Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 65).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 65).

This document entitled Professional Education and Training of Valuers is submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy by publication and comprises an overview based on twenty publications by the candidate and the research which underpins those publications. The publications are presented within the themes of property taxation, the mutual recognition of professional qualifications and the teaching of valuation. The development of the research from the earlier work which led to an MPhil award is clearly identified. The reflective overview is divided into five sections. Section one introduces the work and analyses the publications. Section two describes and critically examines the research methodology which underpins the publications and the research from which they emerged. Section three demonstrates the co-herence of the submission, while identifying the key issues within the publications. Section four identifies the specific contributions to knowledge which the candidate has made and describes how the research will be developed in the future; and section five provides a brief closing statement.

Denna studie handlar om fastighetsvärdering och hur faktorerna taxerad standard, byggnadens faktiska skick och fastighetsägarens innehavstid påverkar småhusfastigheters värde och skrivs på uppdrag av Lantmäteriet. Syftet är att få bredare kunskap om värdefaktorn standard och dess samband med byggnadens skick och ägarens innehavstid samt standardens, skickets och innehavstidens påverkan på småhusfastigheters värde. Vid fastighetstaxering bestäms byggnadens värde utifrån värdefaktorerna som anges i 8 kap 3 § fastighetstaxeringslagen (SFS 1979:1152) som är storlek, ålder, standard, byggnadskategori, fastighetsrättsliga förhållanden och värdeordning. Enligt fastighetstaxeringslagen bestäms värdefaktorn standard utifrån småhusets byggnadsmaterial och utrustning. Det finns begränsad forskning kring värdefaktorn standard och dess påverkan på småhusfastigheters värde, detta tyder på att denna studie behövs och kan fylla luckor i kunskapen kring ämnet.  För att undersöka detta har en representativ delmarknad i Gävle valts ut. Med representativ delmarknad menas ett delområde som kan representera ett generellt resultat som kan antas vara desamma oavsett lokalisering. Data har samlats in om fastigheterna i den valda delmarknaden (insamlingsmetoden), analyser har genomförts (analysmetoden) samt enkäter och intervjuer. Studien visar att det finns ett samband mellan fastigheters värde och fastighetsägares innehavstid. Fastigheter som har längre innehavstid har lägre kvadratmeterpris och de som har kortare innehavstid har högre värden. Det går inte att utläsa något samband mellan standardpoängen och värdet eller standardpoängen och ägarens innehavstid. Undersökningarna kring hur skicket påverkar värdet och dess samband med innehavstiden tyder på att skicket är som bäst i början på innehavstiden. Detta förklaras genom att fastighetsägarna i stor utsträckning väljer att utföra renoveringsåtgärder i inledningen av sin innehavstid. Analysen av sambandet mellan antal utförda åtgärder(skicket) och värdet visar inget samband eller mönster. Fastighetsmäklarna anser dock att det finns ett samband mellan antal utförda renoveringsåtgärder och fastigheternas slutpris. Det anses även att kvalitén på hur åtgärderna är utförda är avgörande för hur mycket åtgärden påverkar värdet samt vilka specifika åtgärder fastighetsägarna valt att utföra. Även material- och trendval kan påverka hur mycket en åtgärd påverkar fastighetens värde. / This study is about property valuation and how the factors taxed standard, the actual condition of the building and the real estate owner's holding time affect the value of small houses and are written on behalf of Lantmäteriet. The aim is to get broader knowledge of the value factor standard and its relation to the condition of the building and the owner's holding time as well as the standard, condition and holding times impact on the value of small houses. In the case of property taxation valuation, the value of the building is determined on the basis of the value factors listed in chapter 8, section 3, of the Property Taxation Act (SFS 1979: 1152), size, age, standard, building category, property rights and value order. According to the Real Estate Tax Act, the value factor is determined by the building materials and equipment of the housing. There is limited research on the value factor standard and its impact on the value of small houses, this suggests that this study is needed and can fill gaps in knowledge about the subject. To investigate this, a representative submarket in Gävle has been selected. "Representative submarketing" means a subset that can represent a general result that can be assumed to be the same regardless of location. Data has been collected about the properties in the selected submarket (collection method), analyzes have been carried out (analysis method), and questionnaires and interviews. The study shows that there is a connection between the value of the property and the ownership owners' holding time. Real estate that has a longer holding time has lower square meterprise, and those with a shorter holding time have higher values. There is no connection between standard points and the value or owner's holding time and standard points. The surveys on how the condition affects the value and its relation to the holding time indicates that the condition is the best at the start of the holding period. This is explained by the fact that property owners often choose to carry out renovation measures at the beginning of their holding time. The analysis of the relationship between the number of improvments performed (the condition) and the value shows no relationship or pattern. However, real estate agents consider that there is a correlation between the number of renovation measures and the real estate prices. It is also considered that the quality of the actions taken affects the value as well as what specific actions property owners have chosen to perform and that material and trend choices can affect how much a measure affects the property's final price.

According to the client, land survey of Sweden, there is no current information regarding other well developed property tax systems. This information is necessary in order to analyze the effectiveness and develop the Swedish system. The purpose of this study is to contribute with improvement proposals to the development of the Swedish property tax system through a survey of the English and Welsh property tax system. Methods used are: (1) a literature review where the English and Welsh valuation methodology and organization regarding property taxation is studied; (2) an interview with the client at the land survey of Sweden regarding existing problems with the Swedish property tax system; (3) An interview with a contact person of the Valuation Office Agency regarding the English and Welsh property tax system. In England and Wales there are two different property taxes for municipals, Council Tax and Rating. All domestic properties are included in Council Tax and commercial properties or part of commercial properties is included in Rating. Council Tax is based on the properties market value and Rating is based on the commercial property or part of the properties current rental value. The tax is annually estimated based on what local authorities calculate on how much that is expected for the cost of local services. The Swedish property tax system is separated in several respects in relation to the English and Welsh, but Sweden can learn from England and Wales in several aspects. English and Welsh account of how property taxes are used can easily be seen on the local authorities' websites. Fees for deliberately withholding information regarding property declaration may provide a more accurate picture of the property value. Sweden put more resources on valuation whereas England’s and Wales’s resources are devoted to calculating and reporting tax. / Enligt uppdragsgivaren Lantmäteriet saknas aktuell information gällande andra utvecklade fastighetstaxeringssystem. Informationen är nödvändig för att kunna analysera effektiviteten och utveckla det svenska systemet. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med förbättringsförslag till utveckling av det svenska fastighetstaxeringssystemet genom en undersökning av Englands och Wales fastighetstaxeringssystem. Använda metoder är: (1) en litteraturstudie där Englands och Wales värderingsmetodik samt organisation gällande fastighetstaxering studeras; (2) en intervju med uppdragsgivaren på Lantmäteriet gällande aktuella problem med svenska fastighetstaxeringssystemet; (3) intervju med kontaktpersonen på Valuation Office Agency gällande det engelska och walesiska fastighetstaxeringssystemet. I England och Wales finns det två olika kommunala fastighetsskatter, Council Tax och Rating. Alla bostäder inkluderas i Council Tax och kommersiella fastigheter eller del av fastigheter inkluderas i Rating. Council Tax är baserat på bostadens marknadsvärde och Rating baseras på den kommersiella fastigheten eller del av fastighetens aktuella hyresvärde. Årligen bedöms skattens storlek med hänseende av summan de lokala myndigheterna förväntas spendera på samhällstjänster. Det svenska fastighetstaxeringssystemet skiljer sig i flera hänseenden gentemot det engelska och walesiska, dock kan Sverige lära av England och Wales i flera aspekter. Englands och Wales redovisning av hur fastighetsskatten används kan enkelt ses på de lokala myndigheternas hemsidor. Avgifter vid medvetet undanhållande av uppgifter gällande fastighetsdeklaration kan ge en mer rättvis bild av fastighetens värde. Sverige lägger mer resurser på värderingen medan Englands och Wales resurser läggs på kalkylering och redovisning av skatten.

The last General Valuation in Cyprus, in 1980, took about twelve years to be completed by the Lands and Surveys Department. The comparison method was adopted and no computerised (mass appraisal) method or tool was used to assist the whole process. Although the issue of mass appraisal was raised by Sagric International, who had been invited to Cyprus as consultants, and recently by DataCentralen A/S with the development of a mass appraisal system based on regression analysis, there has been little literature and no research directly undertaken on the problems and the analysis of immovable property taxation in Cyprus and the development of an artificial neural networks valuation system for houses and apartments. The research project approached the issue of property taxation and mass appraisal through an investigation into Cyprus's needs for an up-dated tax base for equitabileness and for an assessment system capable of performing an effective revaluation at a certain date, with minimum acceptable mean error, minimum data and minimum cost. Investigation within Cyprus and world-wide indicated that this research project is a unique study in relation to Cyprus's property taxation and the development of a computer assisted mass appraisal system based on modular artificial neural networks. An empirical study was carried out, including prototyping and testing. The system results satisfy IAAO criteria for mass appraisal techniques, compare favourably with other studies and established a framework upon which future research into computer assisted mass appraisal for taxation purposes can be developed. In conclusion, the project has contributed significantly to the available literature on the immovable property taxation in Cyprus and the development of a computer assisted mass appraisal system for houses and apartments based on modular artificial neural network method. The proposed approach is novel not only in the context of Cyprus but also world-wide.

在其他條件不變時，房屋的現值是居住者將預期該棟房屋在未來各期所能提供的服務價值，扣除預期未來各期所需負擔之財產稅後，將淨服務價值按折現率加以折現後之價值。租稅資本化問題即為研究財產稅折現進入房價的比率，但是，公共支出與有效財產稅率之間的潛在關連與房屋服務價值的設算方式是相關研究的最大限制，本文採用Palmon and Smith (1998b)的修正後的Capitalization Model，以預測租金加上管理費設算房屋所提供的服務價值，配合台北市與台北縣的買屋抽樣資料，估計台北都市化地區的財產稅資本化比率，幾乎所有的實證結果都顯示存在著過度資本化的情形，探究可能的原因，資料的誤差以及相關變數的遺漏都有可能導致過度資本化的情形。若是資料誤差不大時，購屋者的資訊不完全與房價被高估而使有效財產稅率過低也許是造成過度資本化的真正原因。 / All other things being equal, the value of a house equals the present value of the rental flow minus the present value of the property tax flow. The objective of this study is to estimate the degree of property tax capitalization of the Taipei urbanized area. In fact, there are two main limitations on this issue—the potential correlation between local public expenditures and effective property tax rate, and the method in computing the value of housing service. We apply the modified capitalization model established by Palmon and Smith (1998b) and the idea that the values of housing services equal the estimates of rental prices plus the management fees to estimate the degree of capitalization. Our result shows that there is over capitalization in Taipei urbanized area and that the degree of capitalization reported here is much greater than those from past studies. Although such over-capitalization result may be caused by sample errors and missing variables, it can be argued that, if the sample-error problem isn’t severe, incomplete information and under-estimated effective property tax rates should take the blame for this.

This thesis deals with the progress of property taxation in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The main objective of this paper is the analysis of property taxes in these countries since year 2000 till now. The thesis is divided into several parts, which deal with legislative changes in property taxes (transfer taxes, road tax and real estate tax) in the Czech republic and in Slovakia to reflect these changes to the collection of property taxes. Next part of the thesis is a comparison of legislative changes between both countries and a comparison of collection of property taxes in the Czech republic and Slovakia to the average of OECD countries. The conclusion of the thesis includes the analysis of the influence of some macroeconomic indicators to collection of property taxes.

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Vi ska analysera hur fastighetsmäklare värderar småhus och hur de använder sig av taxeringsuppgifter, det vill säga de egenskapsuppgifter om tomtmark och småhus som samlats in vid fastighetstaxeringen från fastighetsägarna. Vi ska även sammanställa en modell över de faktorer som har central betydelse vid uppskattning av marknadsvärdet.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>En kvalitativ metod har använts där vi genomfört personliga intervjuer med fastighetsmäklare. Teorin baseras på relevant litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar och elektroniska källor. Empirin redovisas genom en kategorianalys.  </p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Vi har kommit fram till att fastighetsmäklare med erfarenhet inte följer de steg som teorin tar upp vid fastighetsvärdering. Egenskapsuppgifterna från fastighetstaxeringen används endast som grundläggande information på grund av att de inte är helt tillförlitliga uppgifter.</p> / <p><strong>Aim:</strong> In this thesis we analyze how real estate agents value small houses in Gävle. In addition, we examine how property information from property taxation is used in real estate appraisal. We will also present a model of the factors that are essential in the estimation of market value.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> A qualitative approach was used in which we conducted personal interviews with real estate agents. The theory is based on relevant literature, scientific articles and electronic sources. Empirical data reported by a category analysis.</p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions: </strong>We have found that experienced real estate agents do not follow the steps of the theory when valuating property. Property information provided by property taxation is not completely reliable and is used only as basic information.</p>

Syfte: Vi ska analysera hur fastighetsmäklare värderar småhus och hur de använder sig av taxeringsuppgifter, det vill säga de egenskapsuppgifter om tomtmark och småhus som samlats in vid fastighetstaxeringen från fastighetsägarna. Vi ska även sammanställa en modell över de faktorer som har central betydelse vid uppskattning av marknadsvärdet. Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts där vi genomfört personliga intervjuer med fastighetsmäklare. Teorin baseras på relevant litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar och elektroniska källor. Empirin redovisas genom en kategorianalys.   Resultat &amp; slutsats: Vi har kommit fram till att fastighetsmäklare med erfarenhet inte följer de steg som teorin tar upp vid fastighetsvärdering. Egenskapsuppgifterna från fastighetstaxeringen används endast som grundläggande information på grund av att de inte är helt tillförlitliga uppgifter. / Aim: In this thesis we analyze how real estate agents value small houses in Gävle. In addition, we examine how property information from property taxation is used in real estate appraisal. We will also present a model of the factors that are essential in the estimation of market value. Method: A qualitative approach was used in which we conducted personal interviews with real estate agents. The theory is based on relevant literature, scientific articles and electronic sources. Empirical data reported by a category analysis. Result &amp; Conclusions: We have found that experienced real estate agents do not follow the steps of the theory when valuating property. Property information provided by property taxation is not completely reliable and is used only as basic information.