Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O presente trabalho se propÃe compreender a fotografia como um instrumento da pesquisa cientÃfica, refletindo a partir da atuaÃÃo da ExpediÃÃo Thayer, uma comissÃo norte americana liderada pelo naturalista Louis Agassiz, vinda ao Brasil entre os anos 1865 e 1866. Entre os sÃculos XVIII e XIX as chamadas expediÃÃes cientÃficas atreladas ao sentido cosmopolita do imperialismo europeu, se espalhavam por todo o mundo, seguindo um padrÃo sistemÃtico de estudo e pesquisa, os naturalistas visavam analisar e classificar os lugares visitados, sua natureza, sua cultura e seus nativos. VÃrios cientistas vieram ao Brasil trazendo consigo aprendizes, especialistas, curiosos, e um outro profissional, o fotÃgrafo, este agora indispensÃvel nos trabalhos de desbravamento e levantamento de dados das expediÃÃes. Os naturalistas trouxeram a fotografia para suas pesquisas como parte do mÃtodo empirista, considerada o reflexo da realidade impresso em papel, viria para dar à ciÃncia maior confiabilidade e comprovaÃÃo. Em meio Ãs discussÃes sobre uma Filosofia Natural criacionista e sobre os princÃpios da teoria evolutiva, a produÃÃo de imagens fotogrÃficas se torna um campo de disputas dentro da ciÃncia. Os registros dessas experiÃncias, relaÃÃes e estranhamentos (fotografias, relatos de viagem e literatura cientÃfica) compÃem a parte mais considerÃvel de fontes para a dissertaÃÃo. Analisando os conflitos que circundavam as diferentes teorias cientÃficas, da intervenÃÃo imperial ao racialismo, e suas tentativas de comprovaÃÃo, objetiva se compreender a produÃÃo de imagens fotogrÃficas a serviÃo da ciÃncia e as apropriaÃÃes da tÃcnica pelo mÃtodo empirista, compreendendo como o Brasil foi inserido no debate cientÃfico e como os naturalistas se utilizaram dos registros de casos locais para compor um entendimento da ciÃncia universal. / European imperialism, spread throughout the world, following a systematic studies pattern and research, naturalists targeted to analyze and classify the places visited, their nature, their culture and their natives. Several scientists came to Brazil bringing with them apprentices, specialists, curious, and one other professional, the photographer, this one now indispensable in clearing and gathering data of the expeditions. The naturalists brought the photograph to their research as part of the empiricist method, considered the reflection of reality printed on paper, it would come to give science greater reliability and proof. Amidst the discussions of a creationist Natural Philosophy and the principles of evolutionary theory, the production of photographic images became a field of disputes inside the science. The records from these experiences, relationships, and strangeness (photographs, travel reports, and scientific literature) make up the most considerable source for the dissertation. A nalyzing the conflicts that surrounded different scientific theories, from the imperial intervention to the racialism, and its attempts of verification, the objective is to understand the production of photographic images in the service of science and the techniques appropriations by the empiricist method, understanding how Brazil was inserted in the scientific debate and how the naturalists used the local case records to compose an understanding of universal science.

Zugleich: Diss. Mainz. / Literaturverz.

<p>De klassiska sjökrigsteorierna har åtskilliga år på nacken. Fortfarande anses emellertid Julius S. Corbetts och Alfred T. Mahans idéer äga sin giltighet – trots att den tidigare var verksam under första halvan 1900-talet och den senare under framförallt den andra halvan av 1800-talet. Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka huruvida dessa teoretikers syn på strategier i sjökriget som fenomen kan anses relevanta i det moderna sjökriget. Slaget om Falklandsöarna i början 1980-talet har betecknats som en av de första drabbningarna till sjöss som utspelats i en modern telekrigsmiljö. Utgångspunkt har varit att studera i vilken utsträckning Corbetts och Mahans teorier kan skönjas i utförandet av den brittiska operationsplanen i Falklandskriget. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys av Mahans och Corbetts litterära verk, och litteratur om dessa, har adekvata indikatorer tagits fram. Dessa har jämförts med en fallstudie som utgjorts av Falklandskriget. Slutsatsen blev att teorierna – och då framförallt Corbetts tankar – äger sin giltighet, om än inte bokstavligen och i varje detalj, men som en övergripande förklaring på vilket sätt framgång i modern sjökrigsföring kan uppnås.</p> / <p>The classic naval theories have been around for a considerable sum of time. Despite of these circumstances the ideas of Julius S. Corbett and Alfred T. Mahan are still regarded to be obligated their validity – even though that the foremost of them was active under the first part of the 1900 and the latter active particularly during the second part of the 1800. The purpose of the paper has been to examine whether these naval thinker view on strategy in naval warfare could be considered to be relevant in the modern naval warfare. The battle for the Falklands islands in the beginning of 1980 have been designated as one of the first encounters on the high seas that was situated in a modern electronic warfare environment. The starting point has been to study in which extension Corbett’s and Mahan’s theories could be notices in the execution of the British campaign plan in the Falklands war. Through a qualitative text study of Mahan’s and Corbett’s literary creation, and literature about them, adequate indicators have been brought forward. These have been comprehended with a case study consisting of the Falklands war. The conclusion where that the theories – particularly Corbett’s thoughts – still posses, if not figuratively and in every aspect, but as an overlooking clarification through in which way the success in modern navel warfare ought to be accomplished.</p>

De klassiska sjökrigsteorierna har åtskilliga år på nacken. Fortfarande anses emellertid Julius S. Corbetts och Alfred T. Mahans idéer äga sin giltighet – trots att den tidigare var verksam under första halvan 1900-talet och den senare under framförallt den andra halvan av 1800-talet. Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka huruvida dessa teoretikers syn på strategier i sjökriget som fenomen kan anses relevanta i det moderna sjökriget. Slaget om Falklandsöarna i början 1980-talet har betecknats som en av de första drabbningarna till sjöss som utspelats i en modern telekrigsmiljö. Utgångspunkt har varit att studera i vilken utsträckning Corbetts och Mahans teorier kan skönjas i utförandet av den brittiska operationsplanen i Falklandskriget. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys av Mahans och Corbetts litterära verk, och litteratur om dessa, har adekvata indikatorer tagits fram. Dessa har jämförts med en fallstudie som utgjorts av Falklandskriget. Slutsatsen blev att teorierna – och då framförallt Corbetts tankar – äger sin giltighet, om än inte bokstavligen och i varje detalj, men som en övergripande förklaring på vilket sätt framgång i modern sjökrigsföring kan uppnås. / The classic naval theories have been around for a considerable sum of time. Despite of these circumstances the ideas of Julius S. Corbett and Alfred T. Mahan are still regarded to be obligated their validity – even though that the foremost of them was active under the first part of the 1900 and the latter active particularly during the second part of the 1800. The purpose of the paper has been to examine whether these naval thinker view on strategy in naval warfare could be considered to be relevant in the modern naval warfare. The battle for the Falklands islands in the beginning of 1980 have been designated as one of the first encounters on the high seas that was situated in a modern electronic warfare environment. The starting point has been to study in which extension Corbett’s and Mahan’s theories could be notices in the execution of the British campaign plan in the Falklands war. Through a qualitative text study of Mahan’s and Corbett’s literary creation, and literature about them, adequate indicators have been brought forward. These have been comprehended with a case study consisting of the Falklands war. The conclusion where that the theories – particularly Corbett’s thoughts – still posses, if not figuratively and in every aspect, but as an overlooking clarification through in which way the success in modern navel warfare ought to be accomplished.

Floran av militärteoretiska verk är mycket omfattande och varierad avseende de idéer somframförs. Samtidigt har många debattörer ifrågasatt värdet av sjökrigsteori och dess påverkan påoperationerna. Man kan ifrågasätta om personer i position att påverka operationernasgenomförande läser litteratur om sjökrigsteori och om de i så fall applicerar dessa tankar. Syftetmed denna uppsats är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning teoretiserande kring sjökrig förefaller hanågon inverkan på krigs förande och hur sjökrigsoperationer bedrivs. De frågeställningar somavses besvaras är: vilka idéer kan sägas utgöra grunden för Corbetts och Mahans respektive teorierom sjökrig och i vilken utsträckning går det att återfinna dessa teoretikers tankar hos deundersökta befattningshavarna i samband med sjökrigsoperationerna under det första världskriget?Detta avses göras genom att analysera Corbetts och Mahans utgivna verk för att skapa en bild avderas huvudsakliga tankar. Dessa jämförs sedan för att utkristallisera skillnader dem emellan.Skillnaderna används sedan som indikatorer i den vidare utredningen vilken består av en analys avde centrala beslutsfattarnas utgivna korrespondens i syfte att klargöra vilka syften de hade medoperationerna. Uppsatsens teoretiska grund ligger i Goldstein och Keohanes tankar om idéerspåverkan på handlingsmönster.Slutsatserna som dras är att båda teoretikernas idéer verkar ha påverkat beslutsfattarna fast i olikafrågor och i olika omfattning. Tänkbara orsaker till detta diskuteras i det avslutande kapitlet. / The amount of literature about military theory is abundant and differs significantly concerningthe content. At the same time, several debaters have questioned the value of naval theory andits influence on operations. It is reasonable to raise the question of whether people in aposition to make decisions concerning the conduct of operations read this literature, and if so,do they apply these thoughts? The purpose of this essay is to analyse to what extent navaltheory seem to have an impact upon the conduct of operations. It will answer the followingquestions: which are the basic ideas concerning naval warfare in Corbett’s and Mahan’s navaltheories and to what extent are these theorists thoughts to be found in the naval operationsconducted during the First World War?The analysis will be carried out by exploring the main ideas of Julian Corbett and AlfredMahan respectively. These ideas will thereafter be compared in order to bring forward thedifferences between them. The resulting differences will be used as indicators in the followinganalysis of the selected decision-maker's correspondence with the purpose of clarifying theirobject when planning and ordering operations. The theoretical foundation is taken from thethoughts about the influence of ideas on policy presented by Goldstein and Keohane.The conclusions show that both theorists seems to have influenced the decision-makers, but indifferent issues and to a different extent. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 04-06

Orientador : Francisco Carlos Teixeira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais, 2008. / Inclui bibliografias. / Documento disponível em meio magnético na Seção de Multimídia da Biblioteca da EGN (CD-MA-17) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-14T18:06:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-164).

This dissertation examines the dissolution of landscape painting as a major cultural project in the late nineteenth-century United States. As a genre aligned with the goals of nation building, landscape maintained a privileged artistic status for much of the nineteenth century. Yet as frontier development, land speculation, environmental change, and other factors slowly rendered its conventions meaningless, landscape became the site through which American artists most urgently sought to come to terms with the modern world. This argument is anchored by unorthodox artworks, from landscapes resembling banknotes to paintings made out of bird feathers&mdash;limit cases that allude to the failure of landscape in sustaining American cultural goals. Chapter One concerns Albert Bierstadt's aesthetic struggles in post-frontier America. During the 1890s, Bierstadt's anxieties about landscape surfaced in the particularities of objects that fold and unfold, from butterflies painted by chance to expanding railway cars&mdash;objects that might be considered the subconscious of a genre built upon expansionist ideology. Chapter Two argues that Martin Johnson Heade's tropical and marsh paintings of the 1870s and 1880s used &ldquo;groundless&rdquo; conditions to express cultural insecurities about traversable land and its representation. The pictorial blockages and interferences in Heade's paintings challenge both the compositional legibility espoused in the blockbuster canvases of his mentor and rival Frederic Church and the physical accessibility promised by the period's environmental interventions. Chapter Three proposes that Ralph Blakelock's nocturnes and money paintings—produced in the context of rampant land speculation, volatile art markets, and representational doubts surrounding paper currency—attempt but fail to overcome landscape's monetary entanglements. Blakelock's paintings theorize the value of labor and material accumulation in the increasingly abstract economic world of the last decades of the nineteenth century. Chapter Four reconsiders the trope of the "figure in the landscape" using Abbott Thayer's turn-of-the-century representations of animal camouflage. In these mixed-media artworks, Thayer's attempts to visualize invisibility demonstrate the ways in which camouflage proved irreconcilable with landscape's figure-ground principles. Together, these episodes trace pictorial attempts to resolve spatial problems arising with modernity, and in so doing, they signal a shift toward new paradigms of representation. / History of Art and Architecture

My dissertation, Writing and Ethics in The Southern Cone: Literature between the Singular and The Specific, reads a series of examples from the last dictatorship and the current post-dictatorship period in the Southern Cone--novels and essays from Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay (including works by Augusto Roa Bastos, Roberto Bolaño and Horacio Verbitsky), and a critical debate between artists and intellectuals in Chile (Nelly Richard and Willy Thayer). My goal is to expose their ways of conceiving how communities and individuals are structured by language that organizes subjects according to logics of belonging and rejection according to political values and practices. I take as my point of departure the work of philosopher Peter Hallward on individuation and the formation of groups and communities, from his book Absolutely Postcolonial: Writing Between the Singular and the Specific (2002). I read my textual examples through the terms developed by Hallward, the Singular, the Specified, and the Specific. The Singular describes a way of imagining community identity as a self-creating and self-reinforcing unity where the only members are those who are innate to the singular concept that self-defines it. The Specified refers to a method by which subjects individuated themselves over and against a particular cause or people and thus define themselves by means of this difference. Lastly, the Specific describes a community that is radically indifferent to difference, arguing instead for a form of membership where any subject belongs. My dissertation shows how these three concepts are present in the historical and cultural ideas used by a contemporary generation of thinkers and artists to define the effects of the cultures of dictatorship and post-dictatorship in the Southern Cone. Understanding these concepts helps to elucidate how the cultural discourses during this period were structured and executed in relation to communitarian formation. In short, by reading my Southern Cone case studies through the optic of logics of individuation, I am able to produce a new way of seeing how the region’s intellectuals read the intersections of history, culture, politics, and community in the wake of Latin American dictatorships. / text

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