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A presente dissertação trata do estudo da situação das águas, a partir de uma análise genérica de sua disponibilidade quantitativa e qualitativa no planeta, assim como do seu comprometimento para a satisfação das necessidades humanas, dentro do modelo de sociedade hoje experimentado. O propósito é verificar a viabilidade da utilização da característica da extrafiscalidade tributária, mormente no que diz respeito ao campo de incidência do Imposto Sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana, como instrumento eficiente para contribuir para seu melhor e mais racional aproveitamento. Nesse contexto, a defasagem dos recursos hídricos é aqui mirada através do prisma do modelo social calcado no hiperconsumo, que fomenta políticas econômicas cegadas pela constante necessidade de crescimento e que causam um ataque desenfreado aos recursos naturais do orbe. Assim, a água e os demais bens naturais são vilipendiados pela promoção de sua utilização dentro de um modelo de consumo autofágico, que ignora o fato de que sua origem não emana de fonte cornucopiana. Na trilha proposta pela pesquisa, a análise da perspectiva da mercantilização da água, mormente pela privatização dos serviços que não garantem seu acesso aos cidadãos, demonstrou seu distanciamento da condição de bem comum da humanidade, porquanto legada sua disponibilidade àqueles com capacidade econômica para custear os preços estabelecidos pelo mercado. Por fim, a adoção de mecanismos inerentes à extrafiscalidade tributária, objeto de crescente número de propostas legislativas voltadas à criação de incentivos fiscais aos administrados que aderem a condutas que melhoram o aproveitamento e racionalizam a utilização dos recursos hídricos, apresenta-se como uma alternativa capaz de alcançar grandes êxitos. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-06-20T16:40:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Roberto Polesso.pdf: 1000871 bytes, checksum: b5fad1b0f24ee5d182c5679f704b817f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T16:40:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paulo Roberto Polesso.pdf: 1000871 bytes, checksum: b5fad1b0f24ee5d182c5679f704b817f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 / The present thesis studies water situation based on a generic analysis of its quantitative and qualitative availability in the planet, as well as its endangerment due to the satisfaction of human necessities, according to the model of society we have today. The objective is to verify the feasibility of the use of extrataxation, mainly in terms of the Urban Real Estate Tax, as an efficient instrument to contribute to its better and more rational use. In this context, the degradation of the water resources is studied here from the point of view of the social model, based on the hyperconsumerism, which promotes economic policies blinded by the increasing necessity of growth and causes an uncontrolled attack to the planet natural resources. In this way, water and other natural assets are vilified due to the promotion of their use inside of a model of self-destructive consumption, which ignores the fact that it does not come from a cornucopia. In this way, the analysis of the perspective of water mercantilization, mainly because of the privatization of the services which assure the citizens access to it, proved its distance from the condition of humanity common asset, since it is available to the ones who can afford the prices established by the market. Finally, the adoption of mechanisms inherited to the extrataxation, object of an increasing number of regulations proposals in terms of creating tax incentives to the ones who adhere to actions which enhance and rationalize the use of the water resources, are an alternative capable of reaching excellent results.

The theoretical part of this work is focused on a tax harmonization and the position of tax on custom in tax systems of some countries which are members of the European Union. The practical part is focused on a measuring of the tax incidence in the Czech Republic. The tax incidence of excises in the Czech Republic in the time period from 2002 to 2007 is measured on the base of the statistical events which are published by the Czech Bureau of Statistics. The own calculation of the tax incidence is implemented by rate of progressivity by Norbert Kakwani.

A presente dissertação trata do estudo da situação das águas, a partir de uma análise genérica de sua disponibilidade quantitativa e qualitativa no planeta, assim como do seu comprometimento para a satisfação das necessidades humanas, dentro do modelo de sociedade hoje experimentado. O propósito é verificar a viabilidade da utilização da característica da extrafiscalidade tributária, mormente no que diz respeito ao campo de incidência do Imposto Sobre a Propriedade Predial e Territorial Urbana, como instrumento eficiente para contribuir para seu melhor e mais racional aproveitamento. Nesse contexto, a defasagem dos recursos hídricos é aqui mirada através do prisma do modelo social calcado no hiperconsumo, que fomenta políticas econômicas cegadas pela constante necessidade de crescimento e que causam um ataque desenfreado aos recursos naturais do orbe. Assim, a água e os demais bens naturais são vilipendiados pela promoção de sua utilização dentro de um modelo de consumo autofágico, que ignora o fato de que sua origem não emana de fonte cornucopiana. Na trilha proposta pela pesquisa, a análise da perspectiva da mercantilização da água, mormente pela privatização dos serviços que não garantem seu acesso aos cidadãos, demonstrou seu distanciamento da condição de bem comum da humanidade, porquanto legada sua disponibilidade àqueles com capacidade econômica para custear os preços estabelecidos pelo mercado. Por fim, a adoção de mecanismos inerentes à extrafiscalidade tributária, objeto de crescente número de propostas legislativas voltadas à criação de incentivos fiscais aos administrados que aderem a condutas que melhoram o aproveitamento e racionalizam a utilização dos recursos hídricos, apresenta-se como uma alternativa capaz de alcançar grandes êxitos. / The present thesis studies water situation based on a generic analysis of its quantitative and qualitative availability in the planet, as well as its endangerment due to the satisfaction of human necessities, according to the model of society we have today. The objective is to verify the feasibility of the use of extrataxation, mainly in terms of the Urban Real Estate Tax, as an efficient instrument to contribute to its better and more rational use. In this context, the degradation of the water resources is studied here from the point of view of the social model, based on the hyperconsumerism, which promotes economic policies blinded by the increasing necessity of growth and causes an uncontrolled attack to the planet natural resources. In this way, water and other natural assets are vilified due to the promotion of their use inside of a model of self-destructive consumption, which ignores the fact that it does not come from a cornucopia. In this way, the analysis of the perspective of water mercantilization, mainly because of the privatization of the services which assure the citizens access to it, proved its distance from the condition of humanity common asset, since it is available to the ones who can afford the prices established by the market. Finally, the adoption of mechanisms inherited to the extrataxation, object of an increasing number of regulations proposals in terms of creating tax incentives to the ones who adhere to actions which enhance and rationalize the use of the water resources, are an alternative capable of reaching excellent results.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcela Conde Acquaro.pdf: 1148872 bytes, checksum: 73b757f3e3349b5c9ccc291e0de58fed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-29 / This paper intends to undertake a study of legal standards in our legal system take care of the rural land tax, your institution, regulation, tax collection, among other aspects. For that, at baseline, we established assumptions and concepts, for, after, we dedicate to the topic itself. We decided to make the study of the ITR through rule-array of tax incidence. Thus, we analyzed all the elements contained in the rule-array, the antecedent of its standard criteria material, temporal and spatial, while the consequent, we saw the staff and quantitative criteria. How we treat the test material, we intend to define the scope to be taken to property taxation. At the time criterion, we study the moments of occurrence of the legal fact, and, finally, on the criteria of the antecedent of the rule, we verify the criterion space and its various conflicts, what is meant by urban and rural areas, where the parameters for imposition of property tax or ITR, among other issues. Already in relation to consequent of the norm in the criteria staff, established the subject of the relationship by checking who may appear as a taxpayer's tax liability and asset. No quantitative criterion, we did extensive research to go into current discussions about the exclusions from the calculation basis permitted by law, discussions covering the delivery of the ADA - Declaratory Act Environmental wetlands by hydroelectric plants, among others. Finally, we make our conclusions as to the doctrinal or jurisprudential discussions / O presente trabalho pretende realizar um estudo das normas jurídicas vigentes em nosso sistema jurídico que cuidam do imposto territorial rural, sua instituição, regulamentação, arrecadação, dentre outros aspectos. Para tanto, no início da pesquisa, estabelecemos premissas e conceitos fundamentais, para, após, nos dedicarmos ao tema em si. Decidimos fazer o estudo do ITR por meio da regra-matriz de incidência tributária. Assim, analisamos todos os elementos contidos na regra-matriz, no antecedente da norma seus critérios material, temporal e espacial, enquanto, no consequente, vimos o critério pessoal e quantitativo. Quanto tratamos do critério material, pretendemos delimitar o âmbito que se deve ter para tributação da propriedade. No critério temporal, estudamos os momentos da ocorrência do fato jurídico, e, por fim, quanto aos critérios do antecedente da norma, verificamos o critério espacial e seus diversos conflitos, o que deve ser entendido por zona urbana e zona rural, quais os parâmetros para a tributação do IPTU ou ITR, dentre outras questões. Já no que tange ao consequente da norma no critério pessoal, estabelecemos os sujeitos da relação, verificando quem poderá figurar como sujeito passivo e ativo da obrigação tributária. No critério quantitativo, fizemos um vasto estudo para adentrarmos em discussões atuais quanto às exclusões da base de cálculo permitidas pela legislação, discussões que abrangem a entrega do ADA Ato Declaratório Ambiental, as áreas alagadas pelas usinas hidrelétricas, dentre outros. Por fim, realizamos nossas conclusões quanto às discussões doutrinarias ou jurisprudenciais

This dissertation focuses on topics in areas of agricultural and food policy, international trade, agricultural markets and marketing. The dissertation is structured as three papers. The first paper, Chapter 1, evaluates the impact of agricultural trade policies. Imported shrimp, which comprises nearly ninety percent of all United States shrimp consumption, have become the subject of antidumping and countervailing duty investigations in the past decade. I estimate the import demand for shrimp in the United States from 1999-2014, using the Barten’s synthetic model. I test the hypothesis of possible structural breaks in the import demand introduced by various trade policies: antidumping/countervailing duty investigations and impositions, and import refusals due to safety and environmental issues. Results show that these import-restricting policies have significant effects on the import shrimp demand, indicating that the omission of them would lead to biased estimates. Chapter 2, the second paper, examines how the burden of state cigarette tax is divided between producers/retailers and consumers, by using the Nielsen store-level scanner data on cigarette prices from convenience stores over the period 2011–2012. Cigarette taxes were found more than fully passed through to retail prices on average, suggesting consumers pay excess burden and market power exists in the cigarette industry. Utilizing information on the attributes of cigarette products, we demonstrated that tax incidence varied by brand and package size: pass-through rates for premium brands and carton-packaged cigarettes are higher than those for discount brands and cigarettes in packs, respectively, indicating possibilities of different demand elasticities across product tiers. Chapter 3, the third paper, focuses on identifying the demographic characteristics of households buying organic coffee, by examining the factors that influence the probability that a consumer will buy organic coffee, and which factors affect the amount organic coffee purchased. Using nationally representative household level data from 55,470 households over the period of 2011 to 2013 (Nielsen Homescan), and a censored demand model, we find that economic and demographic factors play a crucial role in the household choice of purchasing organic coffee. Furthermore, households are less sensitive to own-price changes in the case of organic coffee versus conventional coffee.

在其他條件不變時，房屋的現值是居住者將預期該棟房屋在未來各期所能提供的服務價值，扣除預期未來各期所需負擔之財產稅後，將淨服務價值按折現率加以折現後之價值。租稅資本化問題即為研究財產稅折現進入房價的比率，但是，公共支出與有效財產稅率之間的潛在關連與房屋服務價值的設算方式是相關研究的最大限制，本文採用Palmon and Smith (1998b)的修正後的Capitalization Model，以預測租金加上管理費設算房屋所提供的服務價值，配合台北市與台北縣的買屋抽樣資料，估計台北都市化地區的財產稅資本化比率，幾乎所有的實證結果都顯示存在著過度資本化的情形，探究可能的原因，資料的誤差以及相關變數的遺漏都有可能導致過度資本化的情形。若是資料誤差不大時，購屋者的資訊不完全與房價被高估而使有效財產稅率過低也許是造成過度資本化的真正原因。 / All other things being equal, the value of a house equals the present value of the rental flow minus the present value of the property tax flow. The objective of this study is to estimate the degree of property tax capitalization of the Taipei urbanized area. In fact, there are two main limitations on this issue—the potential correlation between local public expenditures and effective property tax rate, and the method in computing the value of housing service. We apply the modified capitalization model established by Palmon and Smith (1998b) and the idea that the values of housing services equal the estimates of rental prices plus the management fees to estimate the degree of capitalization. Our result shows that there is over capitalization in Taipei urbanized area and that the degree of capitalization reported here is much greater than those from past studies. Although such over-capitalization result may be caused by sample errors and missing variables, it can be argued that, if the sample-error problem isn’t severe, incomplete information and under-estimated effective property tax rates should take the blame for this.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria_de_Las_Mercedes_Pfeuti.pdf: 954927 bytes, checksum: 21e199ba6b3c7251835d76f341689fb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-02 / This quantitative study using a simulation seeks to compare the tax burden of a small builder in Osasco, S??o Paulo, classified as Small and Medium Enterprises (PMEs), to conclude whether the taxes that make up its tax burden could be lower case got settled in Rosario, Santa Fe province in Argentina. The country was chosen because of the participation of both the economic bloc of Southern Common Market (MERCOSUL) and its proximity. To achieve this overall objective was calculated the amount of taxes on Brazilian construction by the amount of taxes that are the documentary evidence obtained in the Income (DRE) statements for a period of 9 years. The most significant were 7 taxes: Income Tax of Corporations (IRPJ), National Social Security Institute (INSS), Tax Services of any kind (ISSQN), Social Contribution on Net Profits (CSSL), Fund for length of service (FGTS), Contribution to Social Security Financing (COFINS) and Contribution to the Social Integration Program (PIS).Relying on tax laws of Brazil and Argentina and the amount of taxes calculated, the simulation was designed such taxes if the company gather taxes from Argentina. In Brazil, the percentage of taxes calculated on the gross revenue of the company was 22,63%. With the simulation in Argentina and considering the taxes that would be levied on construction law, was obtained a total of 18,20%, a difference of 4,43 percentage point s lower if the business entity to establish itself in Argentina. The conclusion that is in Argentina there would be a 20% of decrease to the amount of taxes paid / Este estudo quantitativo utilizando-se de uma simula????o, busca comparar a carga tribut??ria de uma construtora brasileira do munic??pio de Osasco, Grande S??o Paulo, classificada como Pequena e M??dia Empresa (PME), para concluir-se os tributos que comp??em sua carga tribut??ria poderiam ser menores caso se instalasse em Ros??rio, Prov??ncia de Santa F?? na Argentina. O pa??s foi escolhido em virtude da participa????o de ambos no bloco econ??mico do Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL) e sua proximidade geogr??fica. Para atingir esse objetivo geral foi apurado o montante dos tributos incidentes na construtora brasileira por meio do montante dos tributos que s??o os dados documentais, obtidos nas Demonstra????es do Resultado do Exerc??cio (DRE) por um per??odo de 9 anos. Os mais expressivos foram 7 tributos: Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Jur??dica (IRPJ), Instituto Nacional da Seguridade Social (INSS), Imposto sobre Servi??os de qualquer natureza (ISSQN), Contribui????o Social sobre o Lucro L??quido (CSLL), Fundo de Garantia por tempo de servi??o (FGTS), Contribui????o para Financiamento da Seguridade Social (COFINS) e Contribui????o para o Programa de Integra????o Social (PIS). Baseando-se legisla????o tribut??ria do Brasil e da Argentina e o montante de tributos apurados, foi elaborada a simula????o dessa carga tribut??ria, caso a empresa recolhesse os tributos da Argentina. No Brasil, a porcentagem apurada dos tributos sobre a Receita Bruta da empresa, foi de 22,63%. Com a simula????o na Argentina e considerando-se os tributos que incidiriam legalmente na construtora, foi obtido o total de 18,20%, uma diferen??a de 4,43 pontos percentuais a menos, caso a entidade empresarial se instalasse na Argentina. Conclui-se que na Argentina haveria uma diminui????o de 20% no montante de tributos recolhidos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Regina Zomer.pdf: 754912 bytes, checksum: fae9f70da8d1d7f84d47a1f23e346cc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / Whereas knowledge is conditioned by the environment that informs it, the object of this study the analysis of standard tax incidence is done in the context of Positive Law, considered as the set of valid legal norms (positive) of a society, whose values had as a background it intends, at any given time and place. Part of the observation of the legal system, under the bias of the Tax Law, as a dynamic system, structured by hierarchically organized regulatory units and through the roads of incidence, of the general rules abstraction to the concreteness of the individual norms, seeks to understand how is the assessment rule, using the hermeneuticanalytical method, based on the assumptions of the logical-semantic constructivism, as a scientific method to approach the Legal system. Finally, we analyze the constitution of the assessment rule as required by the system, considering the semiotic planes, namely the syntactic, the semantic and pragmatic, as a means of interpretation and recognition of formal and material "failures" in its development / Considerando que o conhecimento está condicionado pelo meio envolvente que o informa, o objeto deste estudo a análise da norma de incidência tributária realiza-se no contexto do Direito Positivo, assim considerado o conjunto de normas jurídicas válidas (positivadas) de uma sociedade, tendo como pano de fundo os valores por ela pretendidos, em determinado tempo e lugar. Parte da observação do ordenamento jurídico, sob o viés do Direito Tributário, como um sistema dinâmico, estruturado por unidades normativas hierarquicamente organizadas e percorrendo os caminhos da incidência, da abstração das normas gerais à concretude das normas individuais, busca entender como se dá a constituição da norma de lançamento, utilizando o método analítico-hermenêutico, alicerçado nas premissas do construtivismo lógico-semântico, como um método científico de aproximação do sistema Jurídico. Ao final, se analisa a constituição da norma do segundo as exigências do sistema, considerando os planos semióticos, a saber: o sintático, o semântico e o pragmático, como forma de interpretação e reconhecimento das falhas formais e materiais na sua elaboração

Within the past decade the emphasis in school finance research has been toward formulating financing models to solve the inequities in educational opportunity. School finance research has concentrated, generally, on structuring school finance alternatives based on school district fiscal behavior. However, these studies did not analyze in detail the school finance alternatives' impacts on the individual taxpayers. The problem remains that, while various school finance alternatives may attain equal educational opportunity by equalizing the level of expenditures among school districts, they could expand the tax burden distribution inequities. Policy analysis allows one to develop a rational policy procedure on empirical evaluation of policy alternatives designed to achieve a set of objectives. The analytical methods employed by policy analysis procedures are the foundation of this research's conceptual framework. This research is oriented toward decision-making and intends to be a guide to policy action. Policy suggestions for reform concentrate on three crucial areas: (1) to change the content and the elements of the equalization formulas; (2) to increase the level of state support; (3) to adopt a full state assumption of public education finance. These policy suggestions focus on the revenue formation and revenue distribution functions. This dissertation analyzes the operating school finance system from a school district fiscal profile perspective. It also constructs an analytical model and tests the school finance alternatives' impacts on the individual taxpayer-voter from a tax burden redistribution perspective. The fifteen unified school districts in the Portland metropolitan area of Oregon were chosen as the test ground for this research. The procedures for this policy research study are as follows: (1) the social objectives, equal opportunity and equity in tax burden distribution are defined as the basis by which the school finance policy alternatives are analyzed; (2) alternative school finance policies are identified and selected according to a criterion of political feasibility; (3) the necessary data is collected and simulated according to the specifications of the policy alternatives; (4) the resultant tax burden redistribution of policy alternatives are identified; (5) results are analyzed to determine the comparative advantages of alternative school finance policies. Analysis of the school district fiscal profiles under the 1975-1976 school finance system indicates considerable differences in school district fiscal capacities. Moreover, state aid distribution based on the property wealth of school districts is not sufficient to equalize these differences. It is evident that the state of Oregon's share in financing public schools is insufficient to override the horizontal and vertical burden distribution inequities. This research indicates that, changing the state aid distribution formulas without increasing the level of state support, may reduce disparities in fiscal capacities among school districts. However, it is evident that such reform alternatives are not effective measures to reduce the existing tax burden distribution inequities among individual taxpayers. This study concludes that centralization of revenue formation functions, by, increasing the level of state support to public schools, will reduce the existing inequalities in tax burden distribution.