relação com o fato jurídico prestar serviço de qualquer natureza, pois é somente a riqueza decorrente dessa materialidade que poderá ser atingida pelo ISS. Sendo assim, caso um Município preveja, em lei própria, que os valores que não foram recebidos pelo prestador como remuneração pelo serviço executado em favor do tomador também devem compor a base de cálculo do ISS, a cobrança desse imposto que se baseie nessa lei será inconstitucional, pois atingirá valores que não revelam capacidade contributiva do prestador do serviço. Considerando-se que a Lei Complementar n.º 116/2003, ao exercer a função de lei complementar nacional prescritora de normas gerais em matéria de cobrança de ISS, estabelece que a sua base de cálculo deve ser o preço do serviço, torna-se necessário verificar quais são os limites semânticos que podem ser atribuídos a essa expressão para que o ISS não seja calculado sobre valores que não representem receita decorrente da prestação de serviço. Para tal análise, primeiramente serão apresentados os critérios que compõem a regra-matriz de incidência do ISS, de tal forma que seja possível demonstrar a relação intrínseca que cada um deles estabelece com a materialidade tributável por meio desse imposto. Relação essa que se destaca no estudo da base de cálculo como critério quantitativo daquela regra-matriz, posto que deve compreender apenas os valores recebidos pelo prestador como remuneração pelo serviço prestado. E para diferenciar esses valores daqueles que são recebidos pelo prestador do serviço do seu tomador como reembolso de despesas, serão propostos alguns critérios objetivos que devem ser aplicados na análise de cada uma das despesas envolvidas em uma prestação do serviço para que se determinem se os valores que serão empregados no seu custeio devem ou não compor a base de cálculo do ISS. Além disso, também serão propostos critérios para diferenciar os valores recebidos pelo prestador que são incorporados ao seu patrimônio daqueles que apenas transitam temporariamente por ele e identificar quais deles sofrerão a incidência do ISS. Por fim, será também analisada a necessidade de prescrição de critérios para o rateio do preço cobrado pela execução concomitante de uma prestação de serviço em estabelecimentos localizados em Municípios diferentes, de tal forma que todos esses Municípios possam definir uma base de cálculo constitucional para a apuração do ISS que cada um tem competência para cobrar sobre esse fato jurídico tributário. / The Federal Constitution of 1988 attributed to municipalities and the Federal District the competence to institute tax on services of any nature (ISS) as defined in a supplementary law, with exception to interstate and intermunicipal transportation services and services of communication, taxed by the States ICMS. One of the main points of municipalities competence refers to the assessment of the ISS tax base, by the designation of which value obtained by the taxpayer through the service rendered is subjected to taxation. The tax base defined by the municipal law to charge the ISS should be strictly related to the legal fact of providing service of any nature. Only the value obtained through this materiality is subjected to the ISS. In case a particular municipal legislation anticipates the addition to the ISS tax base of values received by the provider other than the compensation for the service rendered in favor of a client, the charging of the tax based on this law will be unconstitutional, since it deals with values over the taxpayers contributive capacity. While performing the function of prescribing national general norms related to ISS charging, Supplementary Law 116/2003 establishes that the tax base should be the price of service. It becomes necessary to verify the semantic limits that may be attributed to the expression price of service to avoid the calculation of ISS on values that do not represent the service compensation. For such analysis, this thesis presents, first, the criteria that form the rule array of ISS incidence, demonstrating the intrinsic relation of each one of the criterion with the taxable materiality. This relation stands out in the study of the tax base as a quantitative criterion of the rule array of ISS incidence, since it should encompass only the values received by the provider as compensation for the service rendered. To differentiate these values from those received by the service provider from the client as reimbursement of expenses, this thesis proposes objective criteria to analyze each expenditure involved in a service provision, in order to determine whether the values applied to its costing should form the ISS tax base. This thesis also proposes criteria to differentiate values received that are definitely incorporated to the providers patrimony from those that are temporary. These criteria also identify which of these values could be subjected to the ISS. Finally, this thesis analyses the prescription of criteria to the assessment of the price charged for service simultaneously provided at facilities located at different municipalities, making it possible for all these municipalities to define a constitutional tax base to assess the ISS each one has the competence to charge.

This diploma thesis deals with the corporate income tax. At first there are explained adjustments of accounting profit in the procedure defining the tax base, the most important part of which relates to tax deductible and non-deductible expenses. Subsequently there is defined how to determine the amount of payable tax and how to report this tax in financial statements. There is also mentioned the impact of payable tax on the disposable profit. The hypothesis, that in most cases the payable income tax is higher than the product of accounting profit before tax and tax rate, is tested in the concluding part of this thesis.

Efter ett 10 årigt arbete mot att harmonisera direkt beskattning inom EU har Kommissionen lagt fram ett förslag till direktiv avseende en gemensam konsoliderad bolagsskattebas (CCCTB). Syftet med förslaget är att företag som bedriver gränsöverskridande verksamhet endast ska behöva följa en regeluppsättning samt arbeta gentemot en skattemyndighet. Tanken är att resultaten från alla koncernens bolag inom EU slås samman och sedan portioneras ut till koncernföretagen genom en fördelningsnyckel. Kommissionen har angivit att konsolideringen ska medföra att medlemsstaterna kan konkurrera på lika villkor och att fördelningen av skattebasen ska ske rättvist mellan medlemsstaterna. Det finns medlemsstater som är osäkra på förslagets konsekvenser och medlemsstaternas konkurrensmöjligheter efter förslagets antagande. Därav, är syftet med uppsatsen att utreda om fördelningsnyckeln i förslaget medför att skattebasen fördelas rättvist mellan medlemsstaterna genom att medlemsstaterna har möjlighet att konkurrera på lika villkor på den inre marknaden. Fördelningsnyckeln består av tre komponenter; arbetskraft, tillgångar och försäljning. Den gemensamma skattebasen portioneras ut till företagen i relation till företagets andel av koncernens totala andel av komponenterna. Därefter har medlemsstaterna rätt att beskatta andelen tillhörande företagen etablerade i medlemsstaten med den nationella skattesatsen. Uppsatsen innehåller en analys avseende de beståndsdelarna i fördelningsnyckelns komponenter som kan tänkas påverka medlemsstaternas möjlighet att konkurrera på lika villkor. Uppsatsen diskuterar hur beståndsdelarna påvekar konkurrensen samt i vissa fall ges förslag på förändringar som kan leda till att komponenten medför att medlemsstaterna kan konkurrera på lika villkor och därmed erhålla en rättvis fördelning av skattebasen. / After 10 years of work towards harmonization of direct taxation within EU the Commission has proposed a directive on a common consolidated corporate tax base (CCCTB). The aim of the proposal is that companies who engage in cross-border activities only need to comply with one set of rules and work towards one tax authority. The idea is that the result from all companies inside EU within the group should be pooled and then portioned out to the individual companies through an allocation formula. The Commission has stated that the consolidation shall result in that member states can compete on equal terms and that the tax base is apportioned fairly between the member states. However, there are member states that are doubtful of the consequences of the proposal and the member states competitive opportunities after the adoption. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine if the allocation formula in the proposal result in that the tax base are apportioned fairly between the member states through the member states possibility to compete on equal terms within the internal market. The formula for apportionment consist of three components; labor, assets and sales. The common tax base will be portioned out to the companies in relation to the share of the company compared to the total share of the group of each component. Then, the member states have the right to tax the share that belongs to the companies that are established within the member state with the national tax rate. The thesis contains an analysis of the elements in the components of the allocation formula that could affect the opportunity of the member states to compete on equal terms. The thesis discusses how the elements affect the competition and in certain cases suggestions of changes in the elements are given that could lead to that the component result in that the member states can compete on equal terms and thereby hold a fair share of the tax base.

The study is concerned with corporate income taxes in the European Union and comparison these taxation systems. The theoretical part includes development of the harmonisation of the direct tax in the EU and a common consolidated corporate tax base. The study proceeds with the description of the corporate taxation system of the member states. The practical part is mainly dedicated to analysis of these taxation systems of the member countries. It describes elements of corporate income tax legislative and implicit tax rate and share corporate income tax on taxation mix. The analysis is processed in the computer program STATISTICA. The classify is made by cluster analysis that should find the similar taxation system. In conclusion, there are pointed out differences between member countries and an identification of the effects that cause differences.

The focus of my diploma thesis is the analysis of the present taxation laws, with an emphasis on the corporate income tax and the value-added tax in both the Czech and Slovak Republics. This thesis provides an analysis of and methods for tax-base framing and their respective impacts on the final corporate income tax in the Czech and Slovak Republics. With respect to the value-added tax, this thesis concentrates mainly on the intracommunitary benefits as these are important for entrepreneurs for the development of foreign trade.

This thesis deals with the taxes of accounts of individual ? a tradesman. In this work are first explained the basic concepts of tax theory and briefly describes the tax system of the Czech Republic. Furthermore, there are characterized by individual accounts for the recording of taxes in accounting. Subsequently, there are described income tax natural persons and its structure. In the thesis is also mentioned, to which substantial changes occurred in the law on income tax of physical persons in recent years. In other parts of the work are given basic information about the selected sole trader, which was applied to the issue of taxes, and analyses the tax obligations of the tradesman in 2011 and in previous years.