The aim of this thesis is to attempt to solve technical and spatial issues in an architectural project by looking at a species of spider, Cyrtphora Citricola. This will be done using desk-based research, reference reading and testing models. The work of architect Frei Otto will also be used as a reference for technical and programmatic solutions in the architectural intervention. The thesis will attempt to answer the question, ‘What aspects of technical and spatial adaptability can be brought into an architectural context by studying spiders and their behavior?’ Spider silk is built up through a protein chain hierarchy, making for a unique structural material. As a species, spiders are particularly adaptable to different living conditions. The specific species Cyrtphora Citricola has a very unique way of building its web which has a tent-shaped formation. It is very adaptable to different sites and living conditions and shares similarities with the tent and netted roof structures designed by Otto. Being a pioneer in the fields of minimal architecture and tension construction, he claims architecture needs to integrate with nature as well as be light and minimal in order to solve the environmental problems we face in modern society. These theories have influenced this thesis and the resulting architectural project proposal. To gain further understanding of tensional structures, experiments using two different methods of model making have been explored. The first uses string and soap film to test the naturally occurring minimal surface of physical models and the second uses a similar method by programming computational software to act like the soap film. The project is summarized in one potential usage of the spider in architecture, an elementary school located in the planned neighborhood Tomtebo Strand, Umeå. The plot is currently all forest, which will be used in the project as a statement of adaptability. As a result of insufficient research surrounding spiders, the project developed into a modern recreation of Otto’s work with tensile construction. The purpose of the architectural project ‘NETWORK’ is to investigate how a large structure can adapt to any location, causing minimal impact. By studying spiders and spider technology and combining the research with the work of Otto; aspects of adaptability, technical function and aesthetical form have been combined to create a project which answers the thesis question.

Nous étendons la théorie des espaces de tentes, définis classiquement sur R^n, à différents espaces métriques. Pour les espaces doublant nous montrons que la théorie usuelle «globale» reste valide, et pour les espaces «non-uniformément localement doublant» (y compris R^n avec la mesure gaussienne) nous établissons une théorie locale satisfaisante. Dans le contexte doublant nous prouvons des résultats de plongement du type Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev pour des espaces de tentes a poids, et dans le cas particulier des espaces métriques non-bornes AD-réguliers nous identifions les espaces d’interpolation réelle (les «espaces-Z») des espaces de tentes a poids. Les espaces de tentes a poids et les espaces-Z sur R^n sont ensuite utilises pour construire les espaces de Hardy–Sobolev et de Besov adaptes a des opérateurs de Dirac perturbes. Ces espaces jouent un rôle clé dans la classification des solutions de systèmes du premier ordre de type Cauchy–Riemann (ou de manière équivalente, la classification des gradients conormaux des solutions de systèmes elliptiques de second ordre) dans les espaces de tentes à poids et les espaces-Z. Nous établissons cette classification, et en corollaire nous obtenons une classification utile des cas ou les problèmes de Neumann et de Régularité; sont bien poses, pour des systèmes elliptiques de second ordre avec coefficients complexes et données dans les espaces de Hardy–Sobolev et de Besov d’ordre s en (-1,0). / We extend the theory of tent spaces from Euclidean spaces to various types of metric measure spaces. For doubling spaces we show that the usual `global' theory remains valid, and for `non-uniformly locally doubling' spaces (including R^n with the Gaussian measure) we establish a satisfactory local theory. In the doubling context we show that Hardy–Littlewood–Sobolev-type embeddings hold in the scale of weighted tent spaces, and in the special case of unbounded AD-regular metric measure spaces we identify the real interpolants (the `Z-spaces') of weighted tent spaces.Weighted tent spaces and Z-spaces on R^n are used to construct Hardy–Sobolev and Besov spaces adapted to perturbed Dirac operators. These spaces play a key role in the classification of solutions to first-order Cauchy–Riemann systems (or equivalently, the classification of conormal gradients of solutions to second-order elliptic systems) within weighted tent spaces and Z-spaces. We establish this classification, and as a corollary we obtain a useful characterisation of well-posedness of Regularity and Neumann problems for second-order complex-coefficient elliptic systems with boundary data in Hardy--Sobolev and Besov spaces of order s in (-1,0).

When we are outdoors we rely on the things we bring. By questioning, if the outdoors are freely accessible and detached from our capitalistic world, I identified that to- day’s outdoor equipment industry is not only enjoying great popularity, but is also having the tendency to stay in its comfort zone, mainly engaging in ecological spheres of sustainability. With my bachelor’s thesis project, Friluftsliv för Alla?, I had the aim to initiate a shift, to broaden one’s mind, and to put a focus beyond the sustainability indicator of a product. Together with my collaborator ‘Friluftsfrämjandet’, a Swedish outdoor association, I shared concerns about social-cultural sustainability in the area of outdoor recreation, and started to look at the people who are in need of gear. An item that sparked a lot of my interest was the indispensable shelter, that is needed when we want to spend a good amount of time outside in nature. With the help of my sponsors and other stakeholders I was able to craft a fully functioning tent, that is supposed to be used and shared unconditionally.

Friluftskulturen är något som många nordbor håller nära hjärtat. Att ta sig ut i naturen ochutforska lokal så väl som internationell miljö är en form av hållbart resande. Med ett tält breddasdessa möjligheter och längre turer med övernattning får bättre förutsättningar.I ett tält finns många komponenter och delar, varvid två tältdukar, en på insidan och enskyddande duk mot utsidan och omgivningen. Detta projekt tar vid precis mellan innertält ochyttertält och berör kopplingen mellan dessa. Projektet syftar till att utveckla ett nytt fästsystemmellan inner- och yttertält för friluftsföretaget Norrönas nylanserade kupoltält. Utvecklingenav fästsystemet ska bidra till en smidig och lätt hantering. Norrøna är ett norskt företag somutvecklar, producerar och säljer kläder och utrustning för friluftslivet och jobbar just nu med ennyutveckling och lansering av ett kupoltält. Tältet i sig ska möta företagets krav på kvalitet,funktion och design.Projektet har genomförts som ett examensarbete för utbildningsprogrammet Sportteknologi -högskoleingenjör produktutveckling inom huvudområdet maskinteknik vid Mittuniversitetet iÖstersund. Denna rapport omfattar det arbete som gjorts genom produktutvecklingsprocessen,dess ingående faser, metoder och resultat. Processen delades in i fem faser: förstudie,produktspecificering, konceptgenerering, utvärdering och val av koncept, detaljkonstruktionoch prototyp.Resultatet av projektet blev ett välutvecklat koncept som löser huvudproblemet att kopplasamman inner- och yttertält och uppfyller de kriterium som specificerats för produkten.Konceptet är ett system med ett elastiskt band med snitt i dess längsriktning. Bandet sitterfastsytt i innertältets sömmar och har en krok fäst i änden. Kroken förs genom en ögla av textilfastsytt i en förlängning av yttertältets bågkanal och fästes i ett av snitten för att låsa systemet.Lösningen valdes med omtanke och diskussion med Norrøna och presenteras i form av digitalasolidmodeller så väl som prototyp.Projektet och dess resultat överlämnas med goda förutsättningar till att produceras ochappliceras på Norrøna nylanserade kupoltält och bidrar till utvecklingen av friluftskulturen. / The outdoor culture is something that many Scandinavians hold close to their hearts. Gettingout into nature and exploring local as well as international environment is a form of sustainabletravel. With a tent, these opportunities are broadened and longer trips with overnight stays aregiven better conditions.In a tent there are several components, two main tent cloths, one on the inside and one as abarrier against the outside and the surroundings. This project takes place exactly between theinner tent and the outer tent and concerns the connection between them. The project aims todevelop a new fastening system for inner and outer tents at the outdoor company Norrøna'snewly launched dome tent for smooth and easy handling. Norrøna is a Norwegian companythat develops, produces and sells clothes and equipment for outdoor life and currently runninga new development and launch of a dome tent. The tent itself will meet the company'srequirements for quality, function and design.This project is a bachelor thesis for the mechanical engineering program at Mid SwedenUniversity in Östersund. This report begins with the work done through the productdevelopment process, its in-depth phases, methods and results. The process was divided intofive phases: feasibility study, product specification, concept generation, evaluation andselection of concepts, detail design and prototype.The result of the project became a well-developed concept that solves the main problem oflinking inner and outer tents and fulfills the criteria’s that the product had. The concept is asystem with an elastic strap with cuts in its longitudinal direction. The strap is sewn into theseams of the inner tent and has a hook attached to the end. The hook goes through a loop oftextile sewn into an extension of the outer pole canal and is inserted in one of the cuts to lockthe system. The solution was chosen with care and discussion with Norrøna and presenters inthe form of digital solid models as well as prototype.The project and its results are handed over to Norrøna with good circumstances to develop,produce and apply to Norrøna's newly launched dome tent and contributes to development ofthe outdoor culture. / <p>Betyg 2020-07-20</p>

Les méthodes d'éléments finis de type Galerkine discontinu (DG FEM) ont démontré précision et efficacité pour résoudre des problèmes d'ondes dans des milieux complexes. Cependant, elles nécessitent un très grand nombre de degrés de liberté, ce qui augmente leur coût de calcul en comparaison du coût des méthodes d'éléments finis continus.Parmi les différentes approches variationnelles pour résoudre les problèmes aux limites, se distingue une famille particulière, basée sur l'utilisation de fonctions tests qui sont des solutions locales exactes des équations à résoudre. L'idée vient de E.Trefftz en 1926 et a depuis été largement développée et généralisée. Les méthodes variationnelles de type Trefftz-DG appliquées aux problèmes d'ondes se réduisent à des intégrales de surface, ce qui devrait contribuer à réduire les coûts de calcul.Les approches de type Trefftz ont été largement développées pour les problèmes harmoniques, mais leur utilisation pour des simulations en domaine transitoire est encore limitée. Quand elles sont appliquées dans le domaine temporel, les méthodes de Trefftz utilisent des maillages qui recouvrent le domaine espace-temps. C'est une des paraticularités de ces méthodes. En effet, les méthodes DG standards conduisent à la construction d'un système semi-discret d'équations différentielles ordinaires en temps qu'on intègre avec un schéma en temps explicite. Mais les méthodes de Trefftz-DG appliquées aux problèmes d'ondes conduisent à résoudre une matrice globale, contenant la discrétisation en espace et en temps, qui est de grande taille et creuse. Cette particularité gêne considérablement le déploiement de cette technologie pour résoudre des problèmes industriels.Dans ce travail, nous développons un environnement Tre#tz-DG pour résoudre des problèmes d'ondes mécaniques, y compris les équations couplées de l'élasto-acoustique. Nous prouvons que les formulations obtenues sont bien posées et nous considérons la difficulté d'inverser la matrice globale en construisant un inverse approché obtenu à partir de la décomposition de la matrice globale en une matrice diagonale par blocs. Cette idée permet de réduire les coûts de calcul mais sa précision est limitée à de petits domaines de calcul. Etant données les limitations de la méthode, nous nous sommes intéressés au potentiel du "Tent Pitcher", en suivant les travaux récents de Gopalakrishnan et al. Il s'agit de construire un maillage espace-temps composé de macro-éléments qui peuvent être traités indépendamment en faisant une hypothèse de causalité. Nous avons obtenu des résultats préliminaires très encourageants qui illustrent bien l'intérêt du Tent Pitcher, en particulier quand il est couplé à une méthode de Trefftz-DG formulée à partir d'intégrales de surface seulement. Dans ce cas, le maillage espace-temps est composé d'éléments qui sont au plus de dimension 3. Il est aussi important de noter que ce cadre se prête à l'utilisation de pas de temps locaux ce qui est un plus pour gagner en précision avec des coûts de calcul réduits. / Discontinuous Finite Element Methods (DG FEM) have proven flexibility and accuracy for solving wave problems in complex media. However, they require a large number of degrees of freedom, which increases the corresponding computational cost compared with that of continuous finite element methods. Among the different variational approaches to solve boundary value problems, there exists a particular family of methods, based on the use of trial functions in the form of exact local solutions of the governing equations. The idea was first proposed by Trefftz in 1926, and since then it has been further developed and generalized. A Trefftz-DG variational formulation applied to wave problems reduces to surface integrals that should contribute to decreasing the computational costs.Trefftz-type approaches have been widely used for time-harmonic problems, while their implementation for time-dependent simulations is still limited. The feature of Trefftz-DG methods applied to time-dependent problems is in the use of space-time meshes. Indeed, standard DG methods lead to the construction of a semi-discrete system of ordinary differential equations in time which are integrated by using an appropriate scheme. But Trefftz-DG methods applied to wave problems lead to a global matrix including time and space discretizations which is huge and sparse. This significantly hampers the deployment of this technology for solving industrial problems.In this work, we develop a Trefftz-DG framework for solving mechanical wave problems including elasto-acoustic equations. We prove that the corresponding formulations are well-posed and we address the issue of solving the global matrix by constructing an approximate inverse obtained from the decomposition of the global matrix into a block-diagonal one. The inversion is then justified under a CFL-type condition. This idea allows for reducing the computational costs but its accuracy is limited to small computational domains. According to the limitations of the method, we have investigated the potential of Tent Pitcher algorithms following the recent works of Gopalakrishnan et al. It consists in constructing a space-time mesh made of patches that can be solved independently under a causality constraint. We have obtained very promising numerical results illustrating the potential of Tent Pitcher in particular when coupled with a Trefftz-DG method involving only surface terms. In this way, the space-time mesh is composed of elements which are 3D objects at most. It is also worth noting that this framework naturally allows for local time-stepping which is a plus to increase the accuracy while decreasing the computational burden.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This paper is a study of the dynamics of a new family of maps from the complex plane to itself, which we call twisted tent maps. A twisted tent map is a complex generalization of a real tent map. The action of this map can be visualized as the complex scaling of the plane followed by folding the plane once. Most of the time, scaling by a complex number will \twist" the plane, hence the name. The "folding" both breaks analyticity (and even smoothness) and leads to interesting dynamics ranging from easily understood and highly geometric behavior to chaotic behavior and fractals.

This thesis discusses three distinct topics. A topological space X is said to be self- Tietze if for every closed C eX, every continuous f: C -+ X admits a continuous extension F: X -+ X. We show that every disconnected, self- Tietze space is ultranormal. The Tychonoff Plank is an example of a compact self- Tietze space which is not completely normal, and we establish that a completely normal, zero- dimensional, homogeneous space need not be self- Tietze. A subset of the plane is a two-point set if it meets every straight line in exactly two points. We show that a two-point set cannot contain a dense G8 subset of an arc. We also show that the complement of a two-point set is necessarily path-connected. Finally, we construct a zero-dimensional subset of the plane of which the complement is simply-connected. For A E lR, the tent-map with slope A is the function f: [0, 1] -+ lR such that f(x) = AX for x :=:; ~ and f(x) = A(l - x) for x ~ ~. Properties of w-limit sets of tent-maps, i.e. sets of the form n {fn+k(x) I kEN} nEN for x E [0,1], are examined, and an example of a tent-map and a closed, invariant, nonempty, internally chain transitive subset of [0, 1] which is not an w-limit set is given.

O cuidado ao trabalhador da saúde tende a ser realizado no cotidiano, nos encontros, na transformação do sofrimento em potência, entretanto, o afastamento do trabalho e a biomedicalização apresentam-se como alternativas uma vez que o sofrimento, ao invés de ser potencializado para produzir novos sentidos do viver, passa a ser transformado em adoecimento. Esse enlace é perpassado por essa pesquisa, que objetivou compreender como os trabalhadores da enfermagem constroem cuidados de si, mapear as intervenções dos modos de cuidar de si e compreender de que forma o trabalhador lida com os afetos provocados no cotidiano da saúde. Procedeu-se a uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter descritivo, que seguiu os pressupostos metodológicos da exploração da multiplicidade de fontes, na qual quatro técnicas em enfermagem de um grande hospital do sul do Brasil participaram de um dispositivo denominado Tenda do Conto. Foi oportunizando que elas contassem suas “afecções” no encontro com o mundo, dialogando com os acontecimentos no cotidiano do trabalho e da vida, o que permitiu que a pesquisadora dialogasse com a micropolítica, com os contos de cada trabalhadora/pesquisadora e narrasse a sua Tenda. Os resultados surgiram através das aproximações nas contações e trouxeram algumas reflexões a respeito dos contrastes do trabalho em saúde e dos detalhes do processo relacional no plano do cuidado, onde cuidar de si esteve presente no cotidiano através de: autorreconhecimento, “engenhar” no ambiente de trabalho, cooperação intraequipe e prática de atividades fora do ambiente de trabalho Os resultados também aludem que as trabalhadoras cuidam de si através dos encontros, na micropolítica, na cooperação, no reconhecimento do outro, no autogoverno e na ressignificação do sofrimento. Para lidar com os afetos provocados produzem vínculos e realizam novas construções. Observou-se que os Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador poderiam melhor contribuir para a saúde dos trabalhadores, caso a lógica de organização desses serviços fosse pautada por processos que tomam isso como central. Espera-se com essa pesquisa ter contribuído para uma nova visão do que seja o cuidado de si no cotidiano do trabalho em saúde. / The care by the health worker tends to be carried out in daily life, in meetings, in the transformation of suffering in potency. However, the distance from work and biomedicalization are presented as alternatives once suffering, instead to be potentiated to produce new senses of living, is transformed in sickness. This situation is permeated by this search, wich aimed to understand how nursing workers build care of themselves, map the interventions of the ways of caring for themselves and understand how the worker deals with the affects caused in the daily health. A qualitative search of descriptive character was carried out, which followed the methodological assumptions of the exploration of the multiplicity of sources, in which four nursing techniques from a large hospital in the south of Brazil participated in a device called Tent of the Tale. It was opportune that they tell their “affections” in the encounter with the world, dialoguing with the events in the daily work and life, this allowed the researcher to dialogue with the micropolitics, with the stories of each worker/researcher and to narrate their Tent. The results came from the approximations in the reports and brought some reflections about the contrasts of health work and the details of the relational process in the care plan, where caring for oneself was present in the daily life through: self knowledge, “to “engineer” in work environment, cooperation between the team and activities outside of the work environment. The results also mention that women workers take care of themselves through meetings, micropolitics, cooperation, recognition of the other, self-government and the resignification of suffering. To deal with the affects caused they producing links and realize new constructions. It was observed that the Workers 'Health Services could better contribute to workers' health, if the logic of organizing these services was based on processes that take this as central. It is hoped that this research would have contributed to a new vision of what is the care of oneself in the daily work of health.

This content analysis of mainstream and alternative news narratives interprets the use of the crisis media frame, and describes the relationship between local policy initiatives, media discourse and public opinion on tent cities, organized by people experiencing homelessness in Portland, Oregon. Framing homelessness and housing as a crisis intensified the public debate, attested by an increase in mainstream media reports on tent cities, and by controversial policy changes that addressed the individually-experienced traumatic impacts of the City's anti-camping ordinance, as well as the systemic lack of affordable housing and emergency shelter. Media discourse related to city-sanctioned tent cities blurs the lines between Shanto Iyengar's episodic and thematic media frames because of the simultaneous acknowledgement of individual and systemic circumstances. The crisis frame is a discursive mechanism in the production of knowledge on homelessness and housing, and is considered as an integral characteristic of Henri Lefebvre's conceptual model of socio-spatial production, which describes the interdependency between discourse, practice and meaning in the material and symbolic production of space.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common fatal inherited diseases, most prevalent among Caucasians. CF is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which helps to create sweat, digestive juices, and airway surface liquid (ASL). The airways are covered with a thin layer of fluid, the airway surface liquid, in which the cilia bathe. Defective or absent CFTR leads to a defective water and ion transport in the epithelial cells, which results in viscous mucus, defective ciliary clearance, bacterial inflammation and tissue damage. The volume and composition of ASL are important in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and it is therefore relevant to determine its composition. However, there are a number of difficulties in determining the ionic composition of the ASL due to its small volume. Literature data vary from very hypotonic to markedly hypertonic. These controversial data inspired the development of a simple method for determining the elemental composition of the ASL in different animal species and humans. Two techniques were developed to determine the composition of ASL, from which indirect information on chloride transport in airway epithelium can be obtained. In the first method, tissue is removed from the animals under anesthesia, frozen and analyzed in the frozen-hydrated state. In the second method, the ASL is collected with small dextran (Sephadex) beads; the dried beads are then analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. The Sephadex-bead method appears more accurate compared to the frozen-hydrated samples. Both methods were applied to collect tracheal and/or nasal fluid in pigs, normal and transgenic cystic fibrosis mice, the fluid covering the apical surface of normal bronchial cells (16HBE14o-) and a cystic fibrosis human bronchial cell line (CFBE41o-), and finally nasal fluid in healthy and diseased subjects. The ionic composition of the ASL was isotonic both in pigs and healthy human subjects. CF patients had much higher levels of Na and Cl ions than healthy subjects. The ASL under control conditions was hypotonic in mice and cell cultures, whereas the concentrations of Na and Cl ions in the species with the ΔF508 mutation or absent CFTR were significantly higher than in the corresponding controls. It was also demonstrated that the ionic composition of the ASL can be influenced by pharmacological treatment. The study confirms earlier findings that CFTR also is involved in bicarbonate transport. Mist tent therapy has been tested in the study of a treatment for CF patients, in order to hydrate the viscous mucus. But the effect of mist tent therapy on ion concentrations in the ASL appeared to be short-lived, although no patients became chronically colonized with pseudomonads while on nocturnal mist tent therapy.