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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Starch Microparticles as an Oral Vaccine Adjuvant with Emphasis on the Differentiation of the Immune Response

Stertman, Linda January 2004 (has links)
<p>Polyacryl starch microparticles have been developed as an oral vaccine adjuvant capable of inducing strong local and systemic immune responses in mice. In this thesis, the starch microparticles were studied in order to increase basic understanding of their function. In particular, the thesis addressed aspects of the uptake of the particles and their presentation to the immune system after different routes of administration, in correlation with the differentiation of the induced immune response.</p><p>When using human serum albumin as a model antigen conjugated to the microparticles, it was found that the route of administration and the use of different combinations of routes, parenteral or oral, affect the profile (Th1/Th2 balance) of the induced immune response. It was also found that oral boosters are needed for the development of a local s-IgA response. </p><p>Ligated mouse intestinal loops in combination with confocal laser-scanning microscopy demonstrated that the uptake of the particles by the intestinal mucosa takes place over the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that covers the Peyer’s patches. The particles are also taken up in the villus epithelium when conjugated with rCTB, a ligand to the GM1 receptor. This qualitative difference in uptake did not affect the induced immune response. Thus, the addition of rCTB to the microparticles did not improve or influence the profile of the immune response. Chronic stress, known to alter the barrier function of the FAE, increased the cellular response but did not affect the humoral immune response. </p><p>Despite positive results in rodents, the particles were not able to boost a humoral immune response in man when tested with diphtheria toxin-cross reacting material (CRM197). Possible methods of improving the adjuvant effect in man are discussed.</p>
32

Starch Microparticles as an Oral Vaccine Adjuvant with Emphasis on the Differentiation of the Immune Response

Stertman, Linda January 2004 (has links)
Polyacryl starch microparticles have been developed as an oral vaccine adjuvant capable of inducing strong local and systemic immune responses in mice. In this thesis, the starch microparticles were studied in order to increase basic understanding of their function. In particular, the thesis addressed aspects of the uptake of the particles and their presentation to the immune system after different routes of administration, in correlation with the differentiation of the induced immune response. When using human serum albumin as a model antigen conjugated to the microparticles, it was found that the route of administration and the use of different combinations of routes, parenteral or oral, affect the profile (Th1/Th2 balance) of the induced immune response. It was also found that oral boosters are needed for the development of a local s-IgA response. Ligated mouse intestinal loops in combination with confocal laser-scanning microscopy demonstrated that the uptake of the particles by the intestinal mucosa takes place over the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that covers the Peyer’s patches. The particles are also taken up in the villus epithelium when conjugated with rCTB, a ligand to the GM1 receptor. This qualitative difference in uptake did not affect the induced immune response. Thus, the addition of rCTB to the microparticles did not improve or influence the profile of the immune response. Chronic stress, known to alter the barrier function of the FAE, increased the cellular response but did not affect the humoral immune response. Despite positive results in rodents, the particles were not able to boost a humoral immune response in man when tested with diphtheria toxin-cross reacting material (CRM197). Possible methods of improving the adjuvant effect in man are discussed.
33

Caractérisation des lymphocytes T CD4+CD8+ dans le contexte de la sclérose en plaques

Gagnon, François 09 1900 (has links)
Une petite population de lymphocytes T exprimant les deux corécepteurs CD4 et CD8 et appelée double positive (DP), a été détectée dans le sang périphérique de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de diverses pathologies dont la sclérose en plaques (SEP). Nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’il s’agissait de lymphocytes T hautement activés pouvant contribuer à l’inflammation chronique présente dans la SEP. Nous avons comparé les cellules T DP obtenues du sang de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de la SEP et non traités. La fréquence des cellules DP était similaire chez les patients et les donneurs sains. La proportion de lymphocytes T DP qui exprimaient les chaines du récepteur de l’interleukine-15 (IL-15) était plus élevée que pour les autres populations lymphocytaires. Des mesures d’induction de la phosphorylation du STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) ont démontré que les cellules DP ont répondu à des doses plus faibles et pour de plus longues périodes à l’IL-15 comparativement aux autres lymphocytes T. Le pourcentage de lymphocytes T DP ayant la capacité de produire l’interféron-gamma et des enzymes lytiques était élevé chez les témoins sains mais ces niveaux étaient significativement réduits chez les patients atteints de la SEP. La caractérisation phénotypique de cellules DP a suggéré que ces cellules ont des propriétés similaires aux lymphocytes T activés. Bien qu’il ne s’agisse que d’une caractérisation partielle, il semble que les lymphocytes T DP perdent une partie de leurs propriétés chez les patients atteints de la SEP. / A small population of T lymphocytes expressing both CD4 and CD8 called double positive (DP) T lymphocytes has been detected in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients affected by different pathologies such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesize that these cells represent a highly activated T lymphocyte subset that could contribute to the characteristic inflammation found in MS. Thus, we compared DP T cells from healthy donors to those from untreated MS patients. We found similar frequencies of DP T lymphocytes between both groups. A higher percentage of DP T lymphocytes expressed the IL-15R (interleukin 15 receptor) than other T cell populations. Moreover, IL-15 triggered the phosphorylation of STAT5 in a greater proportion of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to other T cells. A greater percentage of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes can produce interferon gamma and lytic enzymes compared with other T cell subsets. However, those levels were drastically lower in MS patients. The phenotypic characterization of the DP cells suggests they have similar properties as activated T cells. Even though the characterization process is still in its infancy, it appears that the DP T cells may lose some of their properties in MS patients.
34

Systemic sclerosis : vascular, pulmonary and immunological aspects

Neumann Andersen, Grethe January 2008 (has links)
In systemic sclerosis (SSc), interstitial lung disease (ILD) and engagement of the vascular system lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate, in a consecutively included cohort of SSc (limited and diffuse) patients (n = 33), the T cell cytokine profile driving the disease in ILD and to explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading process leading to fibrous scarring and honey combing. Moreover, to characterize the role of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular engagement. Peripheral arterial changes cause Raynaud’s phenomenon and digital ulcers. Nitric oxide (NO) a main inducer of vasodilation is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to changes in blood flow or by inflammatory cytokine inducible (i) NOS. In the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) NO activates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP, causing relaxation. We showed elevated plasma nitrate, a degradation product of NO, and increased urinary excretion of nitrate and cGMP. Plasma nitrate correlated with elevated levels of endothelial adhesion molecules: endothelial (E) selectin and vascular adhesion molecule 1, indicating that the activated endothelium is the site of NO synthesis by iNOS. Endothelial staining for E-selectin and the finding of iNOS and eNOS in SSc skin biopsies supported this notion. In SSc increased vascular stiffness may limit the NO vasodilatory effects. We found normal endothelium-dependent (i.e. flow mediated (FMD%)) and endothelium-independent (i.e. nitroglycerin-induced (NTG%)) vasodilation in the brachial artery. Radial arterial wall stiffness measured as maximum increase in pulse pressure (dP/dtmax) was increased. FMD% and especially NTG% correlated negatively and dP/dtmax positively to measures of endothelial inflammation: plasma- nitrate and adhesion molecule levels. Thus inflammatory vascular wall changes may interfere with dilation as may the presence of nitrate tolerance. We found elevated alveolar MMP-9 in both its pro- and active form in ILD. The levels correlated to decline in lung capacity, pointing at a causal relation. We suggest that neutrophils secrete MMP-9, which may degrade collagen IV, (the main constituent of basal membranes), collagen V, gelatins, proteoglycans and elastin. MMP-9 activity is partly regulated by the binding of pro- and active form to TIMP-1. Alveolar TIMP-1, which even stimulates fibroblast ECM synthesis, was increased independent of ILD. The inflammatory process in ILD is orchestrated by activated T helper (h) lymphocytes. We found a mixed Th1/Th2 reaction in SSc alveolar T cells expressing messenger for interferon gamma (Th1), IL-6 and IL-10 (both Th2). No particular cytokine mRNA profile distinguished alveolar T cells in ILD. Neutrophils invaded the bronchial epithelium, which seemed otherwise inert as levels of inflammatory cytokine sensitive transcription factors and their nuclear translocation tended to be low. The neutrophil recruitment pathway is uncertain as chemoattractants and endothelial adhesion molecules were normally expressed. In conclusion, MMP-9 probably causes degradation of lung tissue in ILD and may represent a future therapeutic target. Alveolar T cells show a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile independent of ILD. Neutrophils invade the bronchial epithelium. Activated endothelium produces increased amounts of NO and adhesion molecules and the level of activation influences brachial arterial FMD% and NTG% and radial arterial compliance. Nitrate tolerance may be present.
35

Feeding Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei strain F19 to infants during weaning : effects on adaptive immunity and gut microbial function

West, Christina January 2008 (has links)
Introduction: Gut microbial composition has been associated with immune-mediated diseases. Breastfeeding yields a microbiota rich in bifidobacteria and promotes colonization by lactobacilli. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are considered health-promoting and are used as probiotics, i.e. live microbial food supplements which when ingested in adequate amounts confer a beneficial effect on the host. During weaning the developing gut immune system is exposed to an increasing variety of antigens from both foods and gut microbiota. Aims: We aimed to determine if daily feeding of 1x108 colony-forming units (CFU) of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei strain F19 (LF19) to healthy term infants from 4 to 13 months of age could maintain some of the beneficial effects conferred by breastfeeding on gut microbial composition, with possible effects on gut microbial function, T cell function, Th1/Th2 immune balance and eczema incidence. Study design: Infants were randomized to daily intake of cereals with (n=89) or without LF19 (n=90) from 4-13 months of age. Clinical outcome measures were monitored by diaries and a questionnaire. Stool and blood samples were obtained at 4, 6½, 9, 13 and 5½, 6½, 12 and 13 months of age, respectively. Stool samples were analyzed for lactobacilli counts by conventional culture methods and the presence of LF19 was verified by randomly amplified polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). Fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) pattern, a proxy for gut microbial function, was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. After polyclonal or specific activation of T cells, the cytokine mRNA expression levels [interleukin 2 (IL2), IFN-, IL4 and IL10] were determined on isolated mRNA by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Serum concentrations of total and specific IgE antibodies, Haemophilus influenzae type b, diphtheria and tetanus toxoid specific IgG antibodies were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Results: Feeding LF19 maintained high fecal lactobacilli counts during weaning. Persistent colonization with LF19 induced differences in the fecal SCFA pattern. The cumulative incidence of eczema was lower in the probiotic group, in conjunction with a higher IFN-γ/IL4 mRNA ratio in polyclonally activated T cells. Even though there was an effect by LF19 on Th1/Th2 immune balance, there was no effect on IgE sensitization. Infants in both groups increased their capacity to express both Th1 and Th2 cytokines during the second half of infancy but the expression was still lower than that of adults. Infants in the probiotic group had lower IL2 levels after polyclonal T cell activation at 13 months of age compared with infants in the placebo group. Infants fed LF19 did not have fewer infections, but had fewer days with antibiotic prescription compared with infants fed placebo. In addition, compared to placebo, persistent colonization by LF19 enhanced specific vaccine responses to protein antigens during the course of vaccination. Conclusions: We conclude that feeding LF19 was safe, based on no observed adverse effects in our study. Infants in both groups demonstrated maturation of adaptive immune responses during weaning. Adding probiotics in complementary foods during weaning reduced the risk of eczema by 50%, with a concomitant shift towards an enhanced Th1/Th2 ratio. The reduction of eczema might be explained by probiotic effects on both T cell-mediated immune responses and reinforced gut microbial function.
36

Ανάπτυξη και αξιολόγηση συστημάτων χορήγησης πεπτιδικών αντιγόνων HER-2/neu συνδεδεμένων με PLA μικροσφαίρες

Νίκου, Κωνσταντίνα 20 April 2011 (has links)
Παρά τις προόδους των κλασικών θεραπευτικών στρατηγικών για τον καρκίνο, η μεγάλη πλειοψηφία των ασθενών υποτροπιάζει και καταλήγει. Η ανάγκη για την αντιμετώπιση της νόσου με εναλλακτικό τρόπο οδήγησε στην ανάπτυξη ανοσοθεραπευτικών μεθόδων. Η ιδέα της ανοσοθεραπείας του καρκίνου έγινε γνωστή στα τέλη του δέκατου ένατου αιώνα, όταν ο William Coley χρησιμοποίησε ζωντανά στελέχη του πυογενούς βακτηρίου Streptococcus erysipelas με σκοπό τη δημιουργία γενικευμένης ανοσολογικής απάντησης, μέρος της οποίας να κατευθυνθεί ενάντια σε όγκους σαρκώματος. Οι σποραδικές θετικές αποκρίσεις που παρατήρησε οφείλονταν κατά πάσα πιθανότητα σε ενίσχυση της ανοσολογικής απάντησης από τις φλεγμονώδεις αντιδράσεις που προκάλεσαν τα βακτήρια. Για να επαχθεί όμως ειδική ανοσολογική απάντηση ενάντια σε όγκους απαιτείται να χαρακτηριστούν στα καρκινικά κύτταρα συγκεκριμένα αντιγόνα, ώστε να δύναται το ανοσολογικό σύστημα να τα αναγνωρίσει ως στόχους. Συνεπώς, το πρώτο βήμα στην προσπάθεια για ανοσοθεραπεία του καρκίνου είναι η απομόνωση αντιγόνων που εκφράζουν τα καρκινικά κύτταρα, τα οποία κατά προτίμηση να μην εκφράζονται από τους φυσιολογικούς ιστούς ώστε να αποφευχθεί η αυτοάνοση απάντηση. Η ταυτοποίηση ογκοειδικών αντιγόνων, τα οποία αναγνωρίζονται από τα Τ λεμφοκύτταρα, έδωσε ιδιαίτερη ώθηση στην ανάπτυξη της κατευθυνόμενης από τα Τ κύτταρα ανοσολογικής απάντησης, στο επίπεδο τόσο της έρευνας της ανοσολογίας του καρκίνου, όσο και της κλινικής ανοσοθεραπευτικής εφαρμογής και έθεσε τις βάσεις για τη χρησιμοποίηση πεπτιδικών εμβολίων στην ανοσοθεραπεία του καρκίνου. Από την πληθώρα των γνωστών καρκινικών αντιγόνων, έχουν ταυτοποιηθεί κατά κύριο λόγο επίτοποι ικανοί να συνδεθούν με μόρια του μείζονος συμπλέγματος ιστοσυμβατότητας (MHC) τάξης Ι και συνεπώς να επάγουν την ενεργοποίηση των CD8+ T κυττάρων, δεδομένου ότι οι περισσότεροι όγκοι είναι θετικοί ως προς τα μόρια MHC τάξης Ι, αλλά αρνητικοί ως προς τα μόρια MHC τάξης ΙΙ. Επιπρόσθετα, τα CD8+ Τ κύτταρα μπορούν να καταστρέφουν τα καρκινικά κύτταρα απευθείας, μέσω της αναγνώρισης του συμπλόκου MHC τάξης Ι-πεπτιδίου που εκφράζεται στην επιφάνεια του όγκου. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, δεδομένης της αναγνώρισης του κεντρικού ρόλου των CD4+ Τ λεμφοκυττάρων στην έναρξη, οργάνωση και διατήρηση της ανοσολογικής απάντησης, έχουν αναγνωριστεί και αρκετοί επίτοποι που αναγνωρίζονται από μόρια MHC τάξης ΙΙ. Πρόσφατες κλινικές μελέτες και προκλινικά μοντέλα έδειξαν ότι ο εμβολιασμός με επιτόπους που δύνανται να συνδεθούν με μόρια MHC τάξης ΙΙ, οι οποίοι εμπεριέχουν αλληλουχίες σύνδεσης για τα μόρια MHC τάξης Ι, είναι αποτελεσματικοί στην ταυτόχρονη ανάπτυξη βοηθητικών και κυτταροτοξικών Τ λεμφοκυττάρων με μακρά διάρκεια ζωής in vivo. Από τα γνωστά καρκινικά αντιγόνα, η πρωτεΐνη HER-2/neu παρουσιάζει το πλεονέκτημα της υπερέκφρασης σε ποικίλους τύπους καρκίνου, ενώ οι ασθενείς των οποίων όγκοι την υπερεκφράζουν παρουσιάζουν προϋπάρχουσα ανοσία ενάντια σε πεπτίδια αυτής. Η αυξημένη έκφρασή της στα καρκινικά κύτταρα και το γεγονός ότι πρόκειται για διαμεμβρανική πρωτεΐνη την καθιστούν στόχο για ανοσοθεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις που περιλαμβάνουν τόσο κυτταρική όσο και χυμική ανοσία. Κλινικές έρευνες με χρήση πεπτιδίων της HER-2/neu έχουν δείξει την πρόκληση ανοσολογικής απάντησης στην πλειονότητα των ασθενών. Παρόλα αυτά, οι μεταστατικοί τύποι καρκίνου που υπερεκφράζουν τη συγκεκριμένη πρωτεΐνη παραμένουν μη θεραπεύσιμοι. Συνεπώς, υπάρχει άμεση ανάγκη για νέες θεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις και στο σημείο αυτό η διερεύνηση των πιο ανοσογονικών τμημάτων της αλληλουχίας της πρωτεΐνης HER-2/neu, καθώς και της αντίδρασης των ασθενών σε αυτά, αποτελούν στόχο για ειδικές νέες αντικαρκινικές θεραπείες. O εγκλεισμός του αντιγόνου σε μικροσφαίρες πολυ-γαλακτικού-γλυκολικού οξέος (PLGA) έχει δειχθεί ότι επάγει ισχυρή και παρατεταμένη ανοσοαπόκριση. Μέχρι σήμερα, δεν φαίνεται να έχει αναφερθεί μελέτη στην οποία να αναλύεται η επίδραση των χαρακτηριστικών του PLGA συμπολυμερούς και του σχήματος ανοσοποίησης στον τύπο της λαμβανόμενης ανοσοαπόκρισης μετά την χορήγηση PLGA μικροσφαιρών του αντιγόνου in vivo. Στην παρούσα μελέτη διερευνήθηκε ο τύπος της ανοσοαπόκρισης που λαμβάνεται in vivo μετά την χορήγηση πεπτιδίων της HER-2/neu (πρότυπα αντιγόνα) συνδεμένων σε πολυ-γαλακτικού οξέος (PLA) και PLGA μικροσφαίρες. Τα πρότυπα αντιγόνα ήταν δύο: * το πεπτίδιο GSPYVSRLLGICLTSTVQLVQL, που αντιστοιχεί στην περιοχή 778-799 της ογκοπρωτεΐνης HER-2/neu. Η πεπτιδική αυτή ακολουθία περιλαμβάνει τον κυτταροτοξικό επίτοπο CLTSTVQLV (789-797) σε συνδυασμό με τον T βοηθητικό (Th) επίτοπο GSPYVSRLLGICL (778-790) της συγκεκριμένης ογκοπρωτεΐνης. * καθώς και το πεπτίδιο CLTSTVQLV (789-797), δηλαδή μόνο ο κυτταροτοξικός (CTL) επίτοπος. Ως πειραματόζωα στην συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν HHD διαγονιδιακοί μύες, οι οποίοι εκφράζουν ανθρώπινα HLA-A2.1 μόρια ιστοσυμβατότητας, δεδομένου ότι η ακολουθία του πεπτιδίου που έχει επιλεγεί προέρχεται από την ανθρώπινη HER-2/neu. Η μετατροπή της ανοσοαπόκρισης Th2 τύπου, εναντίον διαλυτών αντιγόνων που εκφράζονται σε καρκινικούς όγκους, σε Τh1 τύπο ανοσοαπόκρισης είναι σημαντική στην ανοσοθεραπεία του καρκίνου. Η δημιουργία αντιγονο-ειδικών CD8+ κυτταροτοξικών λεμφοκυττάρων, σε συνέργεια με τα αντίστοιχα βοηθητικά Τ (CD4+) λεμφοκύτταρα, πιστεύεται ότι θα οδηγήσουν στην απόρριψη του όγκου ή στην επιβράδυνση της ανάπτυξης αυτού. Η ταυτοποίηση του τύπου της ανοσοαπόκρισης έγινε με την ανάπτυξη ανοσοαναλυτικών τεχνικών για την μέτρηση των ολικών ειδικών ανοσοσφαιρινών IgG, των ισοτύπων αυτών (IgG1 και IgG2a). Επίσης προσδιορίσθηκε ο τύπος της ανοσοαπόκρισης σε κυτταρικό επίπεδο με την ανάπτυξη τεχνικών μέτρησης της ικανότητας του πολλαπλασιασμού των λεμφοκυττάρων και με μέτρηση των κυτοκινών, κυρίως σε υπερκείμενα καλλιεργειών λεμφοκυττάρων, αλλά και στο αίμα. Για την χορήγηση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μικροσφαίρες PLA και PLGA με φορτωμένο το αντιγόνο με δύο διαφορετικούς τρόπους (προσροφημένο ή απλά αναμεμιγμένο). Η in vivo χορήγηση του πεπτιδικού αντιγόνου που απλά και μόνο αναμίχθηκε με PLA μικροσφαίρες προκάλεσε μια ισχυρή ανοσολογική απόκριση που ήταν συγκρίσιμη με αυτήν που προκλήθηκε από το συνδυασμό του αντιγόνου με πλήρες ανοσοενισχυτικό του Freund (CFA). Επιπλέον, μετά από ανάλυση του προφίλ των κυτοκινών που εκκρίνονται από τα Τ λεμφοκύτταρα των ανοσοποιημένων μυών, αποδείχθηκε ότι ο συνδυασμός του αντιγόνου πεπτιδίων με τις PLA μικροσφαίρες προκάλεσε μια ισχυρή Th1 ανοσολογική απόκριση στο αντιγόνο. Ο χρόνος της επώασης πεπτιδίων με τις μικροσφαίρες πριν από τη χορήγηση δεν είχε επιπτώσεις στην ανοσολογική απόκριση, γεγονός που απλοποιεί περαιτέρω την παραγωγή σε ευρεία κλίμακα αυτού του τύπου εμβολίων. Τα αποτελέσματα που ελήφθησαν από αυτή τη μελέτη δικαιολογούν την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση σε in vivo πειραματικά μοντέλα καρκίνου της δυνατότητας επαγωγής ισχυρής κυτταρικής ανοσοαπόκρισης έναντι των καρκινικών κυττάρων που υπερεκφράζουν την HER-2/neu πρωτεΐνη με απλή ανάμιξη κατάλληλων πεπτιδικών αντιγόνων της HER-2/neu με PLA μικροσφαίρες. / Despite the progress of classic therapeutic strategies developed concerning cancer the greatest number of patients deteriorates and eventually dies. The need to confront this disease in an alternative way has led to the development of new immunotherapeutic methods. The novel idea of cancer immunotherapy was born in the 19th century when William Coley used live live species of bacteria Streptococcus erysipelas in order to induce an overall immune response targeted in part against sarcoma tumors. Occasional positive immune responses that were observed were possibly due to the enhancement of the immune response from the inflammatory reactions caused by the bacteria. In order to induce a special immune response against tumors it is necessary for some specific antigens to be identified at cancer cells. So the first step in the effort to induce immunotherapy is the isolation of antigens expressed by cancer cells that are preferably not expressed at healthy tissues, to prevent autoimmune response. The identification of tumor-specific antigens that are identified by T cells gave a great boost to the development of T-cell-mediated specific immune response, both in research for tumor immunology as in its clinical appliance. That led to the beginning of peptide use in vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. From the plethora of already known cancer antigens, epitopes have been identified as capable of forming complex with MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) class I molecules, which consequently induce the activation of CD8+ T cells, given that most tumors are positive for the MHC class I molecules, but negative to MHC class II molecules. Moreover, CD8+ T cells can kill cancer cells directly, through identification of the MHC class I–peptide complex that is expressed on the tumor surface. Recently many epitopes that are recognized by MHC class II molecules have been identified, since it is well known that the CD4+ T cells play an important role in the initiation, organization and maintenance of the immune response. Recent clinical studies and preclinical models have shown that immunization with epitopes that are eminent to form a complex with MHC class II molecules, which comprise amino acid sequences that can connect with MHC class I molecules, are effective in the simultaneous induction of helper and cytotoxic long life T-cell in vivo. Among all known cancer antigens, the HER-2/neu protein demonstrates the advantage of being overexpressed in various types of cancer, while patients whose tumors overexpress the protein exhibit preexisting immunity against its peptides. HER-2/neu is a transmembrane protein that is overexpressed in cancer cells and therefore the perfect target for immunotherapy concerning both cellular and humoral immunity. Clinical studies using HER-2/neu peptides have shown induction of immune response in the majority of patients. However, metastatic tumors overexpressing HER-2/neu protein still remain incurable. As a result, there is ample need for respective new therapeutic strategies and at this point more potent immunogenic sequences of the protein are under investigation, as is the response of patients to those sequences, in hope of creating more specific anticancer therapies. Encapsulation of antigen into poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres has proven to induce potent and long lasting immune response. Up to date, there is no study analyzing the influence of PLGA polymer characteristics or the immunization scheme, regarding the type of the immune response following the administration of PLGA antigen microspheres in vivo. In the current study, the type of the immune response after in vivo administration of HER-2/neu peptide adsorbed on poly-lactic acid (PLA) and PLGA microspheres is investigated. The model antigens used were the following two: • GSPYVSRLLGICLTSTVQLVQL peptide corresponds to the 779-799 amino acid sequence of the HER-2/neu protein. This amino acid sequence contains the cytotoxic epitope CLTSTVQLV (789-797) in combination with the Th epitope GSPYVSRLLGICL (778-790) of the HER-2/neu protein. • CLTSTVQLV (789-797) peptide, which corresponds to merely the cytotoxic epitope. HHD transgenic mice expressing human HLA-A2.1 histocompatibility molecules were used as subjects, given the fact that the amino acid sequence chosen has derived from the human HER-2/neu protein. Converting the preexisting Th2 type of immune response, against soluble antigens expressed in tumors, to the Th1 type is extremely important in curing cancer. The production of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes with the relevant helper T (CD4+) lymphocytes is believed to trigger the rejection of the tumor or the delay of its development. The type of the immune response was identified with immuno-analytic techniques developed for measuring the total amount of IgG immunoglobulins, and their isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a). Moreover the type of the immune response has been determined at cellular level using proliferation assay and cytokine measurement assay, usually at cell culture supernatants but also in blood samples. For the peptide administration, PLA and PLGA microspheres were used. The antigen was administered in two different ways, either absorbed or adsorbed (just mixed). The in vivo administration of the peptide antigen just admixed with PLA microspheres induced potent immune response, comparable to that caused by the antigen administration using complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Moreover, upon the analysis of the cytokine profile secreted from T lymphocytes of immunized mice, the PLA admixed peptide proved to induce a specific and potent Th1 immune response. The incubation time of the peptide with PLA microspheres had no implications to the immune response, therefore further simplifying future mass production of such vaccine types. The results extracted by this study justify further investigation of the in vivo experimental cancer models for inducing potent cellular immune response against cancer cells that overexpress the HER-2/neu protein by simply mixing the appropriate HER-2/neu peptide antigens with PLA microspheres.
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The role of Interleukin-1 signaling in the immune defense and in the development of the T helper cell lineage

Abdulaal, Wesam January 2015 (has links)
IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which play an important role in the activation and regulation of host defence and immune responses to inflammation or injury. IL-1 is able to bind and activate IL1-RI and IL1-RII, which are found on many cells types. The role of the IL-1 signalling in the deployment of Th cell subsets, especially Th17 cells is well known. However, the specific cells which are responsible for the expression of IL-1 signalling in the immune defense and in the development of the Th cell lineage in response to infection, is still largely unclear. Therefore in this thesis, IL1-RI conditional knockout mice specifically in hematopoietic cells (IL1-RI vaviCre+) were generated. Using IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice in comparison with IL1-RI global knockout mice (IL1-RI-/-) would determine whether the expression IL-1 signalling from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the immune defense and in the development of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells against gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris (T.muris) infections. The generation of IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice have been investigated at the genomic and proteomic level in order to confirm that the Il1-rI gene is inactivated in hematopoietic cells. The characterisation of IL1-RI vaviCre + mice at the genomic level confirmed that the Il1-rI gene was obliterated successfully. At protein level the characterisation of IL1- RI vaviCre + mice confirmed that IL1-RI was dysfunctional in hematopoietic cells. Additionally, the development of the immune cells was investigated in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice. Our findings demonstrated that the lymphocyte development was not affected by the deletion of the IL1- RI gene. This data indicated that IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice are vital in vivo models. In high dose infection, both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice were able to clear the infections due to their ability to generate a Th2 response. Both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris were susceptible to infections and showed high levels of Th1 cytokines. Thus, we hypothesised that IL1-RI signalling in hematopoietic cells was not required for worm expulsion and the generation of Th2 and Th1 response. Interestingly, low dose T.muris infection showed a clear reduction in the Th17 cytokines IL22 and IL17 in both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice, suggesting that IL-1 signalling expressed from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the development of Th17 cells and secretion of IL17 and IL22. IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris also showed an increase in inflammation in the colon and decreased of goblet cell hyperplasia. It is well known that IL22 plays an important role in preventing tissue damage and repair. Thus, in this study IL22 global knockout mice (IL22 -/-) were used to determine if the change in crypt lengths and goblet cell hyperplasia in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- was due to an absence of IL22. Our finding showed that IL22 -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris had increased crypt length and a reduction in goblet cells. The similar phenotype in crypt length and goblet cell hyperplasia between IL22 -/-, IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice suggested that a lack of IL22 in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice is responsible for the change in mice phenotype. It also provides more evidence for the role of IL-1 signaling in hematopoietic cells in the generation of Th17 cells and in the production of its cytokine IL22.IL1-RII is an inhibitor of IL1-RI, thus, in this study IL1-RII global knockout mice (IL1-RII -/-) mice was used in comparison with IL1-RI -/- mice to verify the role of IL-1 signaling in the development of Th17 cells. Our finding showed an overexpression of IL17 and IL22 in IL1-RII -/- compared with IL1-RI -/- mice and a higher level of IL17 in IL1-RII -/- mice compared with IL1-RII flox/flox mice. This data confirmed that IL-1 signaling is important for the development of Th17 cells and the production of its cytokine IL17 and IL22.
38

Untersuchungen zur Beteiligung zellulärer und genetischer Mechanismen bei Immunregulation und -modulation

Daser, Angelika 12 December 2000 (has links)
Durch Immunregulation und -modulation sorgt das Immunsystem dafür, daß von außen in den Organismus gelangende Agentien nicht zu dauerhaften Schäden führen. Wesentliche Funktionen des Immunsystems stützen sich dabei auf die zelluläre Immunität. Gerät dieses komplizierte Regelwerk aus dem Gleichgewicht, können schwere Erkrankungen autoimmuner oder atopischer Genese resultieren. Der erste Teil der Arbeit befaßt sich mit zwei Aspekten der zellulären Immunantwort. Allergische Immunantworten sind durch die Typ 2 T Zellantwort charakterisiert. Für die Induktion einer Typ 2 Antwort wird Interleukin-4 benötigt, dessen Herkunft nicht geklärt ist. NK1.1 positive T Zellen als Quelle des initialen IL-4 konnten durch in vivo und in vitro Messung von allergie-spezifischen Parametern ausgeschlossen werden. Der MHC-Komplex präsentiert T Zellen Antigene in Form von Peptiden. Pathologische T Zellantworten können durch fortwährende Antigenpräsentation unterhalten werden. Durch Untersuchungen zur molekularen Charakteristik der MHC - Peptid Interaktion ließen sich Bindungsmotive so verfeinern, daß Peptide mit sehr starker Bindung an den MHC ohne gleichzeitige Erkennungssequenz für den T Zellrezeptor entwickelt werden konnten. Peptide dieser Art könnten zur Blockierung einer pathologischen T Zellantwort genutzt werden. Für viele immunologische Erkrankungen ist die Beteiligung genetischer Faktoren beschrieben worden. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit befaßt sich mit der Bedeutung genetischer Disposition bei Allergien im Mausmodell. Homozygote Inzuchtstämme konnten als High- und Low-Responder für den Phänotyp "allergische Soforttypreaktion der Haut" gegenüber Birkenpollenextrakt definiert werden. Die Phänotypisierung der F1 Generation wies auf dominante Vererbung hin, die informative Rückkreuzung auf die Beteiligung von mindestens zwei Genen für die Ausprägung des Merkmals. Wie die Analyse MHC congener Mäuse zeigte, entspricht einer dieser Loci dem MHC Komplex. Durch eine genomweite Kartierung mit Mikrosatelliten wurde als weiterer Kandidat der IL-5 Rezeptor identifiziert. Die detaillierte Analyse des Gens in High-und Low-Respondern weist auf eine Anzahl funktionell bedeutsamer Polymorphismen hin. Dabei imponiert das Low-Responder Allel als Suszeptibilitätsallel. Die Unterschiede haben Auswirkung auf Transkription/Translation und Spleißvorgänge, die zu quantitativer Differenz der Genprodukte führt. Die Daten weisen damit auf einen regulatorischen Mechanismus hin, da die Proteinstruktur des Rezeptors bei High- und Low-Respondern identisch ist. / Immune deviations can lead to serious autoimmune or atopic disorders. Two possible candidates for such pathological immune responses have been investigated: (i) the MHC class I allele HLA-B27, which is strongly linked to ankylosing spondylitis and reactive arthritis. Its presentation of potentially pathogenic peptides and therapeutical modifications of peptidic ligands have been studied. (ii) Interleukin-4 (IL-4), which is the key player in the induction and maintenance of allergic immune responses. A subpopulation of natural killer (NK1.1) cells have been discussed as a source of initial IL-4. Through experiments with NK1.1 deficient mice we could demonstrate, that such immune resonses are not dependent on the presence of NK1.1 cells. Both, autoimmunity and atopy belong to the large group of multifactorial diseases, i. e. genetic and environmental factors influence the expression of the various phenotypes. To dissect the genetics of allergic diseases systematically, a mouse model of immmediate cutaneous hypersensitivity (ICHS) upon birch pollen sensitization has been etablished. Phenotyping of the F1 progeny of high- and low-responder mice revealed ICHS as a dominant trait with incomplete penetrance. Mice from a backcross to the low-responder strain did split into the three classes of high-, intermediate and low-response. Genotyping of these mice revealed a strong candidate gene on chromosome 6: the interleukin-5 receptor (IL-5R). Analysis of the IL-5R gene resulted in the detection of genetic variance of the high- and low-responder allele in non-coding regions with functional relevance. Additional regulatory variance is implicated through differential alternative splicing of the three receptor isoforms. A second gene cluster contributes to the expression of the allergic phenotype: MHC class II alleles, as has been demonstrated for other immunologic disorders in mice and humans.
39

Contrôle des réponses immunitaires de type Th1 par les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels et induits

Coquerelle, Caroline 02 September 2008 (has links)
Depuis leur découverte en 1973 par Steinman et Cohn, le rôle des cellules dendritiques dans l’initiation des réponses immunitaires a largement été documenté. En effet, les cellules dendritiques constituent les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes professionnelles capables de détecter des molécules microbiennes et inflammatoires afin d’activer le système immunitaire. Outre leur implication dans l’induction des réponses immunes, de plus en plus d’études suggèrent que les cellules dendritiques interviennent dans le contrôle des réponses immunitaires via la sécrétion de cytokines anti-inflammatoires et/ou l’activation ou l’induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs. Ceux-ci incluent les cellules T régulatrices issues naturellement du thymus et les cellules T régulatrices induites en périphérie. <p><p>Des résultats obtenus au sein de notre laboratoire ont mis en évidence l’importance des cellules T régulatrices dans le contrôle des réponses de type Th1 induites à l’aide de cellules dendritiques matures chargées avec des antigènes étrangers. Nous avons, dès lors, étudié le rôle du récepteur CTLA-4 exprimé constitutivement à la surface des cellules T régulatrices dans le contrôle des réponses immunitaires induites à l’aide de cellules dendritiques matures et dans un modèle d’inflammation intestinale. L’injection d’anticorps anti-CTLA-4 induit in vitro et in vivo une inhibition de la production d’IFNγ et protège les souris de la colite pro-Th1 induite par l’instillation de TNBS. Cette protection corrèle étroitement avec l’induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs exprimant fortement la molécule ICOS et sécrétant de l’interleukine 10. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que l’interleukine 10 et l’indoléamine 2, 3 dioxygénase seraient impliquées dans la fonction régulatrice des lymphocytes T ICOShigh. <p><p>Nous avons également analysé les mécanismes impliqués dans le contrôle des réponses de type Th1 par les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels. Nos résultats suggèrent une régulation différente des réponses Th1 en présence et en absence de cette population régulatrice. En effet, les réponses Th1 sont dépendantes de l’interleukine 12 en présence de lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels, alors qu’en leur absence, la molécule CD70 est requise. <p><p>En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que les lymphocytes T régulateurs naturels et induits contrôlent les réponses immunes de type Th1. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence des stratégies distinctes par lesquelles ces deux populations régulatrices contrôlent la réponse immune. Ces résultats complètent la compréhension des mécanismes de régulation du système immunitaire et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives d’approche immunothérapeutique.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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