Cooperation-88 (C88) is a late blight resistant potato variety that was formally released in China in 2001 and has become popular in China's Yunnan Province. The International Potato Center (CIP) and Yunnan Normal University collaborated to produce the variety, which is one of CIP's most successful varieties. C88 is popular due to its high quality and taste, and it is used commonly in China's expanding potato chip processing market. The purpose of this study is to examine adoption of C88 in the Yunnan Province, its value chain, and economic impacts. The analysis indicates that C88 is still popular with 16.8% of the potato area in Yunnan devoted to this variety in late spring 2015. To examine factors affecting household decisions to adopt and the intensity of their adoption, village adoption, household adoption, and household intensity of adoption were assessed. A village's proximity to a metropolitan county was the most important factor explaining adoption and intensity of adoption. Households in villages closer to a metropolitan county disadopted at higher rates than those farther away. To quantify the economic benefits of C88 adoption, an economic surplus analysis was conducted. Total surplus changes ranged from $2 to 3 billion indicating significant economic benefits to consumers and producers in Yunnan. / Master of Science / Cooperation-88 (C88) is a popular late blight resistant potato variety that was released to the Yunnan Province of China in 2001. Late blight is the disease responsible for the Great Potato Famine in Ireland. The International Potato Center (CIP) and Yunnan Normal University collaborated to produce the variety, and C88 is one of CIP’s most successful varieties. C88 is popular due to its high quality and taste, and it is used commonly in China’s potato chip processing market. The purpose of this study is to examine the number and types of people who adopted C88 in the Yunnan Province, provide an understanding of the process from farm to consumer, and to determine the economic impacts of the variety. A major finding of the study is that C88 remains popular in Yunnan as of spring 2015. To study the households that grew C88 during the spring 2015 season, statistical analysis was conducted with the focus on what household traits influence the number of surveyed households who grow C88 in a village, whether a household grows C88, and the number of hectares under C88. A village’s proximity to a metropolitan county was the most important factor explaining whether a household adopted the variety and the number of hectares. Households in villages closer to a metropolitan county stopped growing C88 at higher rates than those farther away. To quantify economic benefits, a supply and demand analysis of potatoes in Yunnan was conducted, which indicated significant economic benefits to consumers and producers in Yunnan.

Climate change must deal with two market failures: global warming and learning by doing in renewable energy production. The first-best policy consists of an aggressive renewables subsidy in the near term and a gradually rising and falling carbon tax. Given that global carbon taxes remain elusive, policy makers might have to rely on a second-best subsidy only. With credible commitment the second-best subsidy is higher than the social benefit of learning to cut the transition time and peak warming close to first-best levels at the cost of higher fossil fuel use in the short run (weak Green Paradox). Without commitment the second-best subsidy is set to the social benefit of learning. It generates smaller weak Green Paradox effects, but the transition to the carbon-free takes longer and cumulative carbon emissions are higher. Under first best and second best with pre-commitment peak warming is 2.1-2.3 °C, under second best without commitment 3.5 °C, and without any policy 5.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. Not being able to commit yields a welfare loss of 95% of initial GDP compared to first best. Being able to commit brings this figure down to 7%.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:49:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Fernandes de Castro.pdf: 2594778 bytes, checksum: fde15e8b15e1fecce2ac20073c66498f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / This research aims at analyzing the pattern of technical change in Brazilian industry of the triennium 2003-2005, from the Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnologica - PINTEC 2005 according to international taxonomy created by Keith Pavitt in 1984. The research procedure used was a literature search, based on the economic literature neoschumpeterian approach and also works that presented an overview of the industry standard for technological innovation in Brazil by PINTEC. The theoretical framework was adopted the Taxonomy Sectoral Patterns of Technological Innovation. The primary data source used was the Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica - PINTEC, published by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE. As a tool for empirical analysis, we used a multivariate analysis of cluster. The work is divided into four chapters, besides the introduction and closing remarks. The first chapter presents a literature review of key concepts surrounding the subject innovation. In the second chapter, we present some results of PINTEC 2005 and an overview of the work on pattern of technical change in Brazilian industry according to various methods of sector classification. The third chapter is devoted to discussion of the methodology adopted in the dissertation. In the last chapter, we present and analyze the results, which enable to characterize the sectorial pattern of the innovation in Brazil on the Pavitt´s taxonomy. As a conclusion and answer our search problem, we classify some twenty-three sectors of Brazilian industry along the lines, or rather, seventy-seven percent of the thirty sectors studied, the rest of the sectors could not be classified. No sector of the Brazilian showed a clear pattern of technological innovation Pavitt´s type of Specialized Suppliers. Anyway, we understand that the Brazilian industrial sectors show a pattern of technological innovation aligned with the Pavitt´s taxonomy / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar o padrão de inovação tecnológica nos setores industriais brasileiros do triênio 2003-2005, a partir da Pesquisa de Inovação Tecnológica PINTEC 2005 de acordo com a taxonomia internacional criada por Keith Pavitt em 1984. O procedimento de pesquisa utilizado foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, baseada na literatura econômica neoschumpeteriana e também trabalhos que apresentaram um panorama geral do padrão setorial da inovação tecnológica no Brasil por meio da PINTEC. Como referencial teórico, foi adotada a Taxonomia para os Padrões Setoriais da Inovação Tecnológica. A fonte de dados primária utilizada foi a Pesquisa Nacional de Inovação Tecnológica PINTEC, publicada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IBGE. Como instrumento de análise empírica, foi utilizado um modelo de análise multivariada de cluster ou agrupamento. O trabalho está dividido em quatro capítulos, além da introdução e considerações finais. O primeiro capítulo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais conceitos envolvendo o tema inovação tecnológica. No segundo capítulo, apresentamos alguns resultados da PINTEC 2005 e um panorama dos trabalhos sobre padrão de inovação tecnológica na indústria brasileira segundo diversos métodos de classificação setorial. Já o terceiro capítulo é dedicado para discussão da metodologia adotada na dissertação. No último capítulo, apresentamos e analisamos os resultados que permitem caracterizar o padrão setorial da inovação no Brasil segundo o modelo de taxonomia pavittiana. Como conclusão e resposta ao nosso problema de pesquisa, conseguimos classificar cerca de vinte e três setores da indústria brasileira segundo o modelo, ou melhor, setenta e sete por cento do total dos trinta setores estudados; o restante dos setores não pôde ser classificado. Nenhum setor da indústria brasileira apresentou um padrão claro de inovação tecnológica pavittiano do tipo fornecedores especializados. De qualquer maneira, entendemos que os setores da indústria brasileira apresentam um padrão de inovação tecnológica alinhado com a taxonomia apresentada por Pavitt

Organizational Change and Productivity Growth − Evidence from Sweden This paper uses two different firm level surveys matched with employer-employee data to investigate both determinants and effects of different types of organizational change. The results support the competition hypothesis for inducing organizational change. Among the four measures of organizational change investigated in this paper, only delayering shows significant effects on subsequent productivity growth. Firms and Skills: The Evolution of Worker Sorting We document a significant increase in sorting by both cognitive and non-cognitive skill from 1986 to 2008 using data for 28 cohorts of Swedish men. The skill differences within firms have fallen in all major industries while differences in skill between firms have increased. Two main factors drive the increase in sorting. First, workers in high-skilled occupations, such as engineers, have moved to the IT and telecom industries. Second, assortative matching of workers by skill has become more positive. Trading Off or Having it All? Completed Fertility and Mid-career Earnings of Swedish Men and Women Earnings in mid-career and children are two fundamental outcomes of the life-choices of men and women. This paper explores how these outcomes have changed for Swedish men and women born 1945−1962 by documenting changes in education, assortative mating patterns, completed fertility and mid-career earnings and also how the association between children and earnings has changed over time. Solving the Puzzle − Hours Constraints, Technical Change and Female Labor Supply This paper extends the standard theory of labor supply to incorporate an important ingredient in the labor supply decision of today's women: the role of flexibility and time constraints. Using a life-cycle model, I formalize the notion that as technology allows jobs to become more flexible, time constrained individuals can supply more hours and may therefore find it attractive to opt for a more demanding career.

<p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2007</p>

[Truncated abstract] The core objective of this thesis is summarised by its title: “Understanding the World Wool Market: Trade, Productivity and Grower Incomes”. Thus, we wish to aid understanding of the economic mechanisms by which the world wool market operates. In doing so, we analyse two issues trade and productivity and their effect on, inter alia, grower incomes. To achieve the objective, we develop a novel analytical framework, or model. The model combines two long and rich modelling traditions: the partial-equilibrium commodity-specific approach and the computable-general-equilibrium approach. The result is a model that represents the world wool market in detail, tracking the production of greasy wool through five off-farm production stages ending in the production of wool garments. Capturing the multistage nature of the wool production system is a key pillar in this part of the model . . . The estimated welfare gain for China is 0.1% of real income; this is a significant welfare gain. For three losing regions Italy, Germany and Japan the results are robust and we can be highly confident that these regions are the largest losers from the complete removal of 2005 wool tariffs. In both wool tariff liberalisation scenarios, regions whose exports are skewed towards wool textiles and garments gain the most as it is these wool products that have the highest initial tariff rates. The overall finding of this work is that a sophisticated analytical framework is necessary for analysing productivity and trade issues in the world wool market. Only a model of this kind can appropriately handle the degree of complexity of interactions between members (domestic and foreign) of the multistage wool production system. Further, including the nonwool economy in the analytical framework allows us to capture the indirect effects of changes in the world wool market and also the effects on the nonwool economy itself.

The evolution within an economic context is the result of the adaptation process of the firms the industrial structure of the sector, these ' adaptations ' correspond to the result of an intense action of search and selection, where the economic imbalance corroborates the existence of this process. Within the notion of technological paradigm established by Dosi (1988), the firm chooses the best alternative, procedures, criteria and rules established ex ante, their actions are derived from the conditions of uncertainty, defined by the basis of information obtained in addition to the accumulation of knowledge - formal and informal - the capacity to acquire technologies and viewing opportunities. Nelson and Winter (1982) show that technical progress is endogenous in nature, this progress can be built from the establishment of patterns of response actions, or rather routines. These routines can be divided into long and short term. As the dynamics of technical progress is endogenous technical change is coming this procedure adaptive routines, from the same are established technological trajectories, which differ from industry to industry, as the dominant technology in an industry is not necessarily put to other. In this context, this dissertation seeks to demonstrate the existence of such a process applied to the sugarcane sector, after it has undergone sweeping changes since the merger and acquisition through foreign capital investment companies or other sectors, corroborating the concentration of productive activity the hands of some economic groups thus are identified characteristics of both technology standards Schumpeter Mark I and Schumpeter Mark II, many firms are in this industry, however, the process of creative destruction promoted by the accumulation of knowledge is intense. The aim was to analyze the industrial dynamics present in the sugarcane industry through models, aiming at a better understanding about the transformation started with Proálcool and heated with deregulation and lastly the impact of the international economic crisis in 2008. For this purpose, we used data collected from the Procana, ANP (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels) and reports production cost PECEGE (Continuing Education Program in Economics and Business Management) linked to ESALQ. For the analysis, we used statistical and econometric models (Factor Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis and Analysis of Panel Data). How relevant results it is found that: i) the changes occurred may last for a few more years, ii) the endogenous variables of each plants is that they are influencing the intense transformation, since the applied technologies has originated in response patterns, iii) routinization has shown strong impact on industry structure resulting from the process of search and selection, plants are failing to adapt are declaring bankruptcy or being acquired by larger iv) as a result of creative destruction, economic groups are influencing the concentration of industry, this action is a result of the accumulation of capital and better adaptation v) the concentration of capital is taking place in the South Central region of the country, approximately within the ' polygon ' development, highlighted by Breitbach (2004) and expanding around this region. / A evolução, dentro de um contexto econômico é resultante do processo de adaptação das firmas a estrutura industrial do setor, essas ‘adaptações’ correspondem ao resultado de uma intensa ação de busca e seleção, onde o desequilíbrio econômico corrobora com a existência desse processo. Dentro da noção de paradigma tecnológico, estabelecido por Dosi (1988), a firma escolhe as melhores alternativas, procedimentos, critérios e regras estabelecidas ex-ante, suas ações derivam das condições de incerteza, definidas pela base de informações obtidas, além da acumulação de conhecimentos – formais e informais –, da capacidade de apropriação de tecnologias e da visualização de oportunidades. Nelson e Winter (1982) evidenciam que o progresso técnico é de natureza endógena, esse progresso pode ser construído a partir do estabelecimento de padrões de ações de respostas, ou melhor, rotinas. Essas podem ser divididas em rotinas de longo e curto prazo. Como a dinâmica do progresso técnico é endógena, a mudança técnica é oriunda desse procedimento de rotinas adaptativas, a partir do mesmo são estabelecidas as trajetórias tecnológicas, as quais diferem de indústria para indústria, pois a tecnologia dominada em um setor não necessariamente está posta para outro. Diante desse contexto, essa dissertação busca evidenciar a existência de tal processo aplicado ao setor canavieiro, afinal este tem passado por intensas transformações, desde fusão e aquisição até o investimento de capital estrangeiro ou de empresas de outros setores, corroborando para a concentração da atividade produtiva nas mãos de alguns grupos econômicos, dessa forma são identificadas características de ambos os padrões tecnológicos de Schumpeter Mark I e Schumpeter Mark II, diversas firmas estão presente no setor, entretanto, o processo de destruição criadora promovido pela acumulação de conhecimento é intenso. O objetivo foi analisar a dinâmica industrial presente no setor canavieiro através de modelos, visando uma melhor compreensão a respeito das transformações iniciadas com o Proálcool e acaloradas com a desregulamentação e por último com o impacto da crise econômica internacional de 2008. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados colhidos junto ao Procana, ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis) e relatórios de custo de produção do PECEGE (Programa de Educação Continuada em Economia e Gestão de Empresas) vinculado a ESALQ. Para a análise, foram utilizados modelos estatístico e econométricos (Análise Fatorial, Análise de Regressão Múltipla e Análise de Dados em Painel). Como resultados relevantes verifica-se que: i) as transformações ocorridas poderão perdurar por mais alguns anos; ii) as variáveis endógenas das usinas estão influenciando a intensa transformação, visto que as tecnologias aplicadas apresentam origem em seus padrões de resposta; iii) a rotinização tem apresentado forte impacto na estrutura do setor, resultante do processo de busca e seleção, as usinas que não estão conseguindo adaptar-se estão declarando falência ou sendo adquiridas por outras maiores; iv) como resultado da destruição criadora, grupos econômicos passam a influenciar na concentração do setor, essa ação é resultado da acumulação de capital e melhor adaptação v) a concentração do capital está ocorrendo na região Centro-Sul do país, aproximadamente dentro do ‘polígono de desenvolvimento’, destacado por Breitbach (2004) e se expandindo ao redor dessa região.

Cette thèse vise à relever les déterminants de l'innovation environnementale de produit. Cette nouvelle innovation à caractère plus complexe, et dont les exigences en termes d'efficacité environnementale et de compétitivité sont essentielles à son développement et sa diffusion, occupe une place de plus en plus centrale au sein de la firme. Nous avons, dans ce travail de recherche, analysé particulièrement l'efficacité des approches volontaires, en l'occurrence la certification Ecolabel européen, sur l'innovation de produit au sein de la firme et relevé, en même temps, les principaux déterminants d'adoption de cet écolabel. Nous avons focalisé notre analyse sur le secteur des détergents et produits d'entretien en France. Cette analyse s'inscrit dans une approche évolutionniste et considère le processus de changement technique (développement et diffusion de l'innovation de produit (s) certifié (s) Ecolabel européen) comme étant un processus complexe et incertain intégrant différents facteurs en coévolution, au-delà d'une conception se limitant au rôle des politiques environnementales. L'étude de cas montre le rôle de la stratégie des firmes dans le processus de changement technique. L'étude empirique confirme le rôle de ce déterminant (stratégie des fournisseurs de biomolécules), et ressort, en outre, l'importance de la règlementation (REACH…), des avantages de la certification (une forte image) et de la demande dans l'adoption de cet écolabel / The aim of this thesis is to determine the relevant factors of environmental product innovation. This new more complex innovation, which requires environmental and competitiveness performance for its development and diffusion, occupies a more and more central place in the firm. We have in this work particularly analyzed the effectiveness of voluntary approaches (namely the European Ecolabel certification) on the innovation of products in the firm and, at the same time, identified the key determinants to adoption of this ecolabel. We focused our analysis on the detergents and maintenance-products sector in France. This study is a part of an evolutionary approach and considers the process of technical change (development and diffusion of European Ecolabel certified product) to be a complex and uncertain process incorporating different factors in co-evolution, beyond a limited conception of the role of environmental policies. The case study shows the role of the firm strategy in the process of technical change. The empirical analysis confirms the role of this determinant (strategy of suppliers of bimolecular substances) and presents, moreover, the importance of regulation (REACH…), the benefits of certification (brand image) and demand as key factors in adoption of this ecolabel certification. Indeed, although this voluntary policy drives some firms to innovation, the environmental performance and accession by most firms in this sector remains a challenge. In the current context, firms which have used biomolecular substances, under suppliers' strategic influence, have developed green products but not systematically European Ecolabel certified products

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é analisar e comparar os fatores determinantes das inovações ambientais geradas pelas empresas brasileiras, segundo padrões setoriais de mudança tecnológica, tendo como fonte de dados os indicadores da Pesquisa Nacional de Inovação (Pintec) realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A pesquisa pode ser considerada descritiva e aplicada. A metodologia adotada compreendeu pesquisa bibliográfica sobre inovação, padrões setoriais de inovação; classificações tecnológicas e estratégias de baixo carbono, destacando-se a importância das inovações ambientais e a contribuição de estudos empíricos internacionais e nacionais sobre determinantes desse tipo de inovação; pesquisa documental referente à Classificação CNAE e à Pintec 2014, ambas publicadas pelo IBGE; análise de conteúdo para classificar as atividades econômicas das empresas respondentes da Pintec 2014, segundo os padrões setoriais de mudança tecnológica da taxonomia proposta por Pavitt; elaboração de plano tabular referente às questões da pesquisa para solicitação dos dados ao IBGE; recebimento e formatação dos dados da Pintec 2014; aplicação do modelo econométrico logit para análise dos determinantes de inovações ambientais por padrão setorial; interpretação e discussão dos resultados. A utilização de indicadores da Pintec 2014 para analisar os fatores determinantes da geração desse tipo de inovação e a associação desses indicadores aos padrões setoriais propostos por Pavitt conferem à pesquisa um caráter inovador, uma vez que os estudos anteriores sobre inovações ambientais não exploraram essa abordagem metodológica. Na esfera governamental, os resultados gerados (por padrão setorial) serão relevantes para a formulação de políticas públicas de inovação mais consistentes e bem estruturadas. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze and compare the determinants of environmental innovations generated by Brazilian companies, according to sectoral patterns of technological change, using data from the National Innovation Survey (Pintec) published by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The research can be considered descriptive and applied. The methodology included bibliographical research on innovation, sectoral patterns of technical change; technological classifications and low carbon corporate strategies, highlighting the importance of environmental innovations for achieving their targets; the contribution of previous empirical studies on the determinants of environmental innovations; documentary research concerning the CNAE Classification and the Pintec 2014, both published by IBGE; content analysis to classify the economic activities of respondent companies of Pintec 2014, according to the sectoral patterns of technological change, as proposed by Pavitt; elaboration of a tabular plan aligned to the research questions for requesting data to IBGE; data collection; application of the logit econometric model to analyze and compare the determinants of environmental innovations by sectoral pattern; interpretation and discussion of results. The use of indicators from Pintec 2014 to analyze and compare the determinants of this type of innovation and the association of these indicators with the sectoral patterns proposed by Pavitt give the research an innovative character, since previous studies on environmental innovation did not explore this methodological approach. At the governmental level, the results generated (by sectoral pattern of technical change) will be relevant for the formulation of more consistent and well-structured public policies concerning environmental innovation.

La prima parte della Tesi si occupa dello studio delle strategie di investimento ottime nel settore energetico e in ricerca e sviluppo, nell'ambito di politiche di stabilizzazione dei gas serra nell'atmosfera. La seconda parte tratta invece metodi per la quantificazione degli impatti economici dei cambiamenti climatici sul settore agricolo, considerando tutte le possibilità di adattamento. / The first part of the Thesis discusses optimal investment strategies in the energy sector and in R&D for knowledge advancements to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of GHG. The second part deals instead with the measurement of impacts of climate change on agriculture considering all possible adaptation options.