O teletrabalho é uma prática que pode ser utilizada como medida de gerenciamento da demanda por transporte urbano, uma vez que tem o potencial de reduzir a necessidade de realização de viagens através da substituição de atividades presenciais, que exigem deslocamentos, pelas virtuais, realizadas com auxílio de tecnologias da informação e comunicação. Esta pesquisa procura explorar e entender como está ocorrendo a adoção do teletrabalho por empresas em São Paulo e quais são os seus principais impactos nos padrões individuais de atividades e viagens. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi realizada uma revisão abrangente da literatura seguida por dois levantamentos de dados. O primeiro consistiu em entrevistas em profundidade com representantes do departamento de recursos humanos de dez empresas, que adotavam ou não teletrabalho. Já o segundo foi realizado com teletrabalhadores e utilizou ferramentas como questionário online, aplicativo de smartphone (para coletar dados de atividades e viagens por 7 dias) e entrevistas em profundidade. As entrevistas com representantes de empresas revelam que os potenciais benefícios para as empresas e para os funcionários são os aspectos que estão motivando a disseminação do teletrabalho, mesmo que de forma lenta. Porém, por não ser ainda uma prática comum, continuam a prevalecer algumas barreiras, principalmente relacionadas à cultura organizacional. O levantamento de dados com teletrabalhadores indica que a viagem casa-trabalho e o congestionamento em São Paulo têm sido os principais motivadores para adesão, e revela diferenças importantes no comportamento relativo a viagens dos indivíduos nos dias de teletrabalho e nos dias de trabalho convencional. Enquanto o número de atividades realizadas por outros motivos que não o trabalho e o tempo a elas dedicado são similares nos dias de teletrabalho e de trabalho convencional, o número de viagens, a distância viajada e o tempo gasto em transporte se reduzem. / Telecommuting can be considered a measure for travel demand management since it has the potential to reduce trips by replacing a face to face activity, which requires travel, by a virtual one, with the use of information and communication technologies. The objective of this research is twofold: first, to explore and understand the adoption of telecommuting by companies in São Paulo and, second, to identify and to measure the main impacts of telecommuting on individuals activity-travel patterns. To achieve this aim, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, followed by two types of data collection efforts. First, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with individuals responsible for Human Resources policies in ten companies adopting telecommuting or not. Second, a sample of telecommuters was recruited to answer to an online questionnaire and to provide detailed diary data for 7 days using smartphones, after which an in-depth interview was conducted. Interviews with Human Resources personnel revealed that potential benefits for companies and employees are the drivers behind the dissemination of telecommuting, although slow. As a yet unconventional practice, barriers continue to exist, particularly related to organizational culture. Data collection and analysis of telecommuters behavior shows that the congestion faced in the home-to-work trip is the main reason for adoption of telecommuting in São Paulo. Important differences in activity and travel behavior were observed between telecommuting and non-telecommuting days. While the number of participations and the time spent in non-work activities are relatively similar for the two types of days, a reduction occurred in the number of trips, total distance and time traveled on telecommuting days.

Telecommuting has become a globalized phenomenon after the Covid-19 pandemic. Itallowed technological improvements which made this context easier to handle forcoworkers. Because it can improve personal comfort and quality of life, and allowflexibility, companies are adopting this way of working widely so it makes it aninteresting topic to study. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to understand theeffects that telecommuting has on teamwork efficiency and particularly on new productdevelopment teams. The study was conducted with two project teams working on new ITproducts development from two different French companies.The current literature is mainly focused on the individual effects and consequences oftelecommuting towards team members, at the expense of collective effects. Little researchwas made to link collective consequences to the existent teamwork efficiency criteria.Furthermore, the solutions to address the challenges created by telecommuting, andespecially the ideal rhythm of work to have, are not sufficiently studied in the literature.To address these gaps, our research was conducted using a qualitative methodology whichallowed us to understand better how telecommuting is impacting teamwork efficiency innew product development project teams and how they can face these challenges.In order to do this, we conducted fourteen interviews with two different project teams:one composed of five coworkers, and the other one composed of nine coworkers. It helpedus to gain a better understanding of how telecommuting is experienced collectively byteam members. We analyzed the data through the use of coding, which allowed us todiscover six main themes: interactions, home-office balance, tools and methodologies,teamwork efficiency characteristics and behaviors, outcomes on new productdevelopment and future considerations. Finally, we were able to understand thatindividual, and mainly collective direct consequences of telecommuting influenceteamwork efficiency characteristics and behaviors adopted by the team members, whichwould make them develop strategies and solutions to answer these challenges.

El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones científicas de la base de datos Redalyc.org, para establecer información actual sobre los artículos científicos del teletrabajo en colaboradores de empresas. Primero, se realizó una búsqueda de la variable teletrabajo en la base de datos Redalyc.org, encontrándose un total de 9 artículos, de los cuales 1 artículo fue relacionado al teletrabajo en colaboradores de una empresa, el cual conforma la muestra de estudio. Seguidamente, se realizaron los análisis de datos y metodología utilizadas, y se desarrolló un análisis de la información obtenida. En los resultados resalta la poca cantidad de estudios cuantitativos, el cien por ciento de trabajos contienen resumen, abstract, palabras claves, introducción, objetivos e hipótesis. Se llega a la conclusión de que la bibliometría es una herramienta efectiva y fácil de utilizar para la medición del ejercicio de un investigador, este hecho fomenta que sea tangible la información de estudios previos, esto permite contribuir con información actual al panorama organizacional en el Perú. / The objective of the study was to carry out a bibliometric analysis of the scientific publications of the Redalyc.org database, to establish current information on the scientific articles on telework in company collaborators. First, a search for the telework variable was performed in the Redalyc.org database, finding a total of 9 articles, of which 1 article related to telework in collaborators of a company, which makes up the study sample. Subsequently, the data analysis and methodology used were performed, and an analysis of the information obtained was carried out. The results highlight the small number of quantitative studies, one hundred percent of works contain abstract, abstract, keywords, introduction, objectives and hypotheses. It is concluded that bibliometrics is an effective and easy-to-use tool for measuring the exercise of a researcher, this fact encourages the information from previous studies to be tangible, this allows contributing current information to the organizational landscape in Peru. / Trabajo de investigación

Omställningen till ett digitalt arbetsliv, till följd av Covid-19-pandemin, på distans har förändrat många människors sätt att arbeta de senaste två åren. Forskning visar på motstridiga resultat hur distansarbetare upplever detta sätt att arbeta och det finns en bristande kunskap om hur kommunikationen inom de digitala plattformarna påverkar distansarbetarnas upplevelse av KASAM. Syftet var att undersöka om distansarbetare, som innan pandemin inte tidigare arbetat på distans, upplever att kommunikation via digitala plattformar påverkar deras upplevelse av KASAM. I studien deltog 12 respondenter från både offentlig och privat sektor. Genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer, som analyserades tematiskt, visade resultatet att respondenterna upplevde både faktorer som hindrade KASAM, som bland annat försämrad teamkänsla, och faktorer som främjade KASAM, som bland annat ökad effektivitet. Studiens resultat visade i linje med vad tidigare forskning sagt att det finns både positiv och negativ påverkan på respondenternas KASAM när de kommunicerar via digitala plattformar under distansarbete.

The following study examines system developer's perceived advantages and disadvantages of teleworking. The aim is to gain knowledge about system developers' perceived advantages and disadvantages of teleworking, as well as the effects it can have on the individual work performance and their day to day life. In this study, teleworking is defined as following: Teleworking is when performing ordinary tasks in a place that is away from the workplace. The authors have chosen to use and to make sure that this definition corresponds with the interviewees definition of telework. The study is done using qualitative methodology, in which five selected system developers have been interviewed. The prerequisites are the following, must work as a system developer and some experience with telecommuting. All participants fulfilled the prerequisites that were initially set for participation in the study. The data from the interviews have been collected and analyzed with thematic analysis. After the interviews, several advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting were identified. In summary, the study has shown that participants feel that there are more disadvantages to teleworking than working at their offices. At the same time, the study has also been able to show that there are great benefits for the participants in being able to work remotely.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, i.e., C-19) pandemic promulgated psychological distress among employees across the United States, necessitating the examination of its consequential negative impact. By drawing upon conservation of resource and scarcity theory, this research develops a theoretical model that demonstrates how employees’ psychological distress triggered by the C-19 pandemic (C-19PD) sways their task performance, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and work withdrawal via work engagement. As first-stage moderators, I propose core self-evaluations (CSE), servant leadership, and perceived organizational support (POS) as moderators of the link between C-19PD and work engagement. As second-stage moderators, I propose task interdependence, constraints, and telecommuting intensity as moderators of the link between work engagement and task performance, OCB, and work withdrawal. An individual-level survey study was designed to gather a data set of 275 currently employed workers from four public universities in the U.S., and the mediation hypotheses were supported. However, the moderating effects of CSE, servant leadership, and POS (i.e., first stage moderators) and task interdependence, constraints, and telecommuting intensity (i.e., second stage moderators) were not supported. Implications for theory, limitations, future research directions, and practical applications are discussed.

Telecommuting is a significant workplace innovation that allows an increasing portion of the work force to work from home or work at a location remote from the central workplace at least one-day a week. Previous studies (Bélanger, 1999; Pinsonneault & Boisvert, 2001; Potter, 2003) have outlined that the reasons for the growth of this phenomenon are found in its perceived benefits for both the telecommuter and their employer: improved productivity, organizational loyalty and belonging, job satisfaction, savings of office space, increased flexibility, improved employee morale and employee retention and attraction. Telecommuting literature has provided models and theories about telecommuting concentrating mainly on the telecommuter's experiences and perspective. However, the ramifications of this practice have a broad range of potential impacts not only on the telecommuter, but also other parties in the work unit. Despite the tremendous growth in telecommuting, relatively few empirical studies (Duxbury & Neufield, 1999; Golden, 2007; Watson-Fritz, Narasimhan, and Rhee, 1998) have directly examined the creeping affect and effect of the telecommuting challenges on others in the work unit. Few studies (Bailey & Kurland, 2002; Cooper & Kurland, 2002; Golden, 2007; McCloskey & Igbaria, 2003) have investigated it from the non-telecommuters' perspective and how it affects their work outcomes and their attitudes More importantly, no earlier studies were found that had ever investigated the effects of the telecommuting arrangement on the non-telecommuter from the organizational justice perspective, and how this affects the non-telecommuter's job satisfaction. This study empirically examined the affects and effects of telecommuting on non-telecommuters, and within that context, examined the extent to which organizational justice perspectives affected job satisfaction. Major findings of the study revealed that : (a) the accessibility of the telecommuter is key, even if they are working offsite, (b) job type/position plays an important role in the selection process or in some non-telecommuters' decision to opt out of telecommuting, (c) there was lack of awareness of a formal telecommuting policy or understanding of how the policy was applied, (d) selection procedures can be biased and unfair, and (e) some non-telecommuters experienced envy and jealousy, frustration, resentment, anxiety, unfairness and anger towards telecommuting colleagues. The results of the study also revealed that interpersonal/interactional, and distributive justice both explained the statistically significant variance in non-telecommuters' job satisfaction. However, interpersonal/interactional justice (which focuses on the quality of interpersonal treatment individuals receive) explained a stronger statistically significant variance in the job satisfaction of non-telecommuters. / Ph. D.

Thesis (MTech (Information Technology))--Cape Peninsula University, 2016. / Climate change imposes indisputable burdens on economic development by significantly causing damage to the environment. In the transportation sector, carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles are seen as top environmental pollutants around the world and in South Africa. Despite increasing environmental issues, many people, including business leaders, generally think of environmental issues as disconnected from their everyday business lives and behavioural patterns. The Republic of South Africa as a member of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) encourages any practices and processes that will control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. The adoption of telecommuting for travel reduction can impact positively on environmental sustainability by reducing the amount of commuter driving and thus reducing carbon emissions. Telecommuting is an arrangement where an employee works from home or out of office using telecommunication links (internet, email and/or telephone) to reduce commuting to and from the office, enhance productivity in the organisation, and reduce office space requirements. However, despite the well documented benefits of telecommuting, the uptake of telecommuting in South Africa is slow. This study falls under the Green Information Technology research field. The aim of the study is to identify the reasons behind the slow adoption of telecommuting in South African organisations. The study followed embedded multiple-case studies. Qualitative data were collected from nine companies using semi-structured interviews with 19 participants comprising of Information Technology (IT) and Human Resource (HR) managers, telecommuters and non-telecommuters. The companies were selected to be as diverse as possible in the operating sector and both purposive and snowball strategies were used.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Information and Communications Technology Degree, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Telecentres are a means of allowing members of disadvantaged communities access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) so that they are included in the digital world. Thorough literature searches, along with communication with the Uni-versal Service Access Agency of South Africa (USAASA) indicated that there was no common operational monitoring model for Telecentres. The lack of such a model re-sulted in a lack of real time user and usage profile information to provide strategic business insights for managers. To obtain the requirements for this model, different stakeholders of South African Telecentres were consulted, and these consultations were supplemented by research studies based on international Telecentres. After a detailed evaluation of the different research methodologies, positivism and re-ductionism were selected as the most appropriate conceptual frameworks for the re-search. The research design included both quantitative and qualitative research meth-ods. Requirements engineering was used to provide a number of different methods for verification and modelling. The UML methodology was used to represent the TeleMun monitoring model. A specific UML diagram, the activity diagram, was used to validate the phase consistency of the TeleMun model using the semiformal tool of VeriScene. The choice of methods depended on several factors, for example, the problem domain, and the nature of the solution required, amongst others. Design science methodology was selected as an overarching methodology to encompass the full process from re-quirements to the final design and reporting phases. This methodology was used both in the design of the model and in the design of VeriScene. (The literature review had revealed that there was a gap concerning appropriate phase consistency tools to ensure consistency between the requirements and design phases. To address this gap, a tool ‘VeriScene’ was developed to provide this consistency). In order to analyse these re-quirements, a combination of different appropriate methods was selected, providing the design strength associated with triangulation. These requirements engineering methods were applied to derive the TeleMun model. Thus the monitoring model, TeleMun, was developed, verified and partially validated using several requirements engineering methods. The model is designed at a high level and therefore can be modified to suit other local and international Telecentre opera-tions. / M

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