The focus of this thesis is on transferring data between mobile devices. It analyzes the resource consumption of using the Wireless LAN interface in some situations, and proposes and evaluates some new applications involving the transfer of voice and data files. Measurements show the high consumption of battery power due to the operation of a wireless network interface, even if it is not “actively” used to transfer data, while the memory consumption of the running applications is very limited. This thesis includes also an application to transfer files between two or more Pocket PCs: it is proposed as an addition to the VoIP application Minisip. Finally I have developed an application in order to explore the possibility to make a voice call by transferring real-time encoded text using UDP and/or RTP streams. This could be used together with speech-to-text and text-to-speech conversion applications at the end points to allow a “voice conversation” even on wireless links with very limited capacity, whereas a standard VoIP conversation would not be affordable. / Fokus i detta examensarbete ligger på överföring av data mellan mobila enheter. Det analyserar resursutnyttjandet vid användande av Wireless LAN-anslutning i några situationer, samt brukar analysen för att föreslå och utvärdera ett antal nya applikationer för överföring av röstsamtal och filer. Mätningar visar den höga konsumtion av batterikraft som anslutning till ett trådlöst nätverk gränsnitt, även då det inte används "aktivt" för dataöverföring, medan de applikationer som använts här behöver bara mycket begränsad minneskapacitet. I detta examensarbete ingår även ett program för överföring av filer mellan två eller flera mobila apparater, föreslaget att ingå i Minisip, en VoIP applikation. Dessutom föreslås och utvärderas en applikation som undersöker möjligheterna att vid röstsamtal överföra realtidskodad text via RTP och/eller UDP stream. Använd tillsammans med en röst-till-text- och text-till-röstomvandling i ändpunkterna möjliggör denna genomförande av röstsamtal även då mycket begränsade trådlösa anslutningar nyttjas. / <p>Exchange student from Pisa.</p>

Elever utvecklas i alla ämnen genom ett gott ordförråd. Bristande ordförråd kan leda till att elever tappar kunskaper både i skolan och vardagen. Dialogisk högläsning erbjuder elever i alla åldrar möjlighet att diskutera och reflektera över texters innehåll. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur grundskollärare i årskurserna 1–3 förhåller sig till den dialogiska högläsningen. Data har samlats in via kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserats med metoden tematisk analys. Denna studie har sin utgångspunkt i den sociokulturella teorin. Lärarna som intervjuades har olika lång bakgrund inom läraryrket, vilket ger studien olika perspektiv när det kommer till fenomenet dialogisk högläsning. Resultatet ger en inblick i hur den dialogiska högläsningen används för att öka elevernas förståelse för texters uppbyggnad och struktur. Respondenterna hade en varierad syn på hur och i vilken grad dialogisk högläsning bör användas och presenterar olika undervisningsmetoder när det gäller att utveckla elevers språk och ordförråd.   Slutsatsen visar på att dialogisk högläsning är något som används regelbundet bland majoriteten av lärarna och att det är något som lärarna anser bör prioriteras i undervisningen. Lärarna menar på att elevernas ordförråd utvecklas i och med att eleverna följer med i texten, ställer frågor, och får möjligheten att diskutera med varandra. Utifrån de intervjuade lärarna kan det konstateras att dialogisk högläsning är applicerbart under hela skoldagen, både som undervisningsform och som pausläsning. / Students develop in all subjects through a strong vocabulary. An inadequate vocabulary could result in students losing knowledge both in school and in everyday life. Dialogic reading offers students of all ages the opportunity to discuss and reflect on the content of texts. The purpose of this study is to highlight how elementary school teachers in grades 1-3 work with language development through dialogic reading. Data has been collected through qualitative semi-structured interviews and analysed using the method of thematic analysis. This study is rooted in the sociocultural theory. The interviewed teachers have varying backgrounds in the teaching professions, which provides the study with different perspectives on the phenomenon of dialogic reading aloud. The results generate insights into how dialogic reading is used in schools and the purpose of reading aloud is to create understanding of the structure and organization of texts among students. The respondents have varied views on the concept of dialogic reading and present diverse teaching methods when it comes to developing students' language and vocabulary. The conclusion of this study is that dialogic reading is actively used by most teachers and should be prioritized in teaching. The teachers believe that students' vocabulary develops as they follow along in the text, ask questions, and can discuss it among their peers. The teachers demonstrate that dialogic reading is applicable throughout the school day, both as a teaching method, and as a break activity.

Syftet med undersökningen var att ta reda på hur sex lågstadielärare arbetar med lässtrategier i samband med högläsning och textsamtal. Undersökningen syftade även till att ta reda på vilka frågor lärarna ställer under dessa samtal för att kontrollera elevernas förståelse, samt vilka fördelar undervisningsmetoden har ur ett lärarperspektiv. Undersökningen utgick främst från det sociokulturella perspektivet som innebär att elever lär sig bäst genom dialog tillsammans med andra. En semistrukturerad intervjustudie genomfördes med sex legitimerade lågstadielärare. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att samtliga lärare använder sig av högläsning och textsamtal dagligen i samband med lässtrategiundervisning. Lärarna utgår från olika modeller och en majoritet av respondenterna har inspirerats av lässtrategimodellen En Läsande klass. Resultatet visade även att lärarna arbetar med frågor på, mellan och bortom raderna för att kontrollera elevernas förståelse under textsamtal redan i tidig ålder. Lärarna upplever att högläsning tillsammans med textsamtal utvecklar elevernas läsförståelse och användning av lässtrategier. Samtliga respondenter menar dock att denna typ av undervisning hade varit mer utvecklande för eleverna i mindre grupper. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how six primary school teachers work with reading strategies along with reading aloud and text conversations. The study also aimed to find out what kind of questions teachers use during these conversations in order to assess students' understanding, and the benefits of the teaching method from a teacher's perspective. The theoretical approach of the study is based on the sociocultural perspective, which means that pupils learn through dialogue with others. An interview study was conducted with six licensed primary school teachers. The result showed that all teachers use reading aloud and text discussion along with reading strategy daily. The teachers use different models and a majority of the respondents are inspired by the reading strategy model “En läsande klass”. The result also evinces that the teachers use questions on, between and beyond the lines to verify students understanding during text conversations at an early age. The teachers experience that reading aloud together with text discussion develop students reading comprehension and their use of reading strategies. All respondents also believed that this type of teaching would have been more developing for pupils in smaller groups.

This dissertation constitutes an illustration of how writing instruction in elementary school, year three, is conducted. At this stage of schooling, most pupils are assumed to have acquired basic reading and writing skills, and from now on, and increasingly over the years that follow, they are expected to read and write longer texts within different genres and subjects. The aim of this thesis is to study writing lessons that were conducted under the framework of four writing projects in a classroom, and the student-written texts that that resulted thereof. The writing pro-jects are characterised by focus on similar text types, which in my mate-rial includes "the fairy tale", "a letter to the editor", "instructions" and a "factual text". The focus of the study is on the relationship between the learning support offered to the pupils in the classroom and the na-ture of texts that the pupils then write. The research is inspired by ethnographic methodology, and is based on material consisting of field notes, video recordings and student texts. The theoretical framework assumes a socio-cultural view of learning and a dialogical view of text and writing. The teaching practices are studied on the basis of how they are built up by different chains of activities (reading, conversation and writing). Particular attention is paid to which text dimensions are addressed in classroom conversations: content, form or function. The pupils’ texts are analysed on the basis of their macro structure, and the analysis builds on the concept of "text activity". On an overall level, the results point to writing being a social activity, which is also closely interconnected to reading, and above all dialogue and conversation. The writing instruction offered to the students is also characterized by a broad view of what literacy is about. The study points out the value of versatile learning support, where the function, form and content of texts, in relation to the learning goals, are made explicit in the teaching. An important result is that the functional dimension of writing, in particular, favours writing development. On a more general level, the study raises the question of which literacy skills can and should be pro-moted by writing education in the early primary school years.

In my workplace, the pupils' shortcomings in reading comprehension were noticed after a teacher at theschool noticed that only a few students actively participated in the whole class teaching and that few pupils could answer questions related to the text that was read in the whole class. The pupils in year sixat the school already have uneven results in reading comprehension and the reading lessons that has been conducted in the two classes has for the most part consisted of whole class tutoring and individual work.  Based on the development needs that I have noticed in my workplace, the purpose of this study is to analyze four student groups' work with text conversations and find out what role support has in text conversations to develop students' reading comprehension. Furthermore, the study intends to investigate whether text conversations in small groups can increase students' participation in reading instruction inthe the swedish subject. Based on this, the following questions have been formulated:  How can text conversations in small groups serve as support for students and promote the use of reading strategies? How can text conversations in small groups increase students' participation in reading lessons?  The analytical tools that has been used to analyse the empirical data is scaffolding, reciprocal teaching and the participation model. Qualitative methods have been used to collect empirical material. These arefocus group interviews and observations. The results show that support, participation and interaction are important concepts that can, to a large extent, effect students' reading comprehension development.