Thesis (Ph.D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2006 / Typescript (photocopy)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:46:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A estomatite aftosa recorrente (EAR) e uma doenca inflamatoria cronica que se caracteriza por surtos de lesoes ulcerativas na mucosa oral. Ha evidencias que na EAR a polarizacao da resposta imune para o tipo Th1 tem papel importante na etiopatogenia da doenca e que, a utilizacao de simbioticos poderia estimular maior atividade dos linfocitos T reguladores, influenciando favoravelmente a evolucao da EAR. Objetivos: Avaliar a evolucao clinica dos portadores de estomatite aftosa recorrente frente ao uso do simbiotico Lactofos®/Simbioflora®, analisando a sintomatologia, a frequencia das crises, numero, duracao e tamanho das lesoes. Comparar o perfil imunologico dos pacientes portadores de estomatite aftosa recorrente, por meio dos niveis de citocinas com os controles e entre si, antes e apos o tratamento. Metodo: Realizamos ensaio clinico duplo cego randomizado placebo controlado, com 3 grupos. Um grupo controle composto por 30 individuos saudaveis e 2 grupos com EAR (grupo Lactofos® com 22 pacientes, grupo placebo com 23 pacientes). Os dois grupos foram instruidos a tomar 2 saches ao dia durante 120 dias. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue em 3 momentos, no momento inicial (pre-tratamento, T0), 120 dias apos o inicio do tratamento (final do tratamento T4) e 2 meses apos a interrupcao do medicamento (T6). Foram feitas analises das citocinas no soro, em sobrenadante de cultura estimulada por fitohemaglutinina (PHA) e nao estimulada de celulas mononucleares de sangue periferico(PBMC) utilizando o kit Kit MILLIPLEX MAP Human Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel, HCYTOMAG-60K (Millipore u Missouri, EUA). Na analise estatistica foram utilizados testes ANOVA, Mann-Whitney e t-student. Resultados: Pacientes que fizeram uso de Lactofos®/Simbioflora® apresentaram melhora na variavel clinica DOR quando comparados ao grupo placebo (p=0,027), nao havendo diferenca para as outras variaveis clinicas avaliadas. Os efeitos colaterais observados foram semelhantes nos dois grupos, mas a flatulencia (p=0,003) e o intestino solto (p=0,04) foram significantes para os pacientes em uso de Lactofos®/Simbioflora®. Constatamos diferenca significante nas citocinas IFN-γ, IL-4 e IL-6 no soro dos PBMCs dos pacientes ao comparar o grupo controle e o grupo EAR. Em relacao ao tratamento ao longo do tempo pudemos observar que o IFN-γ (p=0,023), IL-4(p=0,045), IL-10 (p=0,000) e Il-12p70 (p=0,027) apresentaram diferenca significante entre os tratamentos e ou entre os momentos (T0, T4 e T6). Conclusao: O simbiotico Lactofos®/Simbioflora® foi eficiente na melhora de uma unica variavel clinica, a DOR quando comparado com o placebo. Os pacientes portadores de estomatite aftosa recorrente apresentam perfil misto de resposta imune Th1/Th2 quando comparados com o grupo controle no momento inicial do estudo. O simbiotico Lactofos®/Simbioflora® induz resposta Th1 por meio de aumento de IL-12 e IFN-γ, e resposta Th2 devido ao aumento de IL-4 e IL-10 / Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by relapses of ulcerative lesions in the oral mucosa. There is evidence that the RAS polarization of the immune response towards a Th1 response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease and the use of symbiotic could stimulate greater activity of regulatory T lymphocytes, favorably influencing the evolution of the RAS. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis towards the use of symbiotic Lactofos ® / Simbioflora ®, analyzing symptoms, frequency, number, duration and size of the lesions. Compare the immunological profile of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis, through cytokine levels with the controls and with each other before and after treatment.Method: We conducted double blind randomized clinical trial placebo controlled study with 3 arms. A control group of 30 healthy individuals and two arms with RAS(Lactofos®/Simbioflora® group with 22 patients, 23 patients in the placebo group). Both groups were instructed to take 2 sachets daily for 120 days. Blood samples were collected in 3 times at baseline (pre-treatment T0), and 120 days after beginning the treatment (end of treatment T4) and 2 months after discontinuation of the drug (T6). Analyzes were conducted on serum cytokines in the culture supernatants stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated and not peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) using the kit MILLIPLEX MAP Human Cytokine / Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel HCYTOMAG-60K (Millipore - Missouri, USA). Statistical analysis used ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and t-student tests. Results: Patients who used Lactofos® /Simbioflora® showed improvement in symptoms compared to placebo (p = 0.027), with no statistical difference for the other clinical variables assessed. The side effects observed were similar in both groups, but the flatulence (p= 0.003) and diarrhrea (p = 0.04) were significant for patients using Lactofos ®. We found significant differences in cytokine IFN - γ, IL - 4 and IL - 6 in serum of PBMCs of patients when compared the control group and RAS group. Regarding treatment over time we observed that IFN - γ (p = 0.023), IL - 4 (p = 0.045), IL - 10 (p = 0.000) and IL - 12p70 (p = 0.027) showed significant difference or between treatments and between times (T0, T4 and T6). Conclusion: The symbiotic Lactofos® /Simbioflora® was effective in improving one clinical variable, pain compared to placebo. Patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis have mixed profile of Th1/Th2 immune response when compared with the control group at baseline. The symbiotic Lactofos® /Simbioflora® induces Th1 response by increasing IL - 12 and IFN - γ and the Th2 response due to increased IL - 4 and IL - 10 / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Tick-borne encephalitis virus is the cause of much morbidity and sometimes a fatal infection. A vaccine based on formaldehyde inactivated virus is currently the only available way of preventing disease. This vaccine gives a high rate of seroconversion but there are reports of vaccination breakthrough, even in people who have demonstrated a neutralizing antibody response. The T cell response to inactivated TBE vaccine is largely unknown, but could be of importance for the effect of the vaccine. This study characterizes aspects of the T cell response by investigating the expression of two transcription factors, T-bet and GATA-3 with RT-PCR. T-bet is expressed in CD4+ T cells of the Th1 type, while GATA-3 is expressed in CD4+ T cells of the Th2 type. Our data show that vaccination with inactivated TBE vaccine leads to increase in expression of the T-bet gene when cells of vaccinated subjects are cultured with TBE virus. In contrast, the expression of GATA-3 remains unaffected by vaccination. Thus, this study suggests that the inactivated TBE vaccine leads to a Th1-like immune response in humans.

Une petite population de lymphocytes T exprimant les deux corécepteurs CD4 et CD8 et appelée double positive (DP), a été détectée dans le sang périphérique de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de diverses pathologies dont la sclérose en plaques (SEP). Nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’il s’agissait de lymphocytes T hautement activés pouvant contribuer à l’inflammation chronique présente dans la SEP. Nous avons comparé les cellules T DP obtenues du sang de donneurs sains et de patients atteints de la SEP et non traités. La fréquence des cellules DP était similaire chez les patients et les donneurs sains. La proportion de lymphocytes T DP qui exprimaient les chaines du récepteur de l’interleukine-15 (IL-15) était plus élevée que pour les autres populations lymphocytaires. Des mesures d’induction de la phosphorylation du STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) ont démontré que les cellules DP ont répondu à des doses plus faibles et pour de plus longues périodes à l’IL-15 comparativement aux autres lymphocytes T. Le pourcentage de lymphocytes T DP ayant la capacité de produire l’interféron-gamma et des enzymes lytiques était élevé chez les témoins sains mais ces niveaux étaient significativement réduits chez les patients atteints de la SEP. La caractérisation phénotypique de cellules DP a suggéré que ces cellules ont des propriétés similaires aux lymphocytes T activés. Bien qu’il ne s’agisse que d’une caractérisation partielle, il semble que les lymphocytes T DP perdent une partie de leurs propriétés chez les patients atteints de la SEP. / A small population of T lymphocytes expressing both CD4 and CD8 called double positive (DP) T lymphocytes has been detected in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients affected by different pathologies such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesize that these cells represent a highly activated T lymphocyte subset that could contribute to the characteristic inflammation found in MS. Thus, we compared DP T cells from healthy donors to those from untreated MS patients. We found similar frequencies of DP T lymphocytes between both groups. A higher percentage of DP T lymphocytes expressed the IL-15R (interleukin 15 receptor) than other T cell populations. Moreover, IL-15 triggered the phosphorylation of STAT5 in a greater proportion of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes compared to other T cells. A greater percentage of CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes can produce interferon gamma and lytic enzymes compared with other T cell subsets. However, those levels were drastically lower in MS patients. The phenotypic characterization of the DP cells suggests they have similar properties as activated T cells. Even though the characterization process is still in its infancy, it appears that the DP T cells may lose some of their properties in MS patients.

The ƒÑ-toxin of Clostridium perfringens is a toxin involved in numerous diseases of humans and agriculturally important animals. One of these diseases is necrotic enteritis (NE), a sporadic enteric disease which affects avian species world-wide. This study involved the inactivation of alpha-toxin (ƒÑ-toxin) for use as a potential vaccine candidate to combat NE in chickens, and other diseases caused by C. perfringens type A. During the course of this research a number of ƒÑ-toxin recombinant proteins were developed through molecular inactivation of the ƒÑ-toxin gene, plc. Proteins plc316 and plc204 were developed by the deletion of the first three and seven ƒÑ-helices of the N-terminal domain respectively. These deletions resulted in proteins which were unstable in solution, constantly aggregated into insoluble masses and elicited lower overall antibody responses when administered to mice. A third protein, plcInv3 was developed from the deletion of part of the catalytic domain of the ƒÑ-toxin. PlcInv3 was highly soluble and upon immunisation of mice elicited a significant antibody response which was also capable of protecting mice against a live challenge of C. perfringens. The fourth and final protein developed was plc104. The smallest of the recombinant ƒÑ-toxin proteins, it consisted entirely of the C-terminal domain of ƒÑ-toxin. Its small size did not affect its ability to induce a strong antibody response when administered to mice, the antibodies of which were also protective during a challenge with C. perfringens. STM1, an attenuated strain of S. Typhimurium was used in the development of a vectored vaccine for the expression and oral delivery of plcInv3 and plc104 within the mouse host. The proteins were expressed within STM1 from expression plasmids containing the in vivo inducible promoters PhtrA and PpagC. A measurable humoral immune response against ƒÑ-toxin was absent following three oral vaccinations with the vectored vaccines, although, cytokine profiling of splenocytes from vaccinated mice revealed an increase in the number of interleukin-4 (IL-4)secreting cells and the lack of interferon-gamma (IFN-ƒ×) secreting cells. This indicated the stimulation of a T-helper type 2 (TH2) immune response which also lead to partial protection against a live C. perfringens challenge. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using STM1 as a carrier for the in vivo expression of the C. perfringens ƒÑ-toxin recombinant proteins plcInv3 and plc104. It is the first study to express C. perfringens antigens within an attenuated strain of S. Typhimurium, STM1.The partial protection of mice immunised with these vaccines indicates there is potential for this vectored vaccine system to be used in the protection of diseases caused by the ƒÑ-toxin of C. perfringens.

In systemic sclerosis (SSc), interstitial lung disease (ILD) and engagement of the vascular system lead to increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate, in a consecutively included cohort of SSc (limited and diffuse) patients (n = 33), the T cell cytokine profile driving the disease in ILD and to explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading process leading to fibrous scarring and honey combing. Moreover, to characterize the role of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular engagement. Peripheral arterial changes cause Raynaud’s phenomenon and digital ulcers. Nitric oxide (NO) a main inducer of vasodilation is produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in response to changes in blood flow or by inflammatory cytokine inducible (i) NOS. In the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) NO activates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP, causing relaxation. We showed elevated plasma nitrate, a degradation product of NO, and increased urinary excretion of nitrate and cGMP. Plasma nitrate correlated with elevated levels of endothelial adhesion molecules: endothelial (E) selectin and vascular adhesion molecule 1, indicating that the activated endothelium is the site of NO synthesis by iNOS. Endothelial staining for E-selectin and the finding of iNOS and eNOS in SSc skin biopsies supported this notion. In SSc increased vascular stiffness may limit the NO vasodilatory effects. We found normal endothelium-dependent (i.e. flow mediated (FMD%)) and endothelium-independent (i.e. nitroglycerin-induced (NTG%)) vasodilation in the brachial artery. Radial arterial wall stiffness measured as maximum increase in pulse pressure (dP/dtmax) was increased. FMD% and especially NTG% correlated negatively and dP/dtmax positively to measures of endothelial inflammation: plasma- nitrate and adhesion molecule levels. Thus inflammatory vascular wall changes may interfere with dilation as may the presence of nitrate tolerance. We found elevated alveolar MMP-9 in both its pro- and active form in ILD. The levels correlated to decline in lung capacity, pointing at a causal relation. We suggest that neutrophils secrete MMP-9, which may degrade collagen IV, (the main constituent of basal membranes), collagen V, gelatins, proteoglycans and elastin. MMP-9 activity is partly regulated by the binding of pro- and active form to TIMP-1. Alveolar TIMP-1, which even stimulates fibroblast ECM synthesis, was increased independent of ILD. The inflammatory process in ILD is orchestrated by activated T helper (h) lymphocytes. We found a mixed Th1/Th2 reaction in SSc alveolar T cells expressing messenger for interferon gamma (Th1), IL-6 and IL-10 (both Th2). No particular cytokine mRNA profile distinguished alveolar T cells in ILD. Neutrophils invaded the bronchial epithelium, which seemed otherwise inert as levels of inflammatory cytokine sensitive transcription factors and their nuclear translocation tended to be low. The neutrophil recruitment pathway is uncertain as chemoattractants and endothelial adhesion molecules were normally expressed. In conclusion, MMP-9 probably causes degradation of lung tissue in ILD and may represent a future therapeutic target. Alveolar T cells show a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile independent of ILD. Neutrophils invade the bronchial epithelium. Activated endothelium produces increased amounts of NO and adhesion molecules and the level of activation influences brachial arterial FMD% and NTG% and radial arterial compliance. Nitrate tolerance may be present.

Introduction: Gut microbial composition has been associated with immune-mediated diseases. Breastfeeding yields a microbiota rich in bifidobacteria and promotes colonization by lactobacilli. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are considered health-promoting and are used as probiotics, i.e. live microbial food supplements which when ingested in adequate amounts confer a beneficial effect on the host. During weaning the developing gut immune system is exposed to an increasing variety of antigens from both foods and gut microbiota. Aims: We aimed to determine if daily feeding of 1x108 colony-forming units (CFU) of the probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei strain F19 (LF19) to healthy term infants from 4 to 13 months of age could maintain some of the beneficial effects conferred by breastfeeding on gut microbial composition, with possible effects on gut microbial function, T cell function, Th1/Th2 immune balance and eczema incidence. Study design: Infants were randomized to daily intake of cereals with (n=89) or without LF19 (n=90) from 4-13 months of age. Clinical outcome measures were monitored by diaries and a questionnaire. Stool and blood samples were obtained at 4, 6½, 9, 13 and 5½, 6½, 12 and 13 months of age, respectively. Stool samples were analyzed for lactobacilli counts by conventional culture methods and the presence of LF19 was verified by randomly amplified polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). Fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) pattern, a proxy for gut microbial function, was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. After polyclonal or specific activation of T cells, the cytokine mRNA expression levels [interleukin 2 (IL2), IFN-, IL4 and IL10] were determined on isolated mRNA by quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Serum concentrations of total and specific IgE antibodies, Haemophilus influenzae type b, diphtheria and tetanus toxoid specific IgG antibodies were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Results: Feeding LF19 maintained high fecal lactobacilli counts during weaning. Persistent colonization with LF19 induced differences in the fecal SCFA pattern. The cumulative incidence of eczema was lower in the probiotic group, in conjunction with a higher IFN-γ/IL4 mRNA ratio in polyclonally activated T cells. Even though there was an effect by LF19 on Th1/Th2 immune balance, there was no effect on IgE sensitization. Infants in both groups increased their capacity to express both Th1 and Th2 cytokines during the second half of infancy but the expression was still lower than that of adults. Infants in the probiotic group had lower IL2 levels after polyclonal T cell activation at 13 months of age compared with infants in the placebo group. Infants fed LF19 did not have fewer infections, but had fewer days with antibiotic prescription compared with infants fed placebo. In addition, compared to placebo, persistent colonization by LF19 enhanced specific vaccine responses to protein antigens during the course of vaccination. Conclusions: We conclude that feeding LF19 was safe, based on no observed adverse effects in our study. Infants in both groups demonstrated maturation of adaptive immune responses during weaning. Adding probiotics in complementary foods during weaning reduced the risk of eczema by 50%, with a concomitant shift towards an enhanced Th1/Th2 ratio. The reduction of eczema might be explained by probiotic effects on both T cell-mediated immune responses and reinforced gut microbial function.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 92 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Παρά τις προόδους των κλασικών θεραπευτικών στρατηγικών για τον καρκίνο, η μεγάλη πλειοψηφία των ασθενών υποτροπιάζει και καταλήγει. Η ανάγκη για την αντιμετώπιση της νόσου με εναλλακτικό τρόπο οδήγησε στην ανάπτυξη ανοσοθεραπευτικών μεθόδων. Η ιδέα της ανοσοθεραπείας του καρκίνου έγινε γνωστή στα τέλη του δέκατου ένατου αιώνα, όταν ο William Coley χρησιμοποίησε ζωντανά στελέχη του πυογενούς βακτηρίου Streptococcus erysipelas με σκοπό τη δημιουργία γενικευμένης ανοσολογικής απάντησης, μέρος της οποίας να κατευθυνθεί ενάντια σε όγκους σαρκώματος. Οι σποραδικές θετικές αποκρίσεις που παρατήρησε οφείλονταν κατά πάσα πιθανότητα σε ενίσχυση της ανοσολογικής απάντησης από τις φλεγμονώδεις αντιδράσεις που προκάλεσαν τα βακτήρια. Για να επαχθεί όμως ειδική ανοσολογική απάντηση ενάντια σε όγκους απαιτείται να χαρακτηριστούν στα καρκινικά κύτταρα συγκεκριμένα αντιγόνα, ώστε να δύναται το ανοσολογικό σύστημα να τα αναγνωρίσει ως στόχους. Συνεπώς, το πρώτο βήμα στην προσπάθεια για ανοσοθεραπεία του καρκίνου είναι η απομόνωση αντιγόνων που εκφράζουν τα καρκινικά κύτταρα, τα οποία κατά προτίμηση να μην εκφράζονται από τους φυσιολογικούς ιστούς ώστε να αποφευχθεί η αυτοάνοση απάντηση. Η ταυτοποίηση ογκοειδικών αντιγόνων, τα οποία αναγνωρίζονται από τα Τ λεμφοκύτταρα, έδωσε ιδιαίτερη ώθηση στην ανάπτυξη της κατευθυνόμενης από τα Τ κύτταρα ανοσολογικής απάντησης, στο επίπεδο τόσο της έρευνας της ανοσολογίας του καρκίνου, όσο και της κλινικής ανοσοθεραπευτικής εφαρμογής και έθεσε τις βάσεις για τη χρησιμοποίηση πεπτιδικών εμβολίων στην ανοσοθεραπεία του καρκίνου. Από την πληθώρα των γνωστών καρκινικών αντιγόνων, έχουν ταυτοποιηθεί κατά κύριο λόγο επίτοποι ικανοί να συνδεθούν με μόρια του μείζονος συμπλέγματος ιστοσυμβατότητας (MHC) τάξης Ι και συνεπώς να επάγουν την ενεργοποίηση των CD8+ T κυττάρων, δεδομένου ότι οι περισσότεροι όγκοι είναι θετικοί ως προς τα μόρια MHC τάξης Ι, αλλά αρνητικοί ως προς τα μόρια MHC τάξης ΙΙ. Επιπρόσθετα, τα CD8+ Τ κύτταρα μπορούν να καταστρέφουν τα καρκινικά κύτταρα απευθείας, μέσω της αναγνώρισης του συμπλόκου MHC τάξης Ι-πεπτιδίου που εκφράζεται στην επιφάνεια του όγκου. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, δεδομένης της αναγνώρισης του κεντρικού ρόλου των CD4+ Τ λεμφοκυττάρων στην έναρξη, οργάνωση και διατήρηση της ανοσολογικής απάντησης, έχουν αναγνωριστεί και αρκετοί επίτοποι που αναγνωρίζονται από μόρια MHC τάξης ΙΙ. Πρόσφατες κλινικές μελέτες και προκλινικά μοντέλα έδειξαν ότι ο εμβολιασμός με επιτόπους που δύνανται να συνδεθούν με μόρια MHC τάξης ΙΙ, οι οποίοι εμπεριέχουν αλληλουχίες σύνδεσης για τα μόρια MHC τάξης Ι, είναι αποτελεσματικοί στην ταυτόχρονη ανάπτυξη βοηθητικών και κυτταροτοξικών Τ λεμφοκυττάρων με μακρά διάρκεια ζωής in vivo. Από τα γνωστά καρκινικά αντιγόνα, η πρωτεΐνη HER-2/neu παρουσιάζει το πλεονέκτημα της υπερέκφρασης σε ποικίλους τύπους καρκίνου, ενώ οι ασθενείς των οποίων όγκοι την υπερεκφράζουν παρουσιάζουν προϋπάρχουσα ανοσία ενάντια σε πεπτίδια αυτής. Η αυξημένη έκφρασή της στα καρκινικά κύτταρα και το γεγονός ότι πρόκειται για διαμεμβρανική πρωτεΐνη την καθιστούν στόχο για ανοσοθεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις που περιλαμβάνουν τόσο κυτταρική όσο και χυμική ανοσία. Κλινικές έρευνες με χρήση πεπτιδίων της HER-2/neu έχουν δείξει την πρόκληση ανοσολογικής απάντησης στην πλειονότητα των ασθενών. Παρόλα αυτά, οι μεταστατικοί τύποι καρκίνου που υπερεκφράζουν τη συγκεκριμένη πρωτεΐνη παραμένουν μη θεραπεύσιμοι. Συνεπώς, υπάρχει άμεση ανάγκη για νέες θεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις και στο σημείο αυτό η διερεύνηση των πιο ανοσογονικών τμημάτων της αλληλουχίας της πρωτεΐνης HER-2/neu, καθώς και της αντίδρασης των ασθενών σε αυτά, αποτελούν στόχο για ειδικές νέες αντικαρκινικές θεραπείες. O εγκλεισμός του αντιγόνου σε μικροσφαίρες πολυ-γαλακτικού-γλυκολικού οξέος (PLGA) έχει δειχθεί ότι επάγει ισχυρή και παρατεταμένη ανοσοαπόκριση. Μέχρι σήμερα, δεν φαίνεται να έχει αναφερθεί μελέτη στην οποία να αναλύεται η επίδραση των χαρακτηριστικών του PLGA συμπολυμερούς και του σχήματος ανοσοποίησης στον τύπο της λαμβανόμενης ανοσοαπόκρισης μετά την χορήγηση PLGA μικροσφαιρών του αντιγόνου in vivo. Στην παρούσα μελέτη διερευνήθηκε ο τύπος της ανοσοαπόκρισης που λαμβάνεται in vivo μετά την χορήγηση πεπτιδίων της HER-2/neu (πρότυπα αντιγόνα) συνδεμένων σε πολυ-γαλακτικού οξέος (PLA) και PLGA μικροσφαίρες. Τα πρότυπα αντιγόνα ήταν δύο: * το πεπτίδιο GSPYVSRLLGICLTSTVQLVQL, που αντιστοιχεί στην περιοχή 778-799 της ογκοπρωτεΐνης HER-2/neu. Η πεπτιδική αυτή ακολουθία περιλαμβάνει τον κυτταροτοξικό επίτοπο CLTSTVQLV (789-797) σε συνδυασμό με τον T βοηθητικό (Th) επίτοπο GSPYVSRLLGICL (778-790) της συγκεκριμένης ογκοπρωτεΐνης. * καθώς και το πεπτίδιο CLTSTVQLV (789-797), δηλαδή μόνο ο κυτταροτοξικός (CTL) επίτοπος. Ως πειραματόζωα στην συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν HHD διαγονιδιακοί μύες, οι οποίοι εκφράζουν ανθρώπινα HLA-A2.1 μόρια ιστοσυμβατότητας, δεδομένου ότι η ακολουθία του πεπτιδίου που έχει επιλεγεί προέρχεται από την ανθρώπινη HER-2/neu. Η μετατροπή της ανοσοαπόκρισης Th2 τύπου, εναντίον διαλυτών αντιγόνων που εκφράζονται σε καρκινικούς όγκους, σε Τh1 τύπο ανοσοαπόκρισης είναι σημαντική στην ανοσοθεραπεία του καρκίνου. Η δημιουργία αντιγονο-ειδικών CD8+ κυτταροτοξικών λεμφοκυττάρων, σε συνέργεια με τα αντίστοιχα βοηθητικά Τ (CD4+) λεμφοκύτταρα, πιστεύεται ότι θα οδηγήσουν στην απόρριψη του όγκου ή στην επιβράδυνση της ανάπτυξης αυτού. Η ταυτοποίηση του τύπου της ανοσοαπόκρισης έγινε με την ανάπτυξη ανοσοαναλυτικών τεχνικών για την μέτρηση των ολικών ειδικών ανοσοσφαιρινών IgG, των ισοτύπων αυτών (IgG1 και IgG2a). Επίσης προσδιορίσθηκε ο τύπος της ανοσοαπόκρισης σε κυτταρικό επίπεδο με την ανάπτυξη τεχνικών μέτρησης της ικανότητας του πολλαπλασιασμού των λεμφοκυττάρων και με μέτρηση των κυτοκινών, κυρίως σε υπερκείμενα καλλιεργειών λεμφοκυττάρων, αλλά και στο αίμα. Για την χορήγηση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μικροσφαίρες PLA και PLGA με φορτωμένο το αντιγόνο με δύο διαφορετικούς τρόπους (προσροφημένο ή απλά αναμεμιγμένο). Η in vivo χορήγηση του πεπτιδικού αντιγόνου που απλά και μόνο αναμίχθηκε με PLA μικροσφαίρες προκάλεσε μια ισχυρή ανοσολογική απόκριση που ήταν συγκρίσιμη με αυτήν που προκλήθηκε από το συνδυασμό του αντιγόνου με πλήρες ανοσοενισχυτικό του Freund (CFA). Επιπλέον, μετά από ανάλυση του προφίλ των κυτοκινών που εκκρίνονται από τα Τ λεμφοκύτταρα των ανοσοποιημένων μυών, αποδείχθηκε ότι ο συνδυασμός του αντιγόνου πεπτιδίων με τις PLA μικροσφαίρες προκάλεσε μια ισχυρή Th1 ανοσολογική απόκριση στο αντιγόνο. Ο χρόνος της επώασης πεπτιδίων με τις μικροσφαίρες πριν από τη χορήγηση δεν είχε επιπτώσεις στην ανοσολογική απόκριση, γεγονός που απλοποιεί περαιτέρω την παραγωγή σε ευρεία κλίμακα αυτού του τύπου εμβολίων. Τα αποτελέσματα που ελήφθησαν από αυτή τη μελέτη δικαιολογούν την περαιτέρω διερεύνηση σε in vivo πειραματικά μοντέλα καρκίνου της δυνατότητας επαγωγής ισχυρής κυτταρικής ανοσοαπόκρισης έναντι των καρκινικών κυττάρων που υπερεκφράζουν την HER-2/neu πρωτεΐνη με απλή ανάμιξη κατάλληλων πεπτιδικών αντιγόνων της HER-2/neu με PLA μικροσφαίρες. / Despite the progress of classic therapeutic strategies developed concerning cancer the greatest number of patients deteriorates and eventually dies. The need to confront this disease in an alternative way has led to the development of new immunotherapeutic methods. The novel idea of cancer immunotherapy was born in the 19th century when William Coley used live live species of bacteria Streptococcus erysipelas in order to induce an overall immune response targeted in part against sarcoma tumors. Occasional positive immune responses that were observed were possibly due to the enhancement of the immune response from the inflammatory reactions caused by the bacteria. In order to induce a special immune response against tumors it is necessary for some specific antigens to be identified at cancer cells. So the first step in the effort to induce immunotherapy is the isolation of antigens expressed by cancer cells that are preferably not expressed at healthy tissues, to prevent autoimmune response. The identification of tumor-specific antigens that are identified by T cells gave a great boost to the development of T-cell-mediated specific immune response, both in research for tumor immunology as in its clinical appliance. That led to the beginning of peptide use in vaccines in cancer immunotherapy. From the plethora of already known cancer antigens, epitopes have been identified as capable of forming complex with MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) class I molecules, which consequently induce the activation of CD8+ T cells, given that most tumors are positive for the MHC class I molecules, but negative to MHC class II molecules. Moreover, CD8+ T cells can kill cancer cells directly, through identification of the MHC class I–peptide complex that is expressed on the tumor surface. Recently many epitopes that are recognized by MHC class II molecules have been identified, since it is well known that the CD4+ T cells play an important role in the initiation, organization and maintenance of the immune response. Recent clinical studies and preclinical models have shown that immunization with epitopes that are eminent to form a complex with MHC class II molecules, which comprise amino acid sequences that can connect with MHC class I molecules, are effective in the simultaneous induction of helper and cytotoxic long life T-cell in vivo. Among all known cancer antigens, the HER-2/neu protein demonstrates the advantage of being overexpressed in various types of cancer, while patients whose tumors overexpress the protein exhibit preexisting immunity against its peptides. HER-2/neu is a transmembrane protein that is overexpressed in cancer cells and therefore the perfect target for immunotherapy concerning both cellular and humoral immunity. Clinical studies using HER-2/neu peptides have shown induction of immune response in the majority of patients. However, metastatic tumors overexpressing HER-2/neu protein still remain incurable. As a result, there is ample need for respective new therapeutic strategies and at this point more potent immunogenic sequences of the protein are under investigation, as is the response of patients to those sequences, in hope of creating more specific anticancer therapies. Encapsulation of antigen into poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres has proven to induce potent and long lasting immune response. Up to date, there is no study analyzing the influence of PLGA polymer characteristics or the immunization scheme, regarding the type of the immune response following the administration of PLGA antigen microspheres in vivo. In the current study, the type of the immune response after in vivo administration of HER-2/neu peptide adsorbed on poly-lactic acid (PLA) and PLGA microspheres is investigated. The model antigens used were the following two: • GSPYVSRLLGICLTSTVQLVQL peptide corresponds to the 779-799 amino acid sequence of the HER-2/neu protein. This amino acid sequence contains the cytotoxic epitope CLTSTVQLV (789-797) in combination with the Th epitope GSPYVSRLLGICL (778-790) of the HER-2/neu protein. • CLTSTVQLV (789-797) peptide, which corresponds to merely the cytotoxic epitope. HHD transgenic mice expressing human HLA-A2.1 histocompatibility molecules were used as subjects, given the fact that the amino acid sequence chosen has derived from the human HER-2/neu protein. Converting the preexisting Th2 type of immune response, against soluble antigens expressed in tumors, to the Th1 type is extremely important in curing cancer. The production of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes with the relevant helper T (CD4+) lymphocytes is believed to trigger the rejection of the tumor or the delay of its development. The type of the immune response was identified with immuno-analytic techniques developed for measuring the total amount of IgG immunoglobulins, and their isotypes (IgG1 and IgG2a). Moreover the type of the immune response has been determined at cellular level using proliferation assay and cytokine measurement assay, usually at cell culture supernatants but also in blood samples. For the peptide administration, PLA and PLGA microspheres were used. The antigen was administered in two different ways, either absorbed or adsorbed (just mixed). The in vivo administration of the peptide antigen just admixed with PLA microspheres induced potent immune response, comparable to that caused by the antigen administration using complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Moreover, upon the analysis of the cytokine profile secreted from T lymphocytes of immunized mice, the PLA admixed peptide proved to induce a specific and potent Th1 immune response. The incubation time of the peptide with PLA microspheres had no implications to the immune response, therefore further simplifying future mass production of such vaccine types. The results extracted by this study justify further investigation of the in vivo experimental cancer models for inducing potent cellular immune response against cancer cells that overexpress the HER-2/neu protein by simply mixing the appropriate HER-2/neu peptide antigens with PLA microspheres.

L’objectif de notre travail a été de caractériser le rôle de l’IL-6 dans la différenciation des lymphocytes Tfh et des lymphocytes Th2. Les lymphocytes Tfh ont pour fonction d’aider les lymphocytes B à produire des anticorps indispensables pour nous protéger contre divers pathogènes. Les lymphocytes Th2, quant à eux, sont spécialisés dans l’élimination de parasites extracellulaires tels que les helminthes.<p>Dans un premier temps, nous avons voulu identifier les gènes dont l’expression est induite par l’IL-6, avec comme objectif une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes permettant aux lymphocytes T de se différencier en cellules Tfh.<p>Au cours de notre travail, nous avons identifié le facteur de transcription, MyoR (Myogenic Repressor) comme étant exprimé au sein des lymphocytes T helper et dont l’expression est induite par l’IL-6. Nos observations expérimentales ont démontré que le facteur MyoR n’est pas indispensable pour la différenciation des lymphocytes Tfh, ni pour leur fonction. Cependant, l’expression de l’ARNm codant pour MyoR pourrait être utilisée comme un biomarqueur des cellules Tfh in vitro ou in vivo.<p>Nous avons ensuite caractérisé la réponse immune induite in vivo par des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes issues de souris déficientes pour l’IL-6. Cette approche nous a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle immunosuppresseur de l’IL-6 sur le développement des réponses de type Th2. En effet, nous avons montré que l’injection de BMDCs (Bone Marrow derived dendritic cells) IL-6-/- dans des souris receveuses de type sauvage induisent une réponse Th2 augmentée in vivo.<p>Nos résultats suggèrent que l’inhibition de la réponse Th2 par l’IL-6 in vivo et in vitro pourrait impliquer la présence d’un ou de plusieurs miRNAs.<p>Cette inhibition pourrait être un mécanisme de rétrocontrôle afin d’éviter une exacerbation de la réponse immune Th2. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished