Orientador: Juliane Maria Guerreiro Tanomaru / Banca: Denise M Spolidorio / Banca: Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade / Resumo: Medicações intracanal (MIC) são utilizadas para complementar a desinfecção do sistema de canais radiculares. A associação de antimicrobianos ao hidróxido de cálcio visa aumentar sua ação. As MIC (Capítulo 1) hidróxido de cálcio (HC)/óleo de melaleuca (OM) 4,5%/polietilenoglicol 400 (PL), HC/OM 9%/PL, HC/CLX 0,4%/PL e HC/PL (Capítulo 2) HC/farnesol (FAR) 4,5%/PL, HC/FAR 9%/PL e HC/PL foram analisadas. O teste de contato direto sobre células planctônicas (Capítulos 1 e 2) foi realizado utilizando suspensões das MIC. O teste de contato direto das MIC sobre briofilme (Capítulo 2) foi realizado em blocos de dentina bovina (5mm x 5mm x 0,7mm) com biofilme de Enterococcus faecalis induzidos por 15 dias e contato com as suspensões das MIC por 6 horas. A efetividade antibacteriana (Capítulos 1 e 2) foi avaliada em canais radiculares de dentes de humanos extraídos. Canais radiculares de dentes unirradiculares padronizados em 15mm foram preparados até MTwo #40/.04 e contaminados com E. faecalis por 21 dias. As MIC foram mantidas no canal durante 7 dias. A primeira coleta (C1) foi realizada após período de contaminação, a segunda coleta (C2), imediatamente após a remoção das MIC e terceira coleta (C3), realizada 7 dias após a remoção das MIC. Foi realizada contagem de UFCmL-1. O pH foi avaliado após preenchimento de tubos de polietileno (Capítulos 1 e 2) com as pastas por 12 horas, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. A difusão de íons hidroxila por meio de dentina bovina (Capítulos 1 e 2) foi ava... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intracanal medications (ICM) are used to complement desinfection of the root canal system. The association of antimicrobials to calcium hydroxide aims to improve its action. The ICM (Chapter 1) calcium hydroxide (CH)/tea tree oil (TTO) 4.5%/polyethylene glycol 400 (PL), CH/TTO 9%/PL, CH/chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.4%/PL e CH/PL (Chapter 2) CH/farnesol (FAR) 4.5%/PL, CH/FAR 9%/PL and HC/PL were analysed. Direct contact test against E. faecalis planktonic cells (Chapters 1 and 2) was performed by using suspension of ICM. Direct contact test on biofilm (Chapter 2) was performed on bovine dentin blocks (5mm x 5mm x 0.7mm) with E. faecalis biofilms induced by 15 days and contact with the suspensions of ICM for 6 hours. Antibacterial effectiveness was evaluated in root canals of extracted human teeth (Chapters 1 e 2). Standardized single-rooted teeth with 15mm were prepared up to #40/.04 MTwo and contaminated with E. faecalis for 21 days. As ICM were kept within the root canals for 7 days. The first sample (S1) was performed after contamination, S2 immediately after the ICM removal and S3 7 days after the ICM removal.It was performed UFCmL-1 count. pH was evaluated after filling the polyethylene tubes (Chapter 1 and 2) with the ICM for 12 hours, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The diffusion of hydroxyl ions through the bovine dentin (Chapters 1 and 2) was evaluated after filling root canals of bovine teeth after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 60 days. Data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Biomedical Technology In the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences At the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012 / Oxidative stress and chronic (low-grade) inflammation are inseparably interconnected and both have been implicated in the aetiology of many disease states. The use of plant extracts for disease prevention and therapeutic purposes, is gaining more attention because of the health benefits of the bioactive phytochemicals in these extracts. This thesis reports on the antioxidant status, the oxidative stress modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of fermented rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and red palm oil (RPO) from the oil palm plant (Elaeis guineensis) using a long-term and two short-term in vivo models. In the first (long-term) study, the effect of chronic feeding of rooibos, RPO or their combination on the endogenous antioxidant system was investigated. Data from this study provided:  The first scientific evidence that chronic feeding of rooibos, RPO or their combination for 22 weeks did not adversely affect the liver or kidney function parameters.  The first scientific evidence that chronic feeding of rooibos alone, or together with RPO for 22 weeks modulated the endogenous antioxidant system by inhibiting MDA formation and augmenting the reduced glutathione status.  The first scientific evidence of an additive or synergistic interaction in the ability of rooibos and RPO to modulate the endogenous antioxidant system. The second (short-term) study investigated the protective effects of rooibos, RPO or their combination on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity, and results from this study provided:  The first evidence of the ability of the two extracts, either alone or in combination to protect against t-BHP induced hepatotoxicity. Supplementation of rooibos, RPO or their combination for eight weeks reversed the hepatic damage induced by t-BHP. The changes induced by t-BHP in the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) were reversed by these plant extracts. The extracts, supplemented alone or combined prevented lipid peroxidation as shown by the decreased levels of conjugated dienes iv (CD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and reversed the t-BHP.-induced impairment of the glutathione redox status. The third (short-term) study provided the first scientific evidence of the in vivo anti-inflammatory properties of rooibos and RPO. The properties were demonstrated using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic endotoxemic model by:  Providing the first evidence of an additive or synergistic interaction in the ability of the combined rooibos extract and RPO supplementation to reverse LPS-induced hepatic damage.  Providing the first evidence for the modulation of the inflammatory responses by rooibos extract, RPO or their combination. Supplementation of rooibos extract, RPO or their combination for four weeks, modulated LPS-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).  Providing evidence that the observed anti-inflammatory effects of rooibos and RPO may be related to their ability to modulate oxidative stress. Supplementation of rooibos extract, RPO or their combination for four weeks, prevented hepatic lipid peroxidation induced by LPS by decreasing CD and MDA formation in the liver. Changes induced in the activities of antioxidant enzymes were reversed and the glutathione redox status was augmented. Based on these study results, it is proposed that the ability of rooibos and RPO to protect the liver, modulate endogenous antioxidant system and inhibit inflammatory responses may be associated with the unique combination of antioxidant phytochemicals in both plant extracts. The study suggested possible mechanism(s) for the observed health effects, and the development of rooibos and RPO as nutraceuticals, which may be beneficial in the prophylactic management of oxidant-induced liver injury.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Technology: Biomedical Technology In the Faculty of Health and Wellness At the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2012 / Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem not only in urban, but also in the rural areas and is diagnosed by the presence of high glucose levels in the blood. Oxidative stress is known to be actively involved in the onset and progression of diabetes and its complications. Antioxidants have important roles in biological systems by scavenging free radicals which may result in oxidative damage of biological molecules such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Red palm oil, originally from the tropical area of Africa, generally consumed as cooking oil, is known to have some beneficial health effects due to the presence of lipid soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherols and tocotrienols. It also contains almost an equal proportion of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids which makes it distinctive from other vegetable oils. Rooibos, on the other hand, is grown in the Cederberg area of the Western Cape in South Africa and it is commonly consumed as a beverage. It contains a complex profile of water soluble antioxidants (flavonoids) and its health promoting potentials have been reported extensively. Some of the flavonoids present in rooibos include aspalathin, nothofagin, quercetin, rutin and orientin. The objective of this research project was to examine the potential beneficial effects of the dietary intake of red palm oil and rooibos on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia and its influence on the antioxidant status and some biochemical parameters in male Wistar rats. The preliminary phase of this study was designed to investigate the biochemical effects of these two plant products at different dosages following consumption for a period of 7 weeks. The preliminary study did not reveal any adverse effects of the different dosages of red palm oil (1 ml, 2 ml and 4 ml) and rooibos (2%, 4% and 6%) on the experimental rats following dietary intake for 7 weeks. However, these natural products showed an improvement in the antioxidant status of the rats at the different doses. Using a single dose each of both plant products from the preliminary study, the main study was performed to investigate the influence of these two plant products singly and in combination on the blood and liver of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemic male Wistar rats. In the main study, streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) through intramuscular injection was used for the induction of diabetes which was confirmed by the presence of high blood glucose after 72 hours. Red palm oil or rooibos extract alone did not have any effect on the control of blood glucose in the diabetic rats. The dietary intake of the combined treatment with red palm and rooibos had more health promoting effects on the diabetic rats which included a decrease in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, fructosamine and increased insulin levels. There was a marked increase in liver glycogen levels in all the diabetic groups. Treatment with rooibos alone showed a decrease in glycogen levels in the diabetic rats. The presence of liver enzymes in the serum, commonly used as indicators of liver damage was increased in all the diabetic rats. However, the combined treatment of diabetic rats with red palm oil and rooibos protected the liver from injury. Red palm oil improved high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (HDL-cholesterol) in the diabetic rats. There was no effect on the activity of glucokinase, the first enzyme in the the glycolytic pathway in both the untreated and treated diabetic rats. However, the activity of pyruvate kinase, the last enzyme in the glycolytic pathway was reduced in all the diabetic groups. The combined treatment with both red palm and rooibos increased the activity of pyruvate kinase. Oxidative stress was confirmed in the diabetic rats with an increase in the plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of diabetic rats with rooibos and the combination of red palm oil and rooibos brought plasma TBARS to a level that was not significantly different from the normal control group. There was a non-significant reduction of total glutathione in the non-treated and treated diabetic groups. A non-significant increase in the activity of liver catalase was observed in all the treated diabetic groups. The activity of superoxide dismutase was significantly decreased in the liver of diabetic rats. Diabetic rats treated with red palm oil, rooibos and the combined treatment showed an increased activity of superoxide dismutase in the liver. Red palm oil and the combined treatment increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase in both the red blood cells and liver of diabetic rats. Red palm oil, rooibos and their combined treatments also improved the plasma antioxidant capacity such as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen reducing absorbance capacity (ORAC) in the diabetic rats. In conclusion, oxidative stress is actively involved in the progression of diabetes mellitus. Red palm oil and rooibos, most especially their combined treatment showed significant beneficial health promoting effects in the diabetic rats. The remarkable effects of the combined treatment of red palm oil and rooibos in the diabetic rats could be due to their antioxidant profiles. Based on the findings from this study, it can be adduced that these plant products could help in the management of diabetes and its complications and therefore, suggested the need for further research studies on antioxidant therapy in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. / Over the past few decades, it has been shown that various critical diseases including heart disease, cancer, and diabetes associated with free radical generation and low endogenous antioxidant capacity, lead to oxidative stress and cell injury. In recent years, numerous studies have also reported that antioxidants, present in various beverages, vegetables and some foods have attracted a significant research interest due to their potential benefits to human health. However, epidemiological evidence shows a correlation between the intake of food rich in antioxidants and the reduced incidence of some mortality of chronic diseases, certain cancers and coronary heart disease. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of rooibos teas (fermented and unfermented) and green tea as a comparison on the biochemical parameters and the trace element absorption in a rat model. In this study 4 groups of experimental animals were used. All groups had ad libitum access to standard rat chow. Group A, the controls (11 animals), were fed with tap water; group B (11 animals) were fed with the liquid extract of fermented rooibos tea; group C (9 animals) were fed with the liquid extracts of unfermented rooibos and group 0 (9 animals) were fed with the liquid extract of green tea. All groups were fed for a period of 10 weeks. After the feeding period, the animals were sacrificed by euthanization with intraperitoneal injections of pentobarbital. Blood was sampled by cardiac puncture and centrifuged to obtain the serum. Some elemental analyses were performed with X-ray emission and backscattering. ICP-OES was used to determine the magnesium content. For X-ray emission, backscattering and ICP-OES analyses, 100 µL of each serum sample in a group were added to 2 ml freeze-drying tube. Of the combined specimen, 100 µL was used for the magnesium determination by ICP-OES. The remainder of the combined serum specimens for each group were freeze-dried at -80°C and then pressed into a pellet. The pellet was coated with carbon and analyzed using X-ray emission and backscattering. The elemental X-rays of P, S, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Zn, Mo, Ca and Se emitted were quantified to obtain the respective concentrations. Biochemical chemistry analyses were performed on each serum sample of each animal. The biochemical parameters tested for were total protein, albumin, globulin, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase and creatinine.

Orientador: Ethel Lourenzi Barbosa Noveli / Banca: Marilia Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf / Banca: Célia Regina Nogueira / Resumo: Dietas inadequadas, enriquecidas com carboidratos e lipídios, têm sido responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de diversas patologias relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo. Portanto, atualmente vem crescendo o interesse na descoberta de substâncias naturais que possam atuar como agentes antioxidantes, capazes de conter, ou até mesmo reverter os danos provocados pelo estresse oxidativo. O objetivo deste capítulo foi determinar os efeitos do chá de folhas de graviola e do seu componente -sitosterol, em condições normais e de ingestão de dieta rica em colesterol e sacarose sobre os parâmetros nutricionais, morfométricos e calorimétricos, bem como sobre as concentrações séricas de glicose. Foram utilizados 48 ratos machos, adultos, Wistar, divididos em 6 grupos: PC (controle) que recebeu ração padrão (DP) e água para beber; PA, que recebeu DP e chá de folhas de Annona muricata (30g/L); PB, DP e beta-sitosterol na água de beber (0,02g/L); HC, dieta hipercalórica (DH) e água para beber; HA, DH e chá de folhas de Annona muricata (30g/L); HB, DH e beta-sitosterol na água de beber. Após 42 dias de tratamento, foi realizada calorimetria indireta, em condições alimentado e jejum. Após 49 dias foi realizada a glicemia de jejum, o teste oral de tolerância a glicose (TOTG) e o sacrifício dos animais, sendo coletado o sangue, que foi utilizado para determinação da concentração de hidroperóxido de lipídio e substâncias antioxidantes totais. A obesidade foi evidenciada nos animais que receberam DH pela elevação no peso final, ganho de peso e índice de Lee, quando comparados aos animais que receberam dieta padrão. Animais do grupo HA apresentaram menor circunferência abdominal em relação aos grupos HB e HC. Houve correlação linear positiva entre o peso final e IMC e entre o peso final... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Not available / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte nos países ocidentais. Alguns estudos sugerem que o chá verde tem efeito benéfico sobre diferentes fatores de risco cardiovascular. No entanto, outros estudos não mostraram essa associação. Objetiva avaliar em mulheres pré-hipertensas obesas o efeito do consumo de chá verde sobre: a pressão arterial, a função endotelial, o perfil metabólico, a atividade inflamatória e a adiposidade corporal. Estudos clínico, randomizado, cruzado, duplo-cego e placebo-controlado. Durante 4 semanas as mulheres foram orientadas a ingerir 3 cápsulas de extrato de chá verde por dia (500mg extrato chá verde/cápsula) passando por 2 semanas de washout e posteriormente ingeriam por mais 4 semanas o placebo. As mulheres que iniciaram o estudo tomando placebo posteriormente utilizaram o chá verde. Ou seja, todas as pacientes receberam chá verde e placebo por um mesmo período. No início e final de cada tratamento foram analisadas as variáveis. Foram avaliadas 20 mulheres pré-hipertensas, obesidade grau I e II, idade entre 25 e 59 anos. O local do estudo foi o Laboratório da Disciplina de Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental Clinex. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As variáveis estudadas foram a pressão arterial, índice de hipertemia reativa (avaliada com Endo-PAT2000), proteína C reativa, interleucina-6, fator de necrose tumoral-α, molécula de adesão intercelular e molécula de adesão vascular celular, inibidor de ativador do plasminogênio, fator de crescimento endotelial vascular, E-selectina, adiponectina, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicérides, glicemia, insulina, HOMA, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura, circunferência de quadril, relação cintura quadril e percentual de gordura corporal. Como resultados, na avaliação da pressão arterial pela monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, observou-se redução significativa da pressão arterial sistólica de 24 horas (pré 130,31,7 mmHg vs. pós 127,02,0 mmHg; p= 0,02), pressão arterial sistólica diurna (pré 134,01,7 mmHg vs. pós 130,72,0 mmHg; p= 0,04) e pressão arterial sistólica noturna (pré 122,21,8 mmHg vs. pós 118,42,2 mmHg; p= 0,02), após o consumo do chá verde, em comparação ao uso do placebo. Após o consumo do chá verde foi observado aumento, embora estatisticamente não significativo, no índice de hiperemia reativa (pré 1,980,10 vs. pós 2,220,14), além de redução expressiva na concentração da molécula de adesão intercelular (pré 91,88,0 ng/ml vs. pós 85,85,6 ng/ml) e do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (pré 195,846,2 pg/ml vs. pós 158,638,7 pg/ml), porém sem significância estatística. As demais variáveis avaliadas não se modificaram de forma significativa após o consumo do chá verde, em comparação ao placebo. Foi observada forte correlação entre redução de pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica de 24hs, avaliada pela monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial, e o aumento do índice de hipertemia reativa (r= -0,47; r= -0,50, respectivamente). Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que o chá verde tem efeito benéfico sobre a pressão arterial e possivelmente sobre a função endotelial. / Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in Western countries. Some studies have suggested that green tea has beneficial effects on different cardiovascular risk factors. However, others have failed to show such an association. Objective to evaluate the effects of green tea on blood pressure, endothelial function, metabolic profile, inflammatory activity and body adiposity in obese pre-hypertensive women. Study clinical, randomized, crossover, double-blinded, placebo-controlled. During 4 weeks women were instructed to ingest 3 capsules of green tea extract per day (500mg green tea extract/capsule), after 2 weeks of washout and then ingested placebo for 4 weeks. The women who began the study with placebo later have used green tea. That is, all patients received placebo and green tea for the same period. At the beginning and end of each treatment the variables were analyzed. Study of 20 women with pre-hypertension, obesity grade I and II, aged between 25 and 59 years. Study site in Laboratory of the Discipline of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiological Clinex. Rio de Janeiro State University. Variables studied was blood pressure, reactive hyperemia index (evaluated with Endo-PAT2000), C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, vascular cell adhesion molecule, intercellular adhesion molecule, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, E-selectin, adiponectin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, insulin, HOMA, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body fat. As results, in the assessment of blood pressure by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was observed significant reduction in 24 hours systolic blood pressure (pre 130.31.7 mmHg vs. post 127.02.0 mmHg; p= 0.02), daytime systolic blood pressure (pre 134.01.7 mmHg vs. post 130.72.0 mmHg; p= 0.04) and nighttime systolic blood pressure (pre 122.21.8 mmHg vs. post 118.42.2 mmHg; p= 0.02), after consumption of green tea compared with placebo. After consumption of green tea, there was an increase, although not statistically significant, in reactive hyperemia index (pre 1.980.10 vs. post 2.220.14), besides expressive reduction in the concentration of intercellular adhesion molecule (pre 91.88.0 ng/ml vs. post 85.85.6 ng/ml) and vascular endothelial growth factor (pre 195.846.2 pg/ml vs. post 158.638.7 pg/ml), however without statistical significance. The other variables evaluated did not change significantly after consumption of green tea. A strong correlation was observed between reduction in 24 hours systolic blood pressure and 24 hours diastolic blood pressure, assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and the increase of reactive hyperthermia index (r= -0.47; r= -0.50, respectively). The results of this study suggest that green tea has a beneficial effect on blood pressure and possibly on endothelial function.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do pó e do extrato aquoso de C. ambrosioides sobre o gorgulho-do-milho, S. zeamais. As plantas de C. ambrosioides foram cultivadas na área experimental do Departamento de Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agrícola da ESALQ/USP. Foram obtidos pós de folhas, ramos, frutos e da planta inteira (com frutos), quando a planta apresentava-se no estágio de frutificação. Os insetos utilizados nos ensaios foram obtidos de criação mantida em grãos de trigo. Avaliou-se o efeito do pó das diferentes estruturas vegetais e da planta inteira (com frutos) sobre o comportamento (atratividade e/ou repelência), atividade inseticida sobre a fase imatura e adultos, e o poder inseticida residual, com o pó separado e em contato com grãos de trigo. Avaliou-se também a atividade inseticida do extrato aquoso das diferentes estruturas e da planta inteira (com frutos) sobre a fase imatura e adultos de S. zeamais. De acordo com os resultados obtidos concluiu-se que: a) pós de frutos, ramos e folhas de C. ambrosioides não apresentam repelência para adultos de S. zeamais; b) pós obtidos de ramos e folhas não apresentam atividade inseticida sobre adultos de S. zeamais; c) os compostos com atividade inseticida estão presentes nos frutos de C. ambrosioides; d) pós de frutos apresentam efeito inseticida residual contra adultos de S. zeamais por no máximo 5 dias; e) pós de frutos e da planta inteira (com frutos), aplicados após 15 dias da infestação inicial, possuem efeito inseticida sobre a fase imatura de S. zeamais; f) os extratos aquosos não afetam a sobrevivência e a emergência de adultos de S. zeamais. / This work deals with the influence of the powder and aqueous extracts of C. ambrosioides on the maize weevil, S. zeamais. The powders tested were obtained from leaves, branches, fruits and the whole plant (with fruits), when the plant was in the fructification period. The insects were obtained from a population reared on wheat grains. The effect of the powders from the different vegetal structures and from the whole plant (with fruits) was evaluated concerning the insect behavior (attractiveness and/or repellence), insecticide activity on the immature and adult phases, and the insecticide residual power on the adult phase, with the powder alone and mixed with wheat grains. The insecticide activity of the aqueous extract from the different structures and from the whole plant (with fruits) was evaluated on immature and adult S. zeamais. The results were as follows: a) powders from fruits, branches and leaves of C. ambrosioides are not repellent to S. zeamais adults; b) powders from branches and leaves do not present insecticide activity against S. zeamais adults; c) the compounds with insecticide activity are present in the C. ambrosioides fruits; d) powders from fruits present insecticide residual effect against S. zeamais adults for a period up to 5 days; e) powders from fruits and from the whole plant (with fruits), applied 15 days after initial infestation, present insecticide effect on S. zeamais immature phase; f) the aqueous extracts do not affect the survival and the adult emergence of S. zeamais.

Este trabalho discute valores pedagógicos associados ao corpo na tradição oriental, em diálogo com o pensamento filosófico do Ocidente. Discute uma concepção abrangente de corpo, sugerida pela antiga palavra japonesa Mi () em relação com a Cerimônia do Chá (Chanoyu)(), uma instituição que, de certo modo, resume em si a visão oriental de educação (Zen, Tao, ritos, corpo na educação etc.). Este é precisamente o método da antropologia filosófica segundo Josef Pieper (método que assumimos nesta tese): já que não se dá acesso direto ao ser do homem, mas só por caminhos indiretos, a partir de instituições, linguagem (comum) e seus modos de agir. Além do Chanoyu (neste trabalho, mera referência e não uma proposta curricular), a língua japonesa oferece também importantes indicações para a Antropologia: particularmente a palavra Mi, que aponta para um corpo expandido, relacional, e transcendente (em oposição ao corpo fragmentado, isolado proposto pela moderna filosofia ocidental desde Descartes , realidade estanque na dicotomia mente/corpo). O Chanoyu remete ao Chado (caminho do chá) (), todo um estilo de vida, com seus valores pedagógicos: voltar-se e abrir-se para o Outro, generosidade, reverência, criatividade e espontaneidade, sintonia com a natureza, ligação com a sabedoria histórica, contemplação etc. Também esses valores só podem ser acessados de modo indireto. E são especialmente importantes quando a maior parte de nossa cultura escolar contemporânea ocidental (tendência que se faz presente também no moderno Oriente) enfatiza e estimula habilidades e objetivos racionais, obtidos por meio de procedimentos operacionais, deixando pouco espaço para os valores tradicionais do Oriente: dom, voz média, ritos, educação do fingir (na qual o corpo age sobre o espírito) etc. (valores que também pertencem à tradição ocidental antiga e medieval: examinamos o caso de Tomás de Aquino). A educação propiciada pela experiência integrada: corpo que pensa mente que sente, emerge em contínua interação humana e em face da natureza. Daí a conexão com os principais valores do Chado: harmonia ( wa), respeito ( kei), pureza ( sei) e tranquilidade ( jaku). Além do wabi. Ao discutir esses temas, uma ferramenta metodológica importante nos é dada pelo pensamento confundente. Nossas conclusões apontam para uma concepção de educação na qual a dicotomia mente / corpo deve ser substituída por uma educação integrada para um ser integrado. O Chanoyu oferece um caminho. / This dissertation discusses pedagogical values in Eastern Tradition compared to Western Philosophy of Education. A comprehensive conception of body suggested by the ancient Japanese word Mi () is examined in association with Tea Ceremony (Chanoyu) (), an institution which, in a certain way, epitomizes Eastern focus (Zen, Tao, rites and education, body and education etc.). Precisely this is the anthropological method according to Josef Pieper (model which we assume): since there is no direct access to human being itself, but only by indirect means, examining institutuions, common language and ways of acting is required. Besides the Chanoyu (and in this dissertation, Chanoyu is just a reference: we do not propose Chanoyu in brazilian schools), Japanese common language also offers important hints on Anthropology: specially the word Mi, for the expanded body, the relational body, transcendent body (in opposition to the fragmented, isolated body of the modern western Philosophy since Descartes , separated by the mind/body dicothomy from the whole of human reality). Chanoyu is associated to Chado (), the way of tea, with its pedagogical values: turning and opening to the other, generosity, creativity and spontaneity, linked with history, living in tune with nature, beholding etc. These values also can be accessed only trough an indirect way. And are specially important today, when the most part modern Western School Education (and even the Modern Eastern world) stresses and encourages skills and behaviour goals, to be obtained by means of established operational procedures and there is little room for Eastern traditional way: gift, middle voice, rites, pretending education (in which body influences spirit) etc. (although Ancient and Medieval Western Tradition we examine the case of Thomas Aquinas fostered these values too). Education through integrated experience, thinking body - feeling mind, emerging in continuous human interaction and facing nature. And so the main principles Chado set forward: harmony ( wa), respect ( kei), purity ( sei), and tranquility ( jaku); are still central to Chanoyu, tea ceremony. Wabi is also examined. In discussing such matters, confounding thinking (Ortega y Gasset) is another important methodological tool. Our conclusions point to a conception of education in which mind / body dicothomy must be replaced by an integrated education for an integrated being. Chanoyu shows a way.

A hidrocefalia é uma síndrome complexa caracterizada pelo acúmulo de líquido cérebro-espinal no interior das cavidades ventriculares. Considerando a sua fisiopatologia de caráter multifatorial sendo um dos fatores envolvidos o estresse oxidativo desencadeado pela peroxidação lipídica e formação de radicais livres, este trabalho visa estudar o possível efeito neuroprotetor proveniente do polifenol galato de epigalocatequina (EGCG) na hidrocefalia experimental. Foram utilizados ratos da linhagem Wistar (N=56), com 7 dias de idade. Os filhotes foram submetidos à indução da hidrocefalia pelo método da injeção intracisternal de caulim a 20%. O polifenol foi administrado intraperitonealmente por 9 ou 20 dias consecutivos a partir da indução da hidrocefalia. Aferição do peso corporal diário e testes comportamentais foram realizados. Dez ou 21 dias após a indução da hidrocefalia os animais, profundamente anestesiados, foram sacrificados através da perfusão cardíaca com solução salina. Seus encéfalos foram removidos, fixados com paraformaldeído 3% em tampão fosfato 0,1M e processados para inclusão em parafina. Preparações histológicas foram realizadas para a análise por coloração hematoxilina eosina, solocromo-cianina e imunoistoquímica para GFAP e Ki67. Os diferentes parâmetros de avaliação demonstraram que os animais tratados com o polifenol por 9 dias consecutivos apresentaram redução da atividade astrocitária através da imunomarcação pelo GFAP no corpo caloso, cápsula externa e matriz germinativa; além de apresentarem corpo caloso mais espesso e mielinizado, exibindo uma tonalidade azul mais intensa evidenciada pela coloração solocromocianina. Apesar desses resultados demonstrarem um possível efeito neuroprotetor na fase inicial de instalação da doença, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para obtenção de uma terapêutica eficiente e segura para o aprofundamento com testes clínicos. / Hydrocephalus is a complex syndrome, characterized by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral ventricles. Considering its multifactorial pathophysiology, one of the factors being the oxidative stress triggered by lipid peroxidation and free radical formation, this work aims to study the possible neuroprotective effect of the polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in experimental hydrocephalus. Seven-day old Wistar rats (N=56) were used in this study. The pups were subjected to hydrocephalus induction by kaolin 20% through intracisternal injection. The polyphenol was administered intraperitoneally for 9 or 20 days from the induction of hydrocephalus. Measurement of daily body weight and behavioral tests were performed. The animals, deeply anesthetized, were sacrificed by cardiac perfusion with saline 10 or 21 days after induction of hydrocephalus. Their brains were removed, fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and processed for paraffin embedding. Preparations were made for histological analysis by hematoxylin and eosin, solochrome-cyanine and immunohistochemistry for GFAP and Ki67. The different evaluated parameters showed that animals treated with the polyphenol for 9 consecutive days displayed reduction on the reactive astrocytes GFAP immunostaining at the corpus callosum, external capsule and germinal matrix, also having thicker and more myelinated corpus callosum exhibiting a more intense blue staining by solocromo-cyanine. Although these results demonstrate a possible neuroprotective effect at the initial onset of the disease, additional studies should be performed to obtain an effective and safe therapy for deeper studies in clinical trials.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-19T12:41:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana Pereira Shiu Lin Liu.pdf: 880008 bytes, checksum: 5eed3ce34aa09053744a3f45eca49b25 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-19T12:41:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana Pereira Shiu Lin Liu.pdf: 880008 bytes, checksum: 5eed3ce34aa09053744a3f45eca49b25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Tannin acylhydrolase (TAH) known as tannase (E.C:3.1.1.20) is an enzyme which hydrolizes esters and lateral bonds of hydrolizable tannins. The tannic acid is a typical hydrolizable tannin, which can be hydrolized by tannase along with glucose and gallic acid. Tannase can be obtained from vegetables, animal and microbial sources. From those, the last is the most important source to obtain the enzyme. Green tea has several substances, among which catechins are a major source of antioxidant, which help in maintaining the organism.The activity and purification of tannase produced by Aspergillus melleus URM 5827 was evaluated by semi solid fermentation using seeds of mangosteen (Garcinia humilis (Vahl) C. D. Adam) as substract. Forty two cultures fungical cultures of Aspergillus were used for qualitative selection purposes in order to verify potential for tannase production. After selecting cultures, it was performed a semi solid fermentation using seeds of mangosteen as substrate. A factorial planning (2³) was used to verify the influence of production variables such as: quantity of substrate; initial moisture and amount of tannic acid over tannase activity. The purification was evaluated by ionic change chromatography at DEAE-Sephadex. Maximum activity was produced by Aspergillus melleus URM 5827 with 452.55 units per gram of dry-based substract (U/gss) using 5.0 grams of substrate, with initial moisture of 60% and 2% of tannic acid through 48 hours fermentation. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 69.52 kDa on Superdex G-75, while on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis showed 66.5 kDa. As for the characterization, the optimum pH and temperature was 5.5 and 40ºC, respectively, achieving thermostability at 30ºC. Coughing increases the antioxidant activity of green tea significantly. The results obtained in this study show the promising potential of tannase produced by Aspergillus melleus URM 5827 and its use in improving the antioxidant potential of green tea. / Tanino acil hidrolase (TAH) conhecida como tanase (E.C:3.1.1.20) é uma enzima que hidrolisa ésteres e ligações laterais de taninos hidrolisáveis. O ácido tânico é um típico tanino hidrolisável, que pode ser hidrolisado por tanase em glicose e ácido gálico. A tanase pode ser obtida a partir de fontes vegetais, animais e microbianas, sendo o meio microbiológico a fonte mais importante de obtenção desta enzima. O chá verde apresenta várias substâncias, dentre elas, as catequinas que são uma importante fonte de antioxidante, que ajudam na manutenção do organismo.A atividade e a purificação de tanase produzida por Aspergillus melleus URM 5827 foi avaliada por fermentação em estado sólido utilizando como substrato sementes de achachairú (Garcinia humilis (Vahl) C. D. Adam). Foram utilizadas 42 culturas de fungos do gênero Aspergillus para seleção qualitativa das culturas com potencial para produção da tanase. Com a cultura selecionada foi realizada uma fermentação em estado sólido utilizando sementes de achachairú como substrato. Um planejamento fatorial (23) foi utilizado para analisar a influência das variáveis de produção: quantidade de substrato, umidade inicial e quantidade de ácido tânico sobre a atividade da tanase. A purificação foi avaliada por cromatografia de troca iônica em DEAE- Sephadex. A máxima atividade foi produzida por Aspergillus melleus URM 5827 com 452,55 unidades por grama de substrato na base seca (U/gss) utilizando 5,0 g de substrato, com umidade inicial de 60% e 2,0% de ácido tânico em 48 horas de fermentação. A enzima purificada apresentou peso molecular de 69,52 kDa em Superdex G-75, enquanto que em eletroforese SDS-PAGE apresentou 66,5 kDa. Quanto a caracterização, apresentou pH e temperatura ótima de 5,5 e 40ºC respectivamente, obtendo termoestabilidade a 30ºC. A atividade enzimática na presença de íons, surfactantes e inibidores de protease, foi inibida na presença dos íons ZnCl2, ZnSO4 e dos surfactantes triton X-100, SDS, reduzida com os íons CaCl2, KCl, NaCl, MgSO4, CuSO4, dos surfactantes Tween 20, Tween 80 e dos inibidores de protease EDTA e β-mercaptoetanol. A tanase aumentou a atividade antioxidante do chá verde significativamente. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, mostram o potencial promissor da tanase produzida por Aspergillus melleus URM 5827 e na sua utilização no aumento do potencial antioxidante do chá verde.