South Africa is water scarce country with maximum rainfall received in the summer season which lasts for only three months (November, December and January); hence the water resources have to be protected. The municipal wastewater effluents are considered one of the environmental threats that impact the water quality of the streams. This study was conducted to assess the environmental impact that the wastewater effluent has on the Klip River system, the performance of the plant and also to assess the spatial and temporal variations of water quality along the Klip River system.The study focused mainly on historical data over a five period (2009 – 2013) years secondary data which was analysed by Johannesburg Water Ltd (Pty) and primary data were also collected and analysed using the standard methods of laboratory analysis. The standard methods used include Ion selective electrode, gravimetric techniques, iodemetric titration, membrane filtration method; colorimetric method, automated flow injection method and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP – AES). The aim of collecting the primary data during the dry and wet seasons was to verify the secondary data. The data set was further analysed using multivariate techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) to determine the spatial and temporal variation of water quality. The data set using ten water quality parameters (ammonia, sulphates, Chlorine, Chemical Oxygen Demand, conductivity, Escherichia coli, sodium, nitrates, pH and suspended solids) was grouped into four sampling points (influent, effluent, downstream and upstream points) and four seasons.Discriminant analysis of water quality showed that out of ten water quality parameters analysed, only sulphates was a less significant parameter to discriminate between the sampling points. For the temporal variations, eight water quality parameters (ammonium, Chlorine, Conductivity, sodium, nitrates, pH, sulphates and suspended solids are the most significant parameters to discriminate between the four seasons. PCA/FA results highlighted similarities in terms of water quality loading between summer and winter seasons and between the winter and autumn seasons. Summer and winter seasons had strong positive loading in COD, ammonium, suspended solids and E. coli whereas the autumn and spring seasons had strong positive loading in sodium, chlorine and pH. The study further highlighted that the Olifantsvlei Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) is effectively treating the wastewater up to the required standards before discharging them into the Klip River system. This study concludes that the Olifantsvlei WWTW does not contribute significant loads of pollutants into the Klip river system. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

Cette thèse se consacre à la mise au point de techniques d’échantillonnage suivies d’analyses réalisées au laboratoire pour mettre en évidence les espèces majoritaires en air intérieur et caractériser leurs variations temporelles. Le développement analytique a été effectué pour 52 COVs et pour 16 HAPs associés à la phase particulaire de l’air. Les prélèvements des COVs ont été réalisés au moyen d’un préleveur automatique permettant d’échantillonner l’air sur des tubes extraits par désorption thermique et analysés par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la détection FID. Pour la quantification des HAPs, le prélèvement des particules est effectué par un impacteur à cascade à trois étages permettant de fractionner l’aérosol en fonction de leur diamètre aérodynamique. Les HAPs sont quantifiés par chromatographie liquide haute performance couplée à la détection par fluorescence. Ces deux techniques ont été mises en application dans le cadre de la 1ère campagne intensive du projet MERMAID. / This work aims at developing rapid and simple air sampling techniques followed by laboratory analyses to highlight the occurrence of the main species in indoor air and to describe their temporal variations. The analytical development was focused on 52 VOCs belonging to a wide variety of chemical families to determine their concentrations. The sampling step was performed using an automatic sampler allowing the sampling of air on adsorbent tubes. These tubes were then thermally desorbed and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to FID. Another analytical development was conducted to determine the particle bound PAHs concentrations. The sampling of particles was realized by the mean of a 3-stages cascade impactor allowing an aerosol fractionation depending on their aerodynamic diameter. Finally, quantification of PAHs was realized by liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. These two techniques were applied in a field campaign in the frame of the MERMAID program.

L’étude de l’écologie des communautés et de la ségrégation écologique revêt une importance particulière, notamment pour ses apports en biologie évolutive mais aussi pour ses applications dans le domaine de la conservation. La présente étude s’intéresse à la ségrégation écologique des delphinidés de l’île de Mayotte (Canal de Mozambique, sud-ouest de l’océan Indien) à deux échelles : la communauté d’espèces (approche interspécifique) et les communautés d’individus (approche intra-spécifique). Autour de cette île, une communauté diversifiée de delphinidés se partage l’espace et les ressources, et ce à de très faibles échelles spatiales. Sur treize espèces observées, au moins cinq sont observées régulièrement et ont donc été étudiées : le grand dauphin de l’Indo-Pacifique (Tursiops aduncus), le dauphin à long bec (Stenella longirostris), le dauphin tacheté pantropical (Stenella attenuata), le péponocéphale (Peponocephala electra) et le dauphin de Fraser (Lagenodelphis hosei). Chez les espèces vivant en sympatrie, des mécanismes de ségrégation devraient s’observer selon les trois dimensions principales de la niche écologique : l’espace, la ressource et le temps. A l’échelle interspécifique, les analyses de l’habitat défini par les caractères physiographiques associés à chaque observation, de l’utilisation des ressources exprimée par les isotopes stables du carbone et de l’azote et des budgets d’activités montrent que les delphinidés occupent des niches écologiques distinctes. Parallèlement, certaines espèces jumelles peuvent constituer des associations poly-spécifiques, les mettant apparemment en situation de compétition pour les ressources et les habitats. Il a été montré que ces associations, notamment chez les delphinidés du genre Stenella, n’avaient pas de signification trophique, mais constituaient plutôt une stratégie de vigilance contre les prédateurs. Le dernier volet de l’étude s’intéresse à la ségrégation intra-spécifique et à la structure de population à fine échelle, notamment chez le grand dauphin de l’Indo-Pacifique, la principale espèce de delphinidé à vivre dans les eaux intérieures du lagon. La combinaison d’approches dont les échelles sont emboitées : de l’échelle évolutive populationnelle (structure génétique) à l’échelle de la vie de l’individu (domaine vital), a permis de démontrer que l’unique groupe panmictique de Mayotte se segmentait en communautés (définies par des ensembles d’individus ayant un domaine vital commun). Au moins deux communautés ont été identifiées, utilisant des domaines distincts, formant des groupes sociaux stables mais non constitués d’individus apparentés. L’ensemble de l’étude montre que la ségrégation écologique s’observe aux échelles inter- et intra-spécifiques chez les delphinidés, et que celle-ci ne peut être mis en évidence que par des approches multi-échelles et transdisciplinaires. / The study of communities and ecological segregation is of primary importance, especially for its contribution to the field of evolutionary biology and its applications to conservation. The present study aims to assess ecological segregation of tropical delphinids of the island of Mayotte (Mozambique Channel, SW Indian Ocean) at two scales: interspecies and intra-species level. Around Mayotte, a diverse community of delphinids can be found within a restricted range. Thirteen species have been recorded, among which five species regularly occur: the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus), the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris), the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra) and the Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei). In species living in sympatry, segregation mechanisms should be observed along the three main dimensions of the ecological niche: habitat, resource and time. In inter-specific comparisons, analyses of habitat defined by physiographic variables at sighting locations, resource use expressed as carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures, and activity budgets revealed that each species occupies its own ecological niche. At the same time, sibling species form mixed-species associations that place them in situation of apparent competition for habitats. It has been shown that these mixed-species associations, especially among dolphins of the genus Stenella, do associate for anti-predator vigilance rather than for trophic benefits. Finally, the last approach of this study aims to investigate fine scale population structure and intra-species segregation in the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, the main delphinid occurring in the inner lagoon. The combination of approaches over temporal scales: from the genetic population structure to the community characteristics at individual life-scale (home range), showed that a single panmictic group of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins was segmented into communities (defined by a common home range). At least two bottlenose dolphin communities were found, using a common home range and within which genetically unrelated individuals are preferentially associated. The whole study underlines that ecological segregation can be observed inter- and intra-specifically in delphinids, and this segregation can only be assessed by using multi-scale and multidisciplinary approaches.

Seafloor compliance is a non-intrusive geophysical method sensitive to the shear modulus of the sediments below the seafloor. A compliance analysis requires the computation of the frequency dependent transfer function between the vertical stress, produced at the seafloor by the ultra low frequency passive source-infra-gravity waves, and the resulting displacement, related to velocity through the frequency. The displacement of the ocean floor is dependent on the elastic structure of the sediments and the compliance function is tuned to different depths, i.e., a change in the elastic parameters at a given depth is sensed by the compliance function at a particular frequency. In a gas hydrate system, the magnitude of the stiffness is a measure of the quantity of gas hydrates present. Gas hydrates contain immense stores of greenhouse gases making them relevant to climate change science, and represent an important potential alternative source of energy. Bullseye Vent is a gas hydrate system located in an area that has been intensively studied for over 2 decades and research results suggest that this system is evolving over time. A partnership with NEPTUNE Canada allowed for the investigation of this possible evolution. This thesis describes a compliance experiment configured for NEPTUNE Canada’s seafloor observatory and its failure. It also describes the use of 203 days of simultaneously logged pressure and velocity time-series data, measured by a Scripps differential pressure gauge, and a Güralp CMG-1T broadband seismometer on NEPTUNE Canada’s seismic station, respectively, to evaluate variations in sediment stiffness near Bullseye. The evaluation resulted in a (- 4.49 x10-3± 3.52 x 10-3) % change of the transfer function of 3rd October, 2010 and represents a 2.88% decrease in the stiffness of the sediments over the period. This thesis also outlines a new algorithm for calculating the static compliance of isotropic layered sediments.

Seafloor compliance is a non-intrusive geophysical method sensitive to the shear modulus of the sediments below the seafloor. A compliance analysis requires the computation of the frequency dependent transfer function between the vertical stress, produced at the seafloor by the ultra low frequency passive source-infra-gravity waves, and the resulting displacement, related to velocity through the frequency. The displacement of the ocean floor is dependent on the elastic structure of the sediments and the compliance function is tuned to different depths, i.e., a change in the elastic parameters at a given depth is sensed by the compliance function at a particular frequency. In a gas hydrate system, the magnitude of the stiffness is a measure of the quantity of gas hydrates present. Gas hydrates contain immense stores of greenhouse gases making them relevant to climate change science, and represent an important potential alternative source of energy. Bullseye Vent is a gas hydrate system located in an area that has been intensively studied for over 2 decades and research results suggest that this system is evolving over time. A partnership with NEPTUNE Canada allowed for the investigation of this possible evolution. This thesis describes a compliance experiment configured for NEPTUNE Canada’s seafloor observatory and its failure. It also describes the use of 203 days of simultaneously logged pressure and velocity time-series data, measured by a Scripps differential pressure gauge, and a Güralp CMG-1T broadband seismometer on NEPTUNE Canada’s seismic station, respectively, to evaluate variations in sediment stiffness near Bullseye. The evaluation resulted in a (- 4.49 x10-3± 3.52 x 10-3) % change of the transfer function of 3rd October, 2010 and represents a 2.88% decrease in the stiffness of the sediments over the period. This thesis also outlines a new algorithm for calculating the static compliance of isotropic layered sediments.