x, 62 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm Notes Typescript Thesis (M.S.)--University of Oregon, 1987 Includes vita and abstract Bibliography: leaves 54-62 Another copy on microfilm is located in Archives

FROTA JUNIOR, José Itamar. Divergência genética entre progênies de meios-irmãos de cajueiro anão precoce. 2012. 106 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Tecnologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T13:27:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_jifrotajunior.pdf: 7557129 bytes, checksum: 6c9f0d978e3d8d53df85c9c6cfa07a24 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T13:29:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_jifrotajunior.pdf: 7557129 bytes, checksum: 6c9f0d978e3d8d53df85c9c6cfa07a24 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T13:29:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_jifrotajunior.pdf: 7557129 bytes, checksum: 6c9f0d978e3d8d53df85c9c6cfa07a24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The present work was developed in order to characterize and evaluate the genetic diversity of dwarf cashew progenies from Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical using molecular and morphological markers as well as the indication of divergent materials to the breeding program. It was used 50 dwarf cashew progenies from Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical collection located in the Experimental Center of Pacajus, Ceará. In the molecular analysis, each progeny was sampled by collecting leaves from two plants per plot and then analyzed at Embrapa´s molecular biology lab. It was performed DNA´s extractions based on CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) method, adapted by Cavalcanti (2004). ISSR´s markers (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) were used. Jaccard´s coefficient and UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) cluster analysis were applied in the group analysis. Cluster analysis allowed the division into fourteen groups of genetic similarity being the most divergent progenies CNPAT 92-56, 92-62 and 92-385, and the most similar ones CNPAT 92-331 and 92-335. Variables such as plant height, diameter, number of nuts and production, were used in the quantitative analysis. Euclidian distance was used in the genetic distance analysis. UPGMA method were used in cluster analysis. The variable with highest relative contribution to genetic divergence was production, with 97,80%. The UPGMA cluster analysis allowed the division into eleven groups. The most divergent material was CNPAT 92-331 coming from Capisa farm in Piauí state. The most similar materials formed the subgroup I of group I, CNPAT 92-54 and 92-58 with 95% similarity. There is genetic variability, however no direct relationship between molecular and quantitative analysis was found / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar e avaliar a diversidade genética de progênies de meios-irmãos de cajueiro anão precoce da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical por meio de marcadores moleculares e morfológicos, assim como, a indicação dos materiais divergentes para o programa de melhoramento genético. Foram utilizadas 50 progênies instaladas no Campo Experimental de Pacajus, CE. Na análise molecular, cada progênie foi amostrada coletando-se folhas de duas plantas/parcela e analisadas no laboratório de Biologia Molecular da Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical. Foram realizadas extrações de DNA baseadas no método CTAB (brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio) ajustado por Cavalcanti (2004) e utilizados marcadores do tipo ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat). Utilizou-se o coeficiente de Jaccard e análise de agrupamento UPGMA (Método de Média Aritmética Não Ponderada) para análise dos grupos. Doze iniciadores ISSR geraram 71 bandas das quais 27 foram polimórficas. A análise de agrupamento permitiu a divisão em quatorze grupos de similaridade genética, onde as progênies mais divergentes foram CNPAT 92-56, CNPAT 92- 62 e CNPAT 92-385 e as mais similares foram CNPAT 92-331 e CNPAT 92-335. Na análise quantitativa foram utilizadas as seguintes variáveis: altura da planta, diâmetro da copa, número de castanhas e produção. Foi utilizada a Distância Euclidiana para análise da distância genética e UPGMA para a análise de agrupamento. A produção foi a variável que obteve maior contribuição relativa para a divergência genética com 97,80%. A análise de agrupamento UPGMA possibilitou a distribuição de 11 grupos. O material mais divergente foi o CNPAT 92-331 oriundo da Fazenda Capisa (Piauí). Os mais similares formaram o subgrupo I do grupo I, CNPAT 92-54 e CNPAT 92-58 com 95% de similaridade. Há variabilidade genética, no entanto não foram encontradas relações diretas entre a análise molecular e a quantitativa

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T20:58:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IVANDELSON SIQUEIRA SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2005..pdf: 5911252 bytes, checksum: 0fd957bbb57525ac4c80990e0370cc09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T20:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IVANDELSON SIQUEIRA SANTOS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2005..pdf: 5911252 bytes, checksum: 0fd957bbb57525ac4c80990e0370cc09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07 / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar diferentes possibilidades de redução do volume de água a ser aplicado pela irrigação localizada na cultura do coqueiro anão no semi-árido nordestino, através de um manejo de água, solo e da cultura. Para isto, foram realizadas as seguintes tarefas: testou-se uma nova metodologia de cálculo para o volume de água aplicado na cultura do coqueiro, que considera apenas a área efetiva de maior adensamento do sistema radicular, visando à domesticação de seu desenvolvimento num determinado bulbo molhado; controlou-se a temperatura do solo através da plasticultura, tendo em vistas redução na evaporação d'água no solo e, consequentemente, diminuição no volume d'água a ser aplicado; e avaliou-se o desenvolvimento inicial da cultura do coco, através das variáveis altura de planta e diâmetro do caule, para os procedimentos de manejo de água, solo e da cultura propostos nesta pesquisa. O experimento de campo foi instalado em blocos inteiramente casualizados, resultante de duas combinações fatoriais entre quatro diâmetros molhados (D| = 0,7 m, D2 = 0,8 m, D3 = 0,9 m, D4 = 1,0 m), delimitados por anéis de zinco que possuíam uma altura de 35 cm, sendo 20 cm enterrados no solo, e duas condições de cobertura de solo (coberto e nu), mais uma testemunha (4x2+ 1), perfazendo nove tratamentos com três repetições, totalizando vinte e sete parcelas. Para ambas as condições de cobertura do solo, os diferentes volumes de água aplicados nos diversos diâmetros de influência do sistema radicular não apresentaram efeito significativo no desenvolvimento da cultura do coco, no que diz respeito à sua altura e ao diâmetro caulinar, durante os primeiros 120 dias após transplantio. O procedimento de cálculo do volume de água aplicado promoveu considerável economia de água, com valores máximos e mínimos, respectivamente, de 93,95 e 87,62%, na condição de solo sem cobertura, e de 96,98 e 93,81%, em solo com cobertura. O isolamento da evaporação contribuiu para redução substancial (50%) no volume de água aplicado, ficando demonstrada a importância de se controlar a temperatura do solo em regiões semi-árias e a eficiência do filme de polietileno de duas faces para esta finalidade. / This research had as objective to study different possibilities of reduction of the water volume to be applied by localized irrigation in the dwarfish coconut crop in the Northeast semi-arid region, through a management of water, soil and of the crop. Thus, the following tasks were accomplished: a new calculation methodology was tested for the volume of water applied to the coconut crop, that considers only the effective area of higher concentration of the root system, seeking to the domestication of its development in a certain wetted bulb; the soil temperature was controlled by using plastic manta, purposing the reduction in the soil water evaporation and, consequently, decrease in the volume of water to be applied; and the initial development of the coconut crop was evaluated, through the variables plant height and diameter of the stem, for the water, soil and crop management procedures proposed in this research. The field experiment was installed in entirely randomized blocks, resulting from two factorial combinations between four wetted diameters (Di = 0,7 m, D2 = 0,8 m, D3 = 0,9 m, D4 = 1,0 m), delimited by zinc rings having a height of 35 cm, being 20 cm buried into the soil, and two conditions of soil covering (covered and nude), plus a control (4x2 + 1), resulting in nine treatments with three replications, totaling twenty-seven plots. For both conditions of soil covering, the different applied volumes of water in the several diameters of influence of the root system didn't present significant effect on the development of the coconut crop, regarding its height and stem diameter, during the first 120 days after sowing. The procedure of calculation of the applied volume of water promoted considerable economy of water, with maximum and minimum values, respectively, of 93.95 and 87.62%, in the soil condition without covering, and of 96.98 and 93.81%, in soil with covering. The isolation of the evaporation contributed to substantial reduction (50%) in the applied volume of water, being demonstrated the importance of controlling the soil temperature in semi-arid áreas and the efficiency of the two faces polyethylene film for this purpose.

O objetivo desta tese é analisar aspectos do sistema de satélites da Via Láctea de relevância cosmológica. Dentre estes aspectos destacam-se dois: o censo de satélites da Galáxia – onde constata-se que a quantidade destes objetos é muito inferior ao predito por modelos cosmológicos do tipo Matéria Escura Fria – e a frequência anômala de satélites luminosos, como a Pequena e Grande Nuvem de Magalhães (SMC e LMC respectivamente). Além disso, a determinação dos parâmetros estruturais da LMC pode impor vínculos a sua formação, histórico orbital e sobre a massa de nossa Galáxia. Neste trabalho é desenvolvida uma técnica de busca por satélites da Via Láctea. Esta técnica foi otimizada para utilizar dados da nova geração de grandes surveys de maneira eficiente. Este código, o FindSat, foi validado em uma amostra de galáxias anãs conhecidas e se mostrou eficiente em detectar as galáxias anãs mais tênues de que se tem registro. A aplicação desse código a uma região do Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) ainda não explorada nesse sentido revelou uma série de candidatos a novos satélites. Foram selecionados os candidatos mais promissores para observação de follow-up. Estas observações revelaram que um destes candidatos é de fato um novo satélite da Via Láctea. Este novo objeto é muito provavelmente um aglomerado globular do halo em estágio avançado de dissolução, porém, seu tamanho e magnitude integrada colocamno em um domínio limítrofe entre aglomerado e galáxia anã. Através da cuidadosa análise dos demais candidatos, constatou-se que nenhum outro é de fato um novo satélite da Galáxia. Além disso, foi realizado o estudo do perfil de densidade e geometria da LMC. Este estudo utilizou dados de verificação científica do Dark Energy Survey (DES). Constatase que o perfil de densidades para estrelas jovens (< 3 Gyr) possui um raio de escala cerca de 50% menor que o da população velha (> 3 Gyr), favorecendo o cenário de formação tipo outside-in. O estudo da extensão da componente estelar da LMC revela um raio de maré de cerca de 18 kpc, permitindo o cálculo da massa dinâmica total da LMC. O valor de massa obtido favorece a hipótese onde as Nuvens de Magalhães estariam por sua primeira passagem pelo perigaláctico. Além disso, a distância heliocêntrica e espessura do disco da LMC foram determinadas utilizando estrelas do Red Clump (RC). Notou-se que regiões no extremo norte da LMC estão sistematicamente mais próximas de nós do que o esperado, este efeito evidencia o warp no disco dessa galáxia. Observou-se que a espessura do disco aumenta na periferia da LMC, caracterizando o fenômeno de flare. O aumento na espessura juntamente com a maior extensão da população velha da LMC é interpretado como a presença de dois componentes discoidais. Esta é a primeira evidência desse tipo baseada apenas em métodos de contagem de estrelas. / The goal of this thesis is to analyse comologically relevant aspects of the Milky Way (MW) satellite system. Among these we may highlight two: the census of MW satellites – where the observed number of these objects is much less than what is expected by Cold Dark Matter (CDM) models – and the anomalous frequency of luminous satellites, such as the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds (SMC and LMC respectively). Besides the cosmological importance of the Clouds, the determination of its structural parameters may help to constraint models for their formation, orbital history, and ultimately the mass assembly in our Galaxy. In this work a technique to search newMWsatellites is developed. This technique was optimized to run efficiently on large datasets, such as the ones being generated by the new generation of surveys. The code, FindSat was validated in a sample of well known MW satellites and has proven to be well succeeded even for the most faint of these objects. The application of this code to an unexplored region of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) revealed a large amount of new dwarf galaxy candidates, some of which where selected for follow-up observation. These observations led to the discovery of a new MW satellite. This new object is most likely a globular cluster in an extreme stage of dissolution. However, its integrated magnitude and size makes it difficult to discern it from a dwarf galaxy. By a careful analysis of the remaining candidates, it was shown that no other new satellite was in the sample. The density profile and geometry of the LMC was also analysed. This study used the recent science verification data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). It was found that the density profile for young stars (< 3 Gyr) has a scale radius 50% smaller when compared to the one obtained for older stars (> 3 Gyr). This result favours the outsidein galaxy formation scenario. The total extension of the LMC stellar component was measured, allowing the estimate of a truncation radius of about 18 kpc. Assuming that this truncation has tidal origins the dynamical mass of the LMC is inferred. The mass value found favours the case for the first perigalactic passage of the Clouds. Besides that, the heliocentric distance and thickness of the LMC disk was determined using Red Clump (RC) stars. Evidence for warp was found in the North edge of the LMC, in the sense that the disk is systematically more distance than expected. While the thickness of the disk increases towards the outer parts of the LMC, which is a phenomena known as flare. This effect joined with the fact that the older LMC stellar population is more extended, favours the presence of two disk components in this galaxy. This is the first evidence of this kind based only on star counts.

Três experimentos foram desenvolvidos em duas etapas, utilizando-se as dependências e instalações da Embrapa - Agroindústria Tropical, em Fortaleza, CE, com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar quanto aos aspectos físicos, físico-químicos, químicos e bioquímicos de pedúnculos de cajueiro anão precoce CCP-76 durante o desenvolvimento e maturação; caracterizar quantitativa e qualitativamente as alterações nos constituintes da parede celular do pedúnculo associadas aos processos de desenvolvimento e maturação, e verificar o efeito da aplicação pós-colheita de cálcio, em diferentes concentrações, sobre as características físicas, físico-químicas, químicas e bioquímicas dos pedúnculos submetidos a armazenamento refrigerado sob atmosfera modificada. Os cajus utilizados neste trabalho, foram obtidos na área comercial de clones de cajueiro anão precoce instalada na Empresa Mossoró Agro-industrial S.A. O clone selecionado para este estudo foi o CCP-76 por ser o mais cultivado para produção de pedúnculos para comercialização in natura. As colheitas foram feitas em junho e agosto de 1997 para os experimentos 1 e 2 respectivamente, e em novembro de 1998 para o experimento 3. Os cajus, depois de colhidos, foram imediatamente transportados para o laboratório, onde se deu início aos estudos conforme o experimento em questão. Para os experimentos 1 e 2, os cajus foram selecionados em sete estádios de desenvolvimento e maturação de acordo com a coloração externa do pedúnculo e da castanha: 1. verde com castanha verde; 2. verde com castanha madura e seca; 3. verde claro; 4. Início de coloração amarela; 5. Amarelo com início de cor laranja; 6. laranja claro e 7. laranja escuro. No primeiro experimento, foram realizadas análises físicas, físico-químicas, químicas e bioquímicas dos pedúnculos: peso total (castanha + pedúnculo) peso do pedúnculo e o da castanha, diâmetros e comprimento, firmeza, clorofilas, carotenóides, antocianinas, pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez, vitamina C, cálcio, amido, açúcares, compostos fenólicos, pectinas, atividade das enzimas poligalacturonase, pectinametilesterase, polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. No segundo experimento, a partir de material de parede celular extraído, foram realizadas as seguintes análises: celulose, hemicelulose, uronídeos totais, grau de esterificação de pectinas e cálcio ligado. No terceiro experimento, os cajus foram colhidos no estádio de maturação comercial (estádio 7) e submetidos a seleção, préresfriamento, desinfecção em água clorada, secagem ao ar, nova seleção e tratamento com CaCI2 a 0,5%, 1% e 2% com espalhante adesivo, sendo que a testemunha foi apenas em água contendo o espalhante. Após secagem ao ar, os cajus foram acondicionados em bandejas, as quais foram envolvidas em PVC armazenadas em câmara com temperatura de 5°C ± 1°C e umidade relativa de 88% ± 3%. A cada 5 dias, por um período de 25 dias, foram tomadas amostras para execução das seguintes análises: perda de peso, firmeza, senescência, antocianinas, pectinas, compostos fenólicos, vitamina C, pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez, açúcares solúveis, cálcio, atividades de pectinamestilesterase e poligalacturonase. A maior relação sólidos solúveis/acidez foi atingida no estádio 7, indicando que este é o ideal para a colheita de pedúnculos ocasião em que alcança sua máxima qualidade para o consumo. Os pedúnculos de caju apresentaram amaciamento acentuado durante o desenvolvimento e maturação, observando-se paralelamente redução no teor de pectina total e aumento na percentagem de solubilização. A firmeza dos pedúnculos apresentou correlação significativa e inversa com a solubilidade das pectinas e com a atividade das enzimas PME e PG. A solubilidade da pectina, por sua vez, mostrou correlação significativa e positiva com a atividade de ambas as enzimas, que se correlacionaram entre si positivamente. O ambiente refrigerado aliado a atmosfera modificada, pode ser usado com sucesso no retardamento do processo de senescência do pedúnculo de caju, uma vez que aumenta substancialmente sua vida pós-colheita sem causar injúrias fisiológicas por até 20 dias. Pedúnculos tratados com cálcio foram mais firmes do que os não tratados, sendo que a partir de 0,5% não se observou um aumento do efeito. Doses crescentes de cálcio proporcionaram teores médios de cálcio total, solúvel e insolúvel superiores aos da tetemunha. O tratamento com cálcio não inibiu a atividade da pectinametilesterase. Porém foi decisivo na atividade de poligalacturonase, uma vez que os pedúnculos não tratados obtiveram valores médios de atividade dessa enzima superiores aos tratados. / Three experiments were carried out in two stages, using the EMBRAPA (Tropical and Agricultural Industry) - plants and annexes in Fortaleza, CE aiming the following: to evaluate the physícal, physicochemical, chemical and biochemical characteristícs of cashew apples of the clone CCP-76 during maturation and developing stages; to characterize qualitative and quantitative changes in the cell wall contents of the cashew apples due to developing and maturation processes; and to verify the post harvest application effect of calcium under different concentrations on cashew apples. The physical, physicochemical, chemical and biochemical characteristics of cashew apples stored under refrigeration and modified atmosphere were studied. The cashew apples used for this work were obtained from the clone experimental areas of early dwarf cashew trees of Mossoró Agricultural Company S.A. The selected clone for this study was the CPP-76 due to be recommended for commercial planting in function of its production aspects and cashew apple quality for consumption in natura. The harvests were done in June and August 1997 for the 1st and 2nd experiments, respectively and in November 1998 for the 3rd experíment. The cashew apples, after being harvested were transported immediately to the laboratories, for the starting of the due experiment. For the experiments 1 and 2, the cashew apples were selected in seven developing and maturation stages according to the cashew apple size and skin externai color as the following: 1- green cashew apple and nut; 2- green cashew apple with ripen dry nut; 3- light green cashew apple, 4- yellowish, 5- onset of the orange color, 6- light orange color, 7- dark orange color. For the first experiment the following physical, physicochemical, chemical and biochemical analyses were realized: total weight (cashew apple + nut), nut weights, cashew apple weights, diameters and lengths, firmness, chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C, calcium, starch, sugars, phenolic compounds, pectins, polygalacturonase, pectinmethylesterase, polyphenoloxidade e peroxidase activities. In the second experiment, the following analyses on the cell wall material extracted, were realized: cellulose, hemicellulose, total uronides, pectin esterification degree and bound calcium. For the third experiment, the cashew apples were harvested on the commercial maturation stage and submitted to a selection, pre-cooling, chlorinated water washing, air drying, new selection and treatment with CaCI2 0.5%, 1% and 2% with thickener being the testimony, water and thickener only. After air drying, the cashew apples were placed on trays, involved with PVC film and stored at 5°C ± 1°C and relative humidity 88% ± 3%. Samples were taken for analyses at each 5 days during a 25 day period and the following analyses carried out: weight loss, firmness, senescence, anthocyanins, pectins, tannins, vitamin C, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, calcium, soluble sugars, polygalacturonase, pectinmethylesterase activities. The major ratio soluble solids/acidity was reached in the stage 7, indicating that stage as the ideal for cashew apple harvesting, occasion that the edible quality peak is reached. The cashew apples showed a sharp softness during the development and maturation in parallel to a decrease in total pectin levei and increase in soluble pectin/total pectin ratio. There was an inverse and significative correlation between cashew apples firmness and pectin solubility, PME and PG activities. On the other hand, pectin solubility showed a significative and positive correlation with the activity of both enzymes, which correlated, positively to each other. The refrigeration added to the modified atmosphere may be used with success to delay cashew apple senescence process once they increase substantially its post harvest shelf life without causing physiological damage up to 20 days of storage. The cashew apples treated with calcium showed better firmness than those without treatment did, although, under calcium concentration up to 0,5% that effect was not observed anymore. Increased calcium dosages gave mean levei of total, soluble and insoluble calcium higher than the testimony. The calcium treatment did not inhibit the pectinmethylesterase activity. However, calcium was decisive for polygalacturonase activity, once the cashew apples that did not receive calcium treatment, obtained mean values for that enzyme activity higher than those treated.

Cette étude concerne le distribution spatiale du système des satellites de M31. Une nouvelle technique bayésienne pour la détermination des distances d'objets basé sur le point-final des magnitudes des géants Rouges a été développé et utilisé pour obtenir des distributions de probabilité à distance pour les M31 et 27 de ses galaxies satellites. Ces distances sont ensuite utilisés pour calculer les positions des satellites en trois dimensions. Une analyse ultérieure de la distribution spatiale qui en résulte révèle hétérogénéité frappante, avec près de la moitié des satellites confinés à un disque curieusement orienté mince. La distribution est aussi fortement asymétrique, avec la majorité des satellites se trouvant sur le côté de la Voie Lactée M31. / This study focuses on the spatial distribution of the M31 satellite system. A new Bayesian technique for determining object distances from the Tip of their Red Giant Branch is developed and used to obtain distance probability distributions for M31and 27 of its satellite galaxies. These distances are then used to calculate the satellite positions in three dimensions. Subsequent analysis of the resulting spatial distribution reveals striking inhomogeneity, with roughly half of the satellites confined to a curiously oriented thin disk. The distribution is also markedly asymmetric, with the majority of satellites lying on the Milky Way side of M31.

Cette thèse utilise le relevé de donné du Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 Survey pour trouver de nouveaux satellites du Groupe Local: les galaxies naines et les amas globulaires. Le relevé est important pour résoudre les tensions entre les observations et les modèles. Premièrement, un algorithme de détection est développé, découvrant cinq nouveaux satellites. Bien que cinq découvertes soient faites, le nombre de découvertes est inférieur à ce qu’on s’attendrait, en présumant une distribution isotrope de galaxies naines. Ce résultat mène au deuxième objectif de la these: quantifier les limites de détections du relevé PS1. Les cartes d’efficacité de détection du ciel complet peuvent être utilisées pour quantifier la distribution (an)isotrope des galaxies satellites de la Voie Lactée. En outre, ces informations peuvent mener a redériver la fonction de luminosité des satellites. / This thesis uses the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System 1 Survey to find new Local Group satellites such as dwarf galaxies and globular clusters. This survey is instrumental in helping resolve tensions that have become apparent between observation and theories. In a first phase, a search algorithm is developed, discovering five new satellites. Though yielding five discoveries, this number is lower than one would expect, assuming isotropy of the dwarf galaxies. This leads to the second aim of this thesis, namely quantifying the detection limits of the PS1 Survey. The detection efficiency maps over the entire PS1 sky can be used as a stepping–stone towards the quantification of the (an)isotropy of the Milky Way satellites’ distribution. Using this information, the luminosity function of these satellites can be re–derived.

Master of Science / Department of Psychology / Jerome Frieman / Male and female Phodopus campbelli were investigated for kin recognition abilities, assessed by kin discrimination of bedding, urine, fecal, or midventral glandular secretion odors. Using a habituation-discrimination paradigm, subjects were presented either the odors of a pair of their own brothers (C[subscript 1]) or a pair of brothers that were unrelated to them (C[subscript 2]). All subjects were then presented with a final test discrimination odor from a male donor unrelated to themselves or the first donors. All subjects differentiated between the bedding and glandular odors of two unrelated males, regardless of condition assignment. Subjects did not statistically differentiate between the odors of two brothers. These results suggest Phodopus campbelli are capable of recognizing kin based on bedding and midventral gland odors.

M dwarfs are abundant and long-lived stellar objects. The formation of planets around stars in stellar systems is believed to be metallicity dependent. To determine the metallicity with synthetic spectrum analysis, the elements producing the absorption lines ofthe spectra first have to be identified. The aim of this thesis is to identify and list the elements or molecules that produce the absorption lines in the spectra of Barnard's star. This thesis was done at the Division for Astronomy and Space Physics at Uppsala University. High resolution infrared spectral data recorded in the J band 1.1–1.4 μm was downloaded from the CRIRES-POP database. The data had to be wavelength corrected due to the effects of Doppler shift. A modified IDL program was used to read the data files,normalize the flux to unity and plot the spectra. This procedure was also done with the telluric spectra using data from a solar flux atlas. The IDL program plotted the normalized spectra together in the same plot. With this procedure the absorption features originating from the earth’s atmosphere could be identified and discarded. The analysis of the spectral lines resulted in wavelength values which were tested against the VALD3 database to determine what elements were possibly responsible for the absorption features. The results are presented in a line list. It can be used with other software programs to determine the metallicity. The identified elements and molecules agrees in part with earlier measurements of stellar spectra from M dwarf stars except for a number of lines where no matching elements were found in the VALD3 database. A line list with possible elements in the photosphere of Barnard’s star can be constructed from the spectra using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. / M dvärgstjärnor är de mest förekommande stjärnorna i vår galax. De har en mycket långlivslängd, vissa tusen gånger längre än vår sol. Det finns teorier om att planetbildning runt stjärnor styrs av halten av ämnen som inte är väte eller helium. Denna halt kallas metallicitet. För att på konstgjord eller syntetisk väg bestämma metalliciteten i Barnard’s stjärna, en M dvärg, behöver de ämnen som bidrar till absorptionslinjerna i fotosfären först identifieras. Målsättningen med detta arbete var att identifiera de grundämnen och eventuella molekyler som skapar absorptionslinjerna i spektrumet till Barnard’s stjärna. Detta arbete utfördes på institutionen för fysik och astronomi. Metoden använde ett modifierat IDL program för att läsa och plotta data. Högupplöst infraröd spektraldata från Jbandet (1.1–1.4 μm) till Barnard’s stjärna hämtades från CRIRES-POP databasen och data för det telluriska spektrumet från en databas med telluriska linjer. Därefter plottades de samtidigt i ett våglängdsöverlappande normaliserat spektra. I programmet gick absorptionslinjer som inte hade sitt ursprung i jordens atmosfär att urskilja manuellt. Då våglängderna för absorptionlinjerna bestämts, matades värden in i databasen VALD3. Analysen av de returnerade värdena från VALD3 genererade en resultatlista med de mest sannolika elementen för de olika absorptionsvåglängderna. Resultatlistan kan användas som ingångsvärde till program som syntetiskt beräknar metalliciteten. Resultaten överensstämmer till viss del med tidigare mätningar. Slutsatsen är att metoden med högupplöst infraröd spektral data kan användas för att bestämma en lista med element och molekyler från fotosfären i Barnard’s stjärna.

Star formation occurs when the gas (mostly atomic hydrogen; H I) in a galaxy becomes disturbed, forming regions of high density gas, which then collapses to form stars. In dwarf galaxies it is still uncertain which processes contribute to star formation and how much they contribute to star formation. Blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies are low mass, low shear, gas rich galaxies that have high star formation rates when compared to other dwarf galaxies. What triggers the dense burst of star formation in BCDs but not other dwarfs is not well understood. It is often suggested that BCDs may have their starburst triggered by gravitational interactions with other galaxies, dwarf-dwarf galaxy mergers, or consumption of intergalactic gas. However, there are BCDs that appear isolated with respect to other galaxies, making an external disturbance unlikely. Here, I study six apparently isolated BCDs from the LITTLE THINGS1sample in an attempt to understand what has triggered their burst of star formation. LITTLE THINGS is an H I survey of 41 dwarf galaxies. Each galaxy has high angular and velocity resolution H I data from the Very Large Array (VLA) telescope and ancillary stellar data. I use these data to study the detailed morphology and kinematics of each galaxy, looking for signatures of starburst triggers. In addition to the VLA data, I have collected Green Bank Telescope data for the six BCDs. These high sensitivity, low resolution data are used to search the surrounding area of each galaxy for extended emission and possible nearby companion galaxies. The VLA data show evidence that each BCD has likely experienced some form of external disturbance despite their apparent isolation. These external disturbances potentially seen in the sample include: ongoing/advanced dwarf-dwarf mergers, an interaction with an unknown external object, and external gas consumption. The GBT data result in no nearby, separate H I companions at the sensitivity of the data. These data therefore suggest that even though these BCDs appear isolated, they have not been evolving in isolation. It is possible that these external disturbances may have triggered the starbursts that defines them as BCDs. 1Local Irregulars That Trace Luminosity Extremes, The H I Nearby Galaxy Survey; https://science.nrao.edu/science/surveys/littlethings