With the ongoing war in the Gaza Strip, the discussion of hunger as a weapon of conflict has never been more of an actuality. This study aims to further develop the field of hunger and starvation as a means of war. With a theoretical framework from Marx, this study will examinethe relationship between the economy and the implementation of hunger as a weapon in Syria and Yemen. Through the lens of a qualitative comparative case study, which in this field is uncommon, some new perspectives will come to light. The analysis of the empirical material helps answer the two research questions. The study shows an obvious connection between war economics and the occurrence of hunger warfare in both cases. The biggest similarities in the two cases are that both their uses of hunger as a weapon are profit-driven and they earn more by inflicting it than by providing the necessities for their civil population. The biggest differenceis the reasons behind the economic collapse that has led to this type of warfare. The implementation strategies have differed between the two where Syria has used siege tactics whereas Yemen has used blockades in different variations. The biggest similarity though is the use of airstrikes and bombs to destroy crucial places for food supplies and distribution. This essay ultimately shows that hunger warfare in these cases is profit-driven and that the usage of airstrikes is the most common way of inflicting it.

A considerable percentage of the UK population are overweight (BMI≥25kg/m2) or obese (BMI≥30kg/m2). However, despite living in the same culture and exposed to a similar “obesogenic” environment, some individuals gain weight while others do not (French et al., 1995). This variability in weight control has been suggested to be associated with individual differences in eating behaviours (French et al., 2012). Certain factors, such as motivation (hedonic hunger and hunger status) as well as cognition (impulsivity and memory) may have an impact on eating behaviours and their relationship with weight control. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to explore individual differences in eating behaviours and investigate their relationship with motivation, cognition and weight control. The first experiment (Chapter 2) investigated the relationship between eating behaviours, motivation (hedonic hunger) and food consumption during an ad-libitum buffet. This study suggests that restrained eating behaviour was associated with higher overall energy intake, greater energy intake from unhealthy foods and greater energy intake from both high and low energy dense foods. However, no interactions between restraint and disinhibition or hedonic hunger was seen. Following this, the second experiment (Chapter 3) examined whether eating behaviours, such as disinhibition, restraint and hunger, change during a weight loss and weight maintenance period and whether they could predict changes in weight during these periods. Indeed, the results suggest that lower baseline restraint could predict greater weight loss during a low-energy liquid diet and interventions which increase restraint and decrease disinhibition may be beneficial for longer term weight maintenance. The third experiment (Chapter 4) was designed to investigate whether motivation and cognition influences eating behaviours. The results suggest that hedonic hunger, restraint and impulsivity may lead to higher levels of disinhibited eating behaviour. This study was also able to replicate the findings of previous literature suggesting that episodic memory is negatively associated with BMI (Cheke et al., 2016). Finally, following on from the previous study results, the fourth experiment (Chapter 5) included a more diverse sample of participants including dieters. The results provide evidence that individuals on a diet have poorer episodic memory ability than those currently not on a diet. This study also extended previous results suggesting that hedonic hunger (but also episodic memory and hunger) are important factors in disinhibited eating. Hedonic hunger was also shown to be important in levels of hunger.

Meeting the food demands of a growing population is one of the currently most critical issues for the world community. Additionally, negative impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected in some densely populated regions of developing economies. In this thesis, I examine spatial patterns of future impacts of population development and climate change on food security and how these impacts correlate with current patterns of food security and poverty. I aim to assess the global spatial patterns of food insecurity, concerning the current situation and future prognosis, to quantify the impact of population development and climate change on food security, and to examine to what extent poverty can explain spatial patterns. To identify spatial patterns, I performed a multiple correlation analysis. The aggregated impact estimate of population development and climate change was calculated by adding their respective national predictions. The explanatory power of poverty was evaluated using regression models which contained population development  predictions and current food security as functions of poverty rate. Based on the my results and a literature review I discuss the future geographic disparities of food security and the corresponding consequences for combating hunger. My results show that global geographic disparities are likely to increase substantially, mainly because population, and in turn food demand, will increase strongly in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the highest decline of resources in relation to population. Impacts of climate change show a similar geographic pattern where foodinsecure regions will be affected the most. I found that poverty is a significant explanatory variable for both population growth and food security. The literature review support causality between variables, which places poverty at the core of food security issues. Poverty causes both a barrier to access food markets and population growth,which ultimately decrease food availability. In order to reach zero hunger for the coming generations, there is an urgent need to redistribute resources, change direction in agriculture practices and implement extensive political measures that carefully consider both local and global contexts.

Partindo das narrativas de ficção Galo cantou na baía (1936), de Manuel Lopes, e Um ladrão (1939), de Graciliano Ramos, buscamos investigar as estratégias discursivas dos autores de nosso corpus quando da tentativa de se mobilizar em favor das populações que viviam em condições de extrema carência, tendo na literatura um forte meio de promover os debates urgentes daquele momento histórico, caracterizado pela opressão de regimes ditatoriais. Desta maneira, a perspectiva narrativa é um dos pontos centrais do trabalho. Em confluência com a fatia social retratada nos contos, pareceu-nos fundamental o debate sobre a fome e seus efeitos para o organismo humano, que findou por dirigir nosso trabalho. Encontramos na obra de Josué de Castro uma rica pesquisa capaz de conduzir nossas análises, levando-nos da condição de faminto dos personagens a seu desdobramento: a condição de criminoso principiante. Buscamos analisar, também, as construções ideológicas que influenciavam as consciências naquele período da história, encontrando em Louis Althusser os subsídios para tal análise. / Based on the narratives of fiction Galo cantou na baía (Rooster crowed at the bay) (1936), of Manuel Lopez, and Um ladrão (A thief) (1939), of Graciliano Ramos, we attempted to investigate the discursive strategies of the authors of our corpus, trying a mobilization in the benefit of the people living in extreme deprivation situation, taking the literature as a strong tool to promote urgent debates on that historical moment, characterized by the oppression of dictatorial regimes. Being so, the narrative perspective is one of the central points of this/our work. In confluence with the social share portrayed in the stories, it seemed crucial the debate on hunger and its effects on the human body, which turned out to direct our work.We find in the work of Josué de Castro a rich research capable of conducting our analysis, leading us from the starving condition of the characters to their deployment: the condition of a debut criminal. We also sought to analyze the ideological patterns which influenced the consciousness of that period of the History, getting from Louis Althusser subsidies for such analysis.

A presente tese teve como objetivo discutir e analisar a dinâmica da Cooperação Sul-Sul, bem como na atuação do Fundo Ibas como um mecanismo alternativo e complementar às iniciativas no âmbito Norte-Sul. Com este fim, é abordado o estudo do Fundo Ibas, onde focalmente se analisou, por meio do estudo, se tal atuação de cooperação técnica internacional do Fundo Ibas, promoveu ações durante o período em que Guiné Bissau reformulava a política nacional de mitigação da fome e da pobreza. A partir de um estudo de caráter qualitativo-descritivo o estudo verificou se houve um alinhamento destes projetos no processo de formulação da política de Estado deste referido país africano. Entende-se que os projetos executados pelo Fundo Ibas em Guiné Bissau têm maior sucesso se forem acolhidos e amparados por uma política nacional que vá convergir com os seus objetivos institucionais voltados para a transferência de conhecimento e de boas práticas. Desse modo, para responder à questão-problema desta tese, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, foram desenvolvidas entrevistas com três atores-chave para se analisar acerca das ações promovidas pelos programas desenvolvidos na solução de problemas a partir do empoderamento do potencial do agente local (Guiné Bissau) no período de 2005 a 2015. Mesmo que a pesquisa constatou contribuições voltadas ao desenvolvimento local das comunidades guieneenses sendo beneficiadas com os projetos, dos resultados encontrados permite concluir que houve um alinhamento quanto aos princípios centrais do Fundo Ibas com as iniciativas do governo local para o enfrentamento da fome e da pobreza, não sob uma perspectiva de doação internacional, mas por meio de transferência de conhecimento. Não pode se dizer que houve impacto direto da iniciativa do Fundo Ibas na reformulação de política nacional de combate da fome e da pobreza, particularmente porque não constam formalmente e não são citados nas estruturas do Denarp I e II. / The aim of this thesis was to discuss and analyze the dynamics of South-South Cooperation, as well as the Ibas Fund as an alternative mechanism and complement the initiatives to the North-South axis. To this end, the Ibas Fund study is approached, where it was analyzed, through the study, whether such an international technical cooperation action of the Ibas Fund, which promoted actions during the period in which Guinea Bissau reformulated the national mitigation policy Hunger and poverty. From a qualitative-descriptive study, the study verified if there was an alignment of these projects in the process of formulating the state policy of this African country.It is understood that the projects executed by the Ibas Fund in Guinea Bissau have greater success if they are welcomed and supported by a national policy that converges with their institutional goals for knowledge transfer and good practice. Thus, in order to answer the problem question of this thesis, a bibliographical and documentary research was developed, interviews were developed with three key actors to analyze about the promoted actions about the programs developed in the solution of problems from the empowerment of the potential Of the local agent (Guinea Bissau) from 2005 to 2015. Even though the research found contributions to the local development of the Guinean communities benefiting from the projects, the results show that there was an alignment with the core principles of the this Fund and with the local government initiatives to address hunger and poverty, not from an international donor perspective, but through knowledge transfer. It can not be said that there was a direct impact of the Ibas Fund's initiative in the reformulation of the national policy to mitigation of hunger and poverty, particularly since they are not formally included and are not mentioned in the structures of the Denarp I and II.

Essa pesquisa parte da consideração da importância da alimentação e da fome como objetos de estudos privilegiados para a realização de uma crítica da vida cotidiana. Em seguida, considera a contribuição de Josué de Castro (geógrafo reconhecido por seus estudos sobre a fome) para esse tema, em uma tentativa de apontar tanto para as conquistas, como para os limites de sua obra. Nesse caminho, coloca a importância de considerar o papel da alimentação na reprodução social capitalista a partir de uma interpretação que considere a crítica da economia política. Além disso, há uma tentativa de se avançar na compreensão do papel do espaço (e de sua produção) para o entendimento dos processos de deterioração da alimentação que levam à miséria na alimentação e à fome. De início, considera uma discussão baseada nas escalas geográficas, para em seguida se aprofundar em um estudo do urbano apoiado na obra de Henri Lefebvre. Destaca-se também o papel dos trabalhos de campo para o entendimento da fome a partir de recortes espaciais realizados na metrópole de São Paulo. / This research starts with the consideration of the importance of food and hunger to realize a critique of everyday life. Then it considers the contribution from Josué de Castro (a geographer known for his studies about the hunger) to this theme, in an attempt to point to the achievements as much as the limits of his work. In this way, it situates the importance to consider the paper of food on the social reproduction from capitalism through an explanation that considers the critique of political economy. More over, there is an attempt to put forward in a comprehension of the role from space (and from its production) to the understanding from the processes of deterioration of food which lead to the misery on food and to the hunger. First, it considers an argument based on the geographical scales, and then it realizes a study of the urban based on the work from Henri Lefebvre. The role from the field works is important too, in order to build a comprehension of hunger in the metropolis from São Paulo.

Fêmeas suínas gestantes são frequentemente submetidas a uma restrição alimentar, que pode comprometer o bem-estar e produtividade. Existe pouca informação em relação as consequências da fome nas fêmeas gestantes nas medidas de bem-estar dos leitões. Dietas ricas em fibra podem minimizar a sensação de fome e, consequentemente, melhorar o bem-estar e a produtividade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar o impacto de uma dieta alta fibra (AF) para marrãs gestantes em medidas de bem-estar e 2) avaliar as consequências da dieta contendo AF durante a gestação no comportamento agonístico e indicadores de medo nos leitões ao desmame. Vinte e oito marrãs gestantes foram alimentadas com diferentes dietas: dieta AF, contendo 12,86% de fibra bruta (n=16), ou dieta baixa fibra (BF), contendo 2,53% de fibra bruta (n=12). Investigamos o impacto da AF ou BF nos seguintes parâmetros nas marrãs gestantes: comportamento; concentração do cortisol salivar; desempenho; motivação alimentar durante um teste de consumo ad libitum. Também avaliamos medidas de comportamento e desempenho da prole de 22 fêmeas (AF=14, BF=8). Lesões de pele foram avaliadas antes e após o desmame em 156 (100 AF e 56 BF), e 142 leitões foram submetidos ao teste de campo aberto e objeto novo (87 AF e 55 BF). Houve uma interação entre tratamento e tempo de alimentação para duração e frequência do comportamento mastigação em falso, indicando que as fêmeas que receberam a dieta BF apresentaram o comportamento mastigação em falso por mais tempo e com maior frequência antes da alimentação comparada com após a alimentação. Isso não foi observado nas fêmeas alimentadas com dieta AF. Para a maioria dos comportamentos avaliados, houve um efeito do momento de alimentação na duração e frequência. Não houve diferença na concentração de cortisol salivar entre os tratamentos. Os dados de desempenho indicam que as fêmeas AF foram mais pesadas no terço final de gestação e aos 107 dias de gestação, quando elas foram transferidas para a maternidade, comparadas com fêmeas BF. Não houve diferença nos outros parâmetros de desempenho. Não houve efeito do tratamento no total de alimento consumido durante o teste ad libitum. Não houve efeito do tratamento no desempenho dos leitões. Leitões nascidos de marrãs que receberam a dieta AF apresentaram menor número de lesões de pele antes do desmame comparados à prole de fêmeas BF. No teste de campo aberto e objeto novo, não houve efeito do tratamento no comportamento dos leitões. Esses resultados indicam que uma dieta AF foi eficaz em reduzir o comportamento anormal em marrãs e os leitões nascidos de fêmeas alimentadas com dieta AF demonstraram menor comportamento agressivo antes do desmame. / Pregnant sows are often subjected to food restriction, which can compromise their welfare and performance. Limited information is available on the consequences of sow hunger during pregnancy on welfare outcomes for their piglets. High fibre diets can mitigate the feeling of hunger and, consequently, improving welfare and productivity measures. The aims of this study were: 1) to measure the impact of feeding pregnant gilts with high fibre diet (HFD) on welfare measures, and 2) to assess the consequences of feeding gilts with HFD during pregnancy on agonistic behaviour and indicators of fear in their piglets at weaning. Twenty-eight pregnant gilts were fed either HFD, 12,86% of crude fibre (n=16) or low fibre diet (LFD), 2,53% of crude fibre (n=12). We investigated the impact of HFD and LFD on the following parameters in pregnant gilts: behaviour; salivary cortisol concentration; performance; and feeding motivation during an ad libitum test. We also assessed some behavior and performance measures in the offspring of 22 sows (HFD=14 LFD=8). Skin lesions were evaluated before and after weaning in 156 piglets (100 HFD and 56 LFD), and 142 piglets were subjected to an open field and novel object test (87HFD and 55 LFD). There was an interaction between treatment and feeding time, for duration and frequency of sham chewing abnormal behaviour, indicating that sows that received LFD performed the behaviour for longer and more often before feeding than after feeding. This was not observed in HFD fed sows. For most behaviours evaluated, there was an effect of feeding time in their duration and frequency. There was no difference in salivary cortisol concentration among treatments. The performance data indicated that HFD fed pregnant gilts were heavier in the last third of gestation and at 107th days of gestation, when they were moved to farrowing pens, than LFD fed pregnant gilts. There was no difference in other performance parameters. There was no effect of treatment on total food consumption during the ad libitum test. There was no treatment effect on the piglet\'s performance. Piglets born from gilts that received HFD had less skin lesions before weaning that the offspring of LFD pregnant gilts. In the open field and novel object tests, there was no treatment effect on the behaviour of piglets. These results indicate that HFD was beneficial in reducing abnormal behaviour is sows and that piglets born from gilts fed with HFD showed less aggressive behaviour prior to weaning.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-04-17T16:11:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriane Cervi Blümke_.pdf: 1874177 bytes, checksum: 9c8ccfd231030ac74273b29160499645 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T16:11:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriane Cervi Blümke_.pdf: 1874177 bytes, checksum: 9c8ccfd231030ac74273b29160499645 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / Nenhuma / Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender o fenômeno da fome a partir do ponto de vista de atores sociais que a vivenciam no seu cotidiano. Partimos do pressuposto de que a fome, concebida por Josué de Castro, ainda é um dos grandes dilemas sociais do Brasil e uma condição de iniquidade num contexto de privação das capacidades humanas, conforme sugerem John Rawls e Amartya Sen. A alimentação além de ser um direito humano é também um ato cotidiano permeado pela cultura, onde no urbano sofre influência de uma série de fatores. Foi realizado um estudo sócio antropológico de fevereiro a maio de 2016 com famílias que vivem o cotidiano da fome na comunidade Alto da Boa Vista localizada no bairro Nova Santa Marta no município de Santa Maria, RS. Foram utilizadas entrevistas guiadas por um roteiro e anotações em diário de campo, sendo o processo analítico conduzido pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Laurence Bardin. Os principais achados mostram que a fome vivida e sentida corrói aos poucos o corpo e a alma dos sujeitos, é fruto de uma expressão corporal da necessidade fisiológica quantitativa de alimentos que provoca a sensação de vazio e de dor física, gera sentimento de incapacidade, provoca tristeza e grande preocupação com a incerteza do amanhã. Outro resultado é o habitus da escassez devido a precariedade da alimentação, o número restrito de refeições e a ausência do desjejum pela falta do pão. As famílias desenvolvem ajustes alimentares para conviver com a fome tal como praticar o café-almoço ou almoço-café, tomar água ou chimarrão quando estão com fome, comer pouco para sobrar para a próxima refeição ou para as crianças. Em relação às estratégias de acesso a mais identificada foi a solidariedade a partir do estabelecimento de uma rede de apoio e de ajuda alimentar de amigos, vizinhos e familiares. É necessário aumentar nossa capacidade de análise em relação ao problema da fome, bem como, quanto às políticas públicas de alimentação e nutrição e de segurança alimentar e nutricional que possuem alcance limitado para as famílias que realmente precisam com um discurso que privilegia as políticas neoliberais em detrimento do acesso equitativo aos alimentos, o qual continua sendo um grande desafio ético, político e econômico a ser enfrentado. / The objective of this study was to understand the hunger phenomenom from the perspective of social actors that experience it in their everyday lives. We started from the assumption that hunger, conceived by Josué de Castro, is still one of the greatest social dilemmas in Brazil and a condition of iniquity in a context of deprivation of human capabilities, as John Rawls and Amartya Sen suggest. The food besides being a human right is also a daily act permeated by the culture that, in the urban is influenced by a series of factors. A social anthropological study was conducted of February to May 2016 with families that experience hunger on a daily basis, in the Alto da Boa Vista community, located in the Nova Santa Marta neighborhood in the city of Santa Maria, RS. We used script-guided interviews and field notes on daily, being the analytical process was conducted through the Content Analysis technique proposed by Laurence. The major findings show that the hunger experienced and felt slowly corrodes the individuals' body and soul, it is consequence of a body expression of the quantitative physiological need of food that causes a feeling of emptiness and physical pain, it generates a feeling of incapacity, it causes sadness and great concern about the uncertainty of tomorrow. Another find is the habitus shortage due to the precariousness of food, the restrict number of meals and the absence of breakfast caused by the lack of bread. The families develop dietary adjustments to live with the hunger, such as practicing the brunch or lunch/afternoon snack, drinking water or "chimarrão" tea when they are hungry, eating less so that there is food left for the next meal or for the children. Among the strategies of access, the most identified was the solidarity with the establishment of a support network and food aid from friends, neighbors and relatives. It is necessary to increase our analysis capacity in relation to the hunger problem as well as, public policies food and nutrition and food and nutrition safety which have a limited scope for families that really need a speech that privileges the neoliberal policies to the detriment of equitable access to food, which continues to be a big ethical, political and economic challenge to be faced.

Agricultural system in Ghana underperformed because of limited financing, which constrained some small-scale maize and cassava farmers. The purpose of this case study design was to explore the methods that some small-scale maize and cassava farmers in Amankwakrom Subdistrict used in obtaining farm financing. Two themes from the literature review were a lack of collateral for small-scale farm financing and the small-scale farmers cooperative associations' role in farm financing. Regional-scale management sustainability index formed the conceptual framework for this study. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews with 8 fluent English speaking small-scale maize and cassava farmers who have obtained farm financing in the previous years. Using the Microsoft Excel and Non-numerical unstructured data indexing and theorizing software program for data analysis method, 3 major themes emerged: the farmer's membership benefits of working in cooperative associations; farmer's ability to provide the collateral requirements for the financial institutions; and farmer's good loan repayment history. The study findings indicated that some small-scale maize and cassava farmers obtained farm loans because they used the cooperative associations as their collateral assets in order to satisfy for the requirements of the financial institutions. Social implications include the potential to guide the small-scale maize and cassava farmers to access farm credits to use in expanding their farm sizes. Expansion in farm sizes may result in more maize and cassava production that can help eliminate hunger and reduce poverty in the Amankwakrom Subdistrict of Ghana.

Today, millions of people are living in poverty and in emergency situations with lack of basic needs. This thesis will look into cash transfers in emergencies in Kenya and Kenya’s cash transfer program; Hunger Safety Net Program. Cash transfers are money transfers from organizations/donors to households that intent to provide the beneficiaries with the opportunity to purchase basic needs, in order to assist them to get out of poverty and to address Sustainable Development Goal 1; No poverty.  The aim of the thesis is to get a larger understanding of when cash transfers intervention are appropriate during emergencies and to get a view of the current image of cash transfers in Kenya. The thesis will have the following research questions;  When it is appropriate to deliver cash transfer in emergencies?   What is the image of Hunger Safety Net Program and cash transfers in emergencies perceived by different actors? To be able to answer the research question in this thesis, information was gathered through semi-structured interviews and focus groups from four different actor groups; funding sources, implementing agencies, local chief in Lodwar and beneficiaries in two different location in Turkana county. The thesis provides information that cash transfers has a positive impact on the beneficiaries and the local communities. Moreover the findings from the thesis suggests that the cash transfers should be transferred in prevention stage along with other intervention steps, in line with the theoretical frameworks of sustainable livelihood and WHO conceptual framework for the role of cash transfer.  The thesis also provides findings that the image is diverse, however the findings from beneficiaries are that they do not receive their money they are entitling to. The funding source and the implementing agencies claim the opposite and praise the monitoring system that is in place. The thesis findings and conclusions are based on perceptions and therefore no physical evidence is proven, it is up to further research and organizations to investigate where the money is and who is benefitting from the program. The thesis contribution to knowledge are; the cash is appropriate to deliver in prevention stage and at the moment the cash from the Hunger Safety Net Program appears to not reach the beneficiaries, therefore the findings are highly important for knowledge to various stakeholders and for the public.