Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-02T11:16:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014Bitstream added on 2014-12-02T11:20:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000787105.pdf: 439492 bytes, checksum: 6eec42d8e3efaa4a2b636fd851e4c7ec (MD5) / O objetivo desta dissertação é fazer uma investigação a respeito do impacto e influência que a diplomacia, em sua vertente multilateral, pode ter sobre a opção dos membros do governo dos EUA em fazerem uso de suas forças armadas no exterior. A análise é desenvolvida com base no estudo de caso específico da Guerra contra o Iraque, que teve início em março de 2003. Primeiramente desenvolvemos uma delimitação conceitual do que entendemos por unilateralismo e multilateralismo como sendo categorias de classificação do grau de abertura e influência de outros atores na política externa de um determinado Estado. Em seguida, fazemos uma revisão bibliográfica da história da política externa norte-americana, identificando os sentidos e possíveis fontes respectivas do unilateralismo e multilateralismo neste panorama, e quais as suas especificidades. Finalmente, desenvolvemos a análise proposta, através da contextualização da questão iraquiana e do envolvimento norte-americano nela, para em seguida identificarmos na ação dos EUA o grau em que sua atuação diplomática envolveu outros atores e interesses, com vistas a realizarmos uma gradação do seu multilateralismo ou unilateralismo e se esta categorização serve para o melhor entendimento do papel que a diplomacia teria na política externa dos EUA especificamente no caso da guerra resultante deste processo. Nossas conclusões apontam para um balanço complexo, pois as fontes trabalhadas indicam uma forte vocação unilateral na escolha da opção militar para desarmar o Iraque. Porém, ao mesmo tempo é possível notar que houve um amplo e sistemático esforço de convencer aliados e especialmente o Conselho de Segurança da ONU da legitimidade e da necessidade da ação militar contra o Iraque. E este esforço parece não ter sido mais insistente por conta de condições domésticas favoráveis a guerra, como o apoio do Congresso... / The objective of this dissertation is to make an investigation about the impact and influence that diplomacy in its multilateral expression may have in the option of using military forces abroad by members of the government of the United States. The analysis is developed for the specific case of the Iraq war, which started in March 2003. First we present one conceptual understanding of unilateralism and multilateralism as categories of classification of the degree of openness and influence of others actors in the foreign affairs of one State. After this we make one bibliographical review of the history of United States foreign affairs, identifying the meanings and the possible sources of unilateralism and multilateralism in its development, and which are their specificities. Then, we develop the proposed analysis, through the details about the context of the Iraqi crisis and north American involvement in it, and afterwards we identify in the United States action the degree in which its diplomatic action involved others actors and interests, for the purpose of having a scale of its multilateralism or unilateralism. Then we evaluate if these categories are useful for the better understanding of the role diplomacy may have in the United States foreign policy, specifically in the case of the war. Our conclusions points out a complex balance, since our sources indicate a strong unilateral tendency in the choice about the military option to disarm Iraq. However, at the same time we could see an wide and systematic effort to convince allies and specially the UN Security Council of the legitimacy and the need of the military action against Iraq. This effort appears to not have been more insistent on the account of the favorable domestic conditions for the war, with the support of US Congress, and the threat of a veto openly made by others member of the UN, fact which would potentially neutralize any chance of approval of one second resolution with...

Orientador: Claudia Regina Castellanos Pfeiffer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T07:35:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_Maraisa_M.pdf: 3253342 bytes, checksum: 610cfd0da43c5ac5100de3949b8f20d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa inscreve-se na perspectiva da Análise de Discurso de linha francesa e investe na compreensão de como a Guerra do Iraque se torna notícia ou quais/como os processos discursivos sustentam a configuração de fatos enquanto notícias, uma vez que não há uma relação evidente entre linguagem/ mundo. E mais especificamente, buscamos compreender os processos de produção de sentidos em jogo no discurso do jornal Folha de S.Paulo acerca da Guerra do Iraque, nas notícias publicadas no Caderno Mundo, no período de 19 de Março de 2003 a 10 de Abril de 2003. Partimos do pressuposto da Análise de Discurso de que todo discurso é constituído ideologicamente e, portanto, o caráter de neutralidade do discurso jornalístico é ilusório (ORLANDI, 2003). Além disso, trabalhamos com a compreensão de que a constituição da instituição 'jornal' se dá em uma relação com um 'poder dizer' marcado pela censura (MARIANI, 1999). Essa relação instaura uma memória discursiva no funcionamento da instituição jornalística. Nosso dispositivo teórico repousa nas noções correntes da AD, mais propriamente, naquelas postuladas por Pêcheux, Henry, Guilhaumou, Maldidier, Orlandi e, recorremos a Mariani e Silva para tangenciar as questões relativas ao discurso jornalístico. Compreendemos em nossa pesquisa as condições de produção do conflito no Iraque e as de sua textualização na Folha de S.Paulo. A constituição das posições-sujeito a partir das quais as notícias são produzidas também foi foco de nossa investigação; no trabalho com nosso material, nos deparamos com as posições-sujeito jornalistas no Brasil e jornalistas fora do Brasil, lugares que nos permitiram compreender diferentes funcionamentos quanto às regularidades nos textos estudados e mais, duas posições a partir das quais se enuncia - o superficialmente favorável às ações dos EUA e o superficialmente contrário a essas ações. Pensar o discurso jornalístico impõe que pensemos também uma questão de memória, um já dito que constitui todo o dizer; nas notícias analisadas nota-se um trabalho de atualização dos acontecimentos da Guerra do Golfo, das Cruzadas, das Guerras Imperialistas e das Missões, além disso, a presidência de Bush Pai e sua relação com o filho são retomadas. Ainda debruçamo-nos sobre o modo como a Guerra e seus participantes - Bush, Saddam e os civis de ambos os países - são significados; nesse trabalho, compreendemos um forte batimento entre bem x mal. Considerando todos os efeitos de sentido observados em nossa pesquisa, compreendemos uma forte polarização entre EUA x Iraque criada, ou melhor, reiterada pela produção da Folha de S. Paulo. / Abstract: This research is based on the perspective of the French discourse analysis and invests on the understanding of how the Iraq War becomes news or what / how the discursive processes support the configuration of facts as news, since there is no clear relation between language/ world. And more specifically, we try to understand the processes of meaning production in Folha de S. Paulo discourse on Iraq War, through the news published in the Caderno Mundo, in the period from March, 19th 2003 to April, 10th 2003. We work on the discourse analysis assumption that all discourse is constituted ideologically and, therefore, the character of neutrality in the journalistic discourse is illusory (ORLANDI, 2003). Moreover, we deal with the comprehension that the establishment of the institution 'newspaper' occurs in relation to 'what can be said' marked by the censorship (MARIANI, 1999). This relationship establishes a discursive memory to the functioning of the journalistic institution. Our theoretical dispositive is based on the current concepts of DA, more specifically, those proposed by Pêcheux, Henry, Guilhaumou, Maldidier, Orlandi, and, we also appeal to Mariani and Silva to touch the issues related to the journalistic discourse. It was possible to understand through our research the production conditions of the conflict in Iraq and those of its textualization in the Folha de S. Paulo. The constitution of subject-positions from which the news is produced was also the focus of our investigation; working with our material, we faced the subject-positions journalists in Brazil and journalist out of Brazil, places that have enabled us to understand different functioning to what is concerned to the regularities in the texts studied and more, two positions from which the utterances are made - the superficially favorable to U.S. actions and the superficially opposed to such actions. Thinking the journalistic discourse also requires thinking about a memory question, something that has already been said and ends up composing all the saying; analyzing the news it is possible to observe an updating job of happenings of the Gulf War, the Crusades, the Imperialist Wars and the Missions, as well, the Father Bush presidency and his relationship with his son are included. Still, we work on the way the war and its participants - Bush, Saddam and the civilians of both countries - are meant; in this paper, we could understand a strong beating between the good x the bad. Considering all meaning effects observed in our research, we could understand a strong polarization between U.S. x Iraq created, better saying, reiterated by the production of Folha de S. Paulo. / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

This PhD thesis examines the status of ‘expert knowledge’ in the history of U.S. asymmetric, or ‘counterinsurgency’ (COIN), warfare during the last century. The historical rise of expert influence has so far been neglected in the study of wars within the field of International Relations and the thesis will give us an indication of the importance and utility of expert knowledge. With a specific focus on the campaigns in the Philippines (1899-1902), Vietnam (1954-75) and Iraq (2003-11), the central research question guiding the project is as follows: “What were the conditions for the evolution, the constitution and the use of ‘outside’ expert knowledge in U.S. counterinsurgency campaigns?” The thesis claims that military and academic ‘experts’ had a key role in framing and implementing the problem-sets and solutions to these conflicts. They have, in Iraq in particular, played an important part in developing the campaigns’ ex-post-facto justification of success. Within the framework of organisational knowledge production, this knowledge does not necessarily play an instrumental role for the military. Instead, it can also serve a merely symbolic function, demonstrating to the audience and stakeholders within the political environment that the organisation is willing to solve the problems the insurgents pose, but without any interest in long-term utilisation of the knowledge. This thesis argues that across time, from the beginning of the Philippine-American War in 1898 to the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011, ‘counterinsurgency’ has developed from a tactical and operational tool, used instrumentally to fight insurgencies, to a strategy or even ‘ideology’ in its own right. Whilst the methods or techniques of counterinsurgency remain basically the same, expert knowledge is increasingly used in modern – that is post-World War II – campaigns to support a politico-strategic narrative.

MA thesis project Klára Schneiderová PREDICATE ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS USED IN MESSAGES ATTRIBUTED TO OSAMA BIN LADEN REGARDING THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAAND THEIR EUROPEAN ALLIES FOLLOWING THE 2003 INVASION OF IRAQ INTRODUCTION - War on terror = war on Islam? (analysis of fundamentalist logic and stream of thought) For this Master thesis project, I chose to analyze the terrorist discourse of Osama bin Laden, the leader of the global Jihadist network, al-Qaeda, particularly his messages regarding the United States of America and its European allies following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, as they were gathered in various relevant sources of record up to the near present.1 I chose this topic due to my long-term interest in the Middle East, particularly the relationship and links between religious ideology and politics in the region. The methodology chosen for this work is closely related to media image analysis which I became familiar with during my previous studies and which I applied in my Bachelor's thesis. In the world today, I believe it has become increasingly important to reflect, observe and closely examine the roots and foundations of fundamentalist argumentation and logic, which in this case serve as the key motors of the global Jihadist movement. Following the 9-11-01 terrorist attacks...

This Master's thesis is concerned with the decision of American president George W. Bush to intervene in Iraq in 2003 and the differing attitudes towards this conflict- which emerged within NATO, especially between the USA and Great Britain on the one hand and France and Germany on the other before the Second Iraq War. Several chosen realistic concepts, for example changing the balance of power or security dilemma, were used to analyse these topics. This Master's thesis examines the relation of the USA to the Iraqi crisis in 2003 from the wider perspective of the new security context, which has appeared after the terrorist attacks on the September 11th, 2001. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

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