In a series of five studies, I used the Internet and computed-mediated technologies as tools to revisit the longstanding issue within the fields of personality and experimental social psychology: "person by context" interaction on social communicative behaviour. The effects of the personality trait of shyness were examined in visually anonymous and non-anonymous conditions to see if the interaction of the person and context influenced social communication. Participants were paired in dyads and instructed to converse using a text-based online Instant Messenger program. Dyads were randomly assigned to converse with webcams or without webcams. For some types of behaviour (e.g., self-disclosure), shyness and level of visual anonymity interacted (Studies 1 and 2). Shy individuals disclosed more personal information in a visually anonymous context than a visually non-anonymous context. For non-shy individuals, self-disclosure was not influenced by the context. For other types of behaviour (e.g., affective language), the effect of shyness was consistent across context. To determine the specificity of the shyness-anonymity interaction, other person-anonymity interactions were examined (e.g., self-esteem, loneliness, sex of the participants) (Studies 3 and 4). Finally, the influence of the shyness-anonymity interaction on social communicative behaviour was examined in a cooperative performance-related task (Study 5). These series of studies suggest that anonymity is a particularly salient contextual cue for shy individuals. Furthermore, the moderating effects of anonymity on shyness do not generalize to other characteristic of the person. Instead, anonymity moderates the other characteristics (e.g., self-esteem) uniquely. The present findings have theoretical implications to the study of person by context interactions by identifying how such interactions influence specific aspects of social communication. These findings also have practical or clinical implications. For example, the treatment of social difficulties related to high shyness, low self-esteem, or high loneliness, may involve specific treatment plans building off of modifications in anonymity. Shy individuals benefit from using the Internet as a social medium in which they can control the level of anonymity as is demonstrated by their bolder behaviour during visually-anonymous conversations. The present findings also suggest that the Internet and computer-mediated technologies can be used in novel ways to study longstanding questions in personality and experimental social psychology. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La création d'un centre d'appel d'urgence pour les sourds et malentendants a nécessité la conception et la mise en place d'un dispositif sociotechnique ad hoc respectant la diversité de leurs pratiques de communication. Ancrée dans ce projet technique mené afin de rendre accessible une institution organisée autour de l'interaction téléphonique, cette recherche fut l'occasion de conduire une réflexion croisée sur les dispositifs techniques de communication appréhendés comme outil de travail et outil d'accessibilité. À partir de matériaux issus d'une enquête ethnographique réalisée dans les centres d'appel d'urgence que nous faisons dialoguer avec des traces de l'activité de conception, nous interrogeons, dans un même élan, le rôle que tiennent ces dispositifs dans l'écologie des situations ainsi que la manière dont ils définissent en actes la dynamique contemporaine de prise en compte environnementale du handicap. Au travers de ce questionnement deux grandes thématiques sont explorées : le travail en situation de communication médiatisée et le processus reformulation des pratiques engagé par la conception et la mise en service d'un dispositif technique d'accessibilité. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur des travaux de recherche ancrés dans la théorie de l'action située et en sociologie de la science et des techniques que nous articulons à la littérature scientifique portant sur le handicap et, plus spécifiquement, sur la surdité. Détaillant finement les multiples cours d'action en nous attachant notamment à rematérialiser les pratiques interactionnelles, nous démontrons en quoi les dispositifs techniques de communication participent d'une armature invisible qui fait système et contribue à organiser et pérenniser les pratiques ; armature que nous appréhendons à travers la notion d'infrastructure communicationnelle. Ainsi, nous proposons cette dernière notion comme outil conceptuel pour appréhender l'introduction de nouveaux dispositifs dans les organisations et pour accompagner une réflexion sur l'accessibilité-en-pratiques. / Creating an emergency call centre dedicated to deaf and hard of hearing users has required the design and implementation of a specific socio-technical system in order to take into account the diversity of their communication practices. Our research is grounded on such technical project specifically oriented towards the accessibility to an organization acting mainly through telephonic interactions and therefrom emerged for us the opportunity to conduct a cross-reflection on socio-technical devices apprehended as a working tool and an accessibility tool. Based on elements obtained through an ethnographic study conducted in emergency call centres which has given empirical material that we are bringing into discussion with traces of the process of the product design, we are questioning the place and status of communication devices in the local environment. Along with this questioning, we are also observing how communication devices practically achieve accessibility within the social model of disability. Two main themes are therefore explored: the organization of work activities in situations of mediated communication and the process, engaged by the design and implementation of an accessibility device, by which conventional practices are reformulated. To do so, we draw on conceptual tools and works from Situated action theory and Sociology of science and technology. We also mobilize Disability and Deaf Studies literature. Through a refined description of the multiple courses of action and a subtle attention to the materiality of interactional practices, we demonstrate that communication technical devices are a piece of an heterogeneous assembly, that make sense in situation, and act as an invisible scaffolding that organize and stabilize communication practices. We propose to designate this form of stabilization under the name of communicational infrastructure and to use it as a conceptual tool for approaching the introduction of new communication devices in organizations and to support a reflection on accessibility-in-practices

Актуальность диссертационной работы заключается в необходимости изучения взаимосвязи между технологиями коммуникации среди поколений в семье и снижением социальных девиаций в молодежной среде. Изучены теоретические основания исследования межпоколенческих коммуникаций и социальных девиаций. Разработаны технологии межпоколенческой коммуникации, предложена их классификация по трем основаниям и описаны три актуальные технологии. В ходе социологического опроса выявлено наличие проблем во взаимоотношениях между поколениями в семье, связанных с непониманием друг друга. Для решения выявленных проблем разработан проект, в рамках которого укрепляются взаимоотношения между поколениями в семье, проводятся междисциплинарные мероприятия для специалистов сферы превентологии. / The relevance of the dissertation work lies in the need to study the relationship between communication technologies among generations in the family and the reduction of social deviations in the youth environment. The theoretical foundations of the study of intergenerational communications and social deviations are studied. Technologies of intergenerational communication have been developed, their classification on three grounds has been proposed, and three current technologies have been described. During the sociological survey, the presence of problems in the relationship between generations in the family associated with misunderstanding of each other was revealed. To solve the identified problems, a project has been developed within the framework of which relationships between generations in the family are strengthened, interdisciplinary events are held for specialists in the field of preventology.

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Possibilities and Limits of the ICT Use in Teaching Key words: ICT (Information and Communication Technologies - netbooks, interactive boards, PC etc.), pedagogical communication, teaching techniques, organizational forms of work, participant observation This diploma thesis deals with the theme of ICT use in teaching - their possibilities and limits. The theoretical part consists of use of selected types of ICT, methodology and didactic aspects when using ICT, and projects concerning the introduction of ICT into teaching. The empirical part consists of research focused on the pupils in the second stage of basic education. The methods of this research have been done in the form of participant observation supplemented with semi-structured interviews with teachers and video recordings, which should specify the observation. The aim of the empirical part is to concentrate on teacher's pedagogical communication with learners (with respect to verbal and nonverbal communication), teaching techniques and organizational forms of work, the ways of use of ICT in teaching realized with pupils in the second stage of basic education at a Prague basic school, and then interpret the results obtained.