Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T13:59:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 saulomachadodesouzajacques.pdf: 663956 bytes, checksum: caccb1e96f0e94bf57e712aab0d16d45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T15:55:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 saulomachadodesouzajacques.pdf: 663956 bytes, checksum: caccb1e96f0e94bf57e712aab0d16d45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T15:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 saulomachadodesouzajacques.pdf: 663956 bytes, checksum: caccb1e96f0e94bf57e712aab0d16d45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-26 / Bactérias heterotróficas são importantes componentes do plâncton, participando ativamente do ciclo do carbono em ecossistemas aquáticos, como por exemplo, através da incorporação de carbono à biomassa pelo processo de produção bacteriana (PB). Alterações nos ecossistemas aquáticos influenciam a atividade bacteriana e, consequentemente, o ciclo do carbono nestes sistemas. Este estudo se propôs a avaliar a influência da temperatura, da concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) e da disponibilidade de nutrientes sobre a PB em cinco lagoas costeiras tropicais, que representam um gradiente natural de concentração de carbono (12; 18,3; 46,7; 86 e 117,1 mg/L). Amostras de água de todas as lagoas foram incubadas em três temperaturas diferentes (25, 30 e 35º C), combinadas fatorialmente com a adição de nutrientes: carbono (C), nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e nitrogênio + fósforo (NP). Os resultados revelaram que a adição de nutrientes estimulou a PB, mas de maneira distinta em cada uma das lagoas. Em sistemas com maiores concentrações de COD, a adição de C estimulou a PB, enquanto que em lagoas com menores concentrações, a adição de N e P resultou maiores taxas de PB. No geral, o aumento de temperatura afetou negativamente a PB. Segundo os resultados observados, o efeito da temperatura e da adição de nutrientes sobre a PB é dependente de algumas características do estoque de carbono dos ecossistemas aquáticos, como sua qualidade para o consumo bacteriano. Desta forma, espera-se que a temperatura e a qualidade de C sejam mais importantes sobre as taxas de PB em ecossistemas com maiores concentrações de COD húmico, enquanto em ecossistemas com baixa concentração de COD estes dois fatores exercem fraca ou nenhuma influência sobre PB. Diante dos atuais eventos de eutrofização e alterações climáticas, espera-se observar alterações da atividade da comunidade vii bacteriana em ecossistemas aquáticos, com consequência para toda a teia alimentar. Os resultados deste trabalho apontam que fatores como a qualidade do substrato e a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana merecem especial atenção em estudos futuros para uma melhor compreensão da influência da temperatura e de nutrientes sobre a PB em ecossistemas aquáticos húmicos tropicais. / Heterotrophic bacteria are important components of plankton, actively participating in the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems and incorporating carbon biomass through the process of bacterial production (BP). Changes in ecosystems influence bacterial activity and thus the carbon cycle in these systems. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and nutrient availability on the BP in five tropical coastal lagoons, which represented a gradient of carbon concentration (12; 18,3; 46,7; 86 and 117,1 mg/L). Water samples from the lagoons were incubated at three different temperatures (25, 30 and 35º C) factorially combined with the addition of nutrients: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen + phosphorus (NP). The results revealed that the addition of nutrients stimulates the BP, but differently in each of the lagoons. In systems with higher DOC concentration, the addition of C stimulated the BP, while in lakes with lower DOC, the addition of N and P resulted in higher BP rates. In general, the temperature increase negatively affected BP. According to the results, the effect of temperature and nutrient addition on the BP is dependent of some characteristics of the carbon stock of aquatic ecosystems, as well on its quality for bacterial consumption. Thus, it is expected that the temperature and quality of C are more important on the rates of BP in the ecosystem with the highest humic carbon concentrations, while in ecosystems with low DOC, these two factors play weak or no influence on BP. Given the current events of eutrophication and climate change, a reduction in the activity of bacterial communities in aquatic ecosystems would be expected, with consequences for the entire food web. The present results point out that factors like substrate quality and ix the structure of the bacterial community deserve special attention in future studies for a better understanding of the influence of temperature and nutrient on BP in humic tropical aquatic ecosystems.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-06-28T15:37:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Cotovicz Junior Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 2558658 bytes, checksum: 1d54796a7a49a989f920bff8f781050e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-28T15:37:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Cotovicz Junior Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 2558658 bytes, checksum: 1d54796a7a49a989f920bff8f781050e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / O Complexo Estuarino Lagunar de Mundaú - Manguaba (CELMM), Alagoas, vem sof rendo grande pressão antrópica ao longo de suas margens e bacias de drenagens. Efluentes agrícolas provenientes da atividade sucroalcooleira, e efluentes urbanos oriundos da densa ocupação urbana são despejados para dentro das lagunas , sem tratamento prévi o, desencadeando o processo da eutrofização . A eutrofização cultural é considerada um dos maiores problemas ambientais a nível mundial. Ao longo das últimas 5 décadas, diversas abordagens tem sido propostas para avaliar o estado trófico e os processos envo lvendo a eutrofização, destacando - se os modelos multiparamétricos ASSETS ( Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status ) e TRIX ( Trophic Index ). O modelo ASSETS consiste na combinação de indicadores de pressão, estado e resposta (PER). O modelo TRIX avalia indica dores de pressão e distúrbio ambiental, estabelecendo um índice de estado trófico. A essência desse projeto foi a definição do estado trófico e a avaliação do processo da eutrofização no CELMM através da aplicação das metodologias ASSETS e TRIX, de modo a promover classificações do sistema baseadas em escalas temporais e espaciais. Os estudos foram conduzido s em três etapas: 1) avaliação do comportamento dos principais parâmetros físico - químicos relacionados com a problemática da eutrofização; 2) estabeleci mento dos indicad ores de PER pela metodologia ASSETS; 3) estabelecimento do estado trófico mediante aplicação do índice TRIX. Os dados foram coletados em 7 campanhas amostrais, entre 2006 e 2009, no âmbito do Projeto POLCAMAR. O sistema apresentou caracter ísticas sazonais distintas em relação aos parâmetros físico - químicos, principalmente em relação a salinidade que teve menores valores no período chuvoso, associados com as maiores pluviosidades e vazões dos rios. As concentrações de clorofila - a e turbidez tiveram variações entre as coletas, com altos valores em ambos os períodos dentro das lagunas sugerindo alta densidade fitoplanctônica. Os valores de fósforo inorgânico dissolvido (PID) e nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido (NID) foram variados, sem caráter s azonal definido, com concentrações nas lagunas uma ordem de grandeza superiores a seus canais. O modelo ASSETS mostrou que o sistema é naturalmente susceptível a eutrofização em função das suas características geomorfológicas e hidrológ icas (baixa renovaçã o de água). Os aportes de nutrientes calculados para o CELMM foram altos, associados aos múltiplos usos antropogênicos da s bacia s de drenagem . O estado trófico ASSETS mostrou eutrofização “ moderada ” em Mundaú e “ alta ” em Manguaba . A expectativa futura é um a “ melhora baixa ” nas condições, em função de obras de gerenciamento ambiental e investimentos em saneamento básico previstos para a região. A classificação ASSETS final foi “ pobre ” para Mundaú e “ ruim ” para Manguaba. O índice de estado trófico TRIX calcul ado foi classificado como “ moderado ” (mesotrófico a eutrófico), indicando produção primá ria variando de moderada a alta, com os canais tendo águas menos tróficas que as lagunas. Assim como o estado trófico calculado pelo ASSETS, o TRIX não mostrou diferenç as sazonais de classificação , sugerindo eutrofização constante ao longo dos períodos considerados. Os modelos mostraram resultados satisfatórios através dessas novas abordagens multiparamétricas para o estabelecimento de índices de estado trófico e eutrofi zação. Entretanto são propostas melhorias para os modelos, como a definição de escalas regionais para o índice TRIX e definições mais detalhadas no calculo dos indicadores de pressão e resposta para o modelo ASSETS. Algumas limitações foram identificadas, principalmente em relação à disponibilidade de dados para aplicação dos modelos / The Tropical Coastal Lagoon - Estuarine Complex Mundaú - Manguaba ( CELMM), Alagoas, has been under heavily human pressure over its drainage basins. Agricultural effluents from sugar cane and ethanol activities , and urban effluents from the dense occupation are dumped into the lagoons, untreated, triggering the process of eutrophication. The cultural eutrophication is considered one of the major environmental problems worldwide. Over the past five decades, several approaches have been proposed to assess the trophic state and e utrophication processes , particularly the multiparameter ASSETS (Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status) and TRIX (Trophic Index) models . The ASSETS approach consists of a combination of indicators of pressure, state and response (PS R). The TRIX index evaluates indicators of environmental pressure and f actors that are direct expressions of productivity , establishing a trophic state index. The essence of this project was to define the trophic state and evaluate the process of eutrophication in CELMM through the application of methodologies ASSETS and TRIX in order to ran k the system based on temporal and spatial scales. The studies were conducted in three stages: 1) evaluation of the behavior of the main physico - chemical parameters related to the eutrophication problem; 2) establishment of PS R indicators by the ASSETS met hodology; 3) establishment of the trophic state index by applying the TRIX. Data were collected from 7 sampling campaigns between 2006 and 2009, under the POLCAMAR Project. The system showed distinct seasonal characteristics in relation to physicochemical parameters, especially in relation to salinity that was lowest during the rainy season, associated with higher rainfall and river flows. Th e concentrations of chlorophyll - a and turbidity were variable between the samples, with high values in both periods a nd inside the lagoons , suggesting high phyt oplankton density. The values of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (PID) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NID) were mixed, with no seasonal character set. The lagoons exhibited concentrations one order of magnitude higher than the channel s . The ASSETS model showed that the system is naturally susceptible to eutrophication according to their geomorphological and hydrological characteristics (low water renewal). The calculated n utrient inputs were high for CELMM, assoc iated with the multiple anthropogenic uses in the drainage basins. The ASSETS trophic state showed eutrophication "moderate" in Mundaú and "high" in Manguaba. The future outlook is an "improved low" in the conditions, due to the environmental management wo rks and investments in basic sanitation expected to the region. The final ASSETS classification was "poor" to Mundaú and "bad" for Manguaba. The TRIX index calculated was classified as "moderate" (mesotrophic to eutrophic) in both lagoons , indicating prima ry production ranging from moderate to high, whereas in the channels the classification were good (mesotrophic). The TRIX results indicating that water channels have better trophic state than the lagoons. As calculated by the ASSETS , the TRIX showed no sea sonal differences in classification, suggesting eutrophication constant over the periods considered. The models showed satisfactory results with these new approaches in the establishment of multiparametric indices of trophic state and assessment of eutroph ication. However , improvements are proposed for the models, such as setting regional scales for the TRIX index and more detailed definitions in the calculation of pressure and re sponse indicators for the ASSETS model . Some limitations were identified, main ly related to the availability of data set for application of the indices

Il s’agit de l’étude des successions écologiques du phytoplancton dans la lagune de Ghar El Melh au niveau de 5 stations pendant (i) un suivi bimensuel allant du janvier 2011 à janvier 2012 et (ii) un suivi saisonnier à partir du novembre 2012 à mars 2013. L’étude écologique a été consacrée au microphytoplancton en relation avec les facteurs abiotiques (température, salinité et nutriments) et biotiques (microalgues épiphytes, kystes des dinoflagellés, ultraplancton et ciliés). L’analyse hydrologique du milieu a montré une variation principalement saisonnière de la plupart des paramètres avec des valeurs élevées de la température et de la salinité en été et des concentrations exceptionnelles des nutriments en automne et en hiver. Le phytoplancton de la lagune de Ghar El Melh a été principalement dominé par les dinoflagellés et les diatomées avec une manifestation alarmante des espèces nuisibles atteignant plus que 70 % du peuplement. Ces proliférations ont été remarquées durant toute l’année avec une manifestation plus marquante dans les régions internes de la lagune ce qui est principalement tributaire à la température de l’eau, l’azote total, le nitrogène et l’orthophosphate. Une importante contribution des espèces épiphytes au phytoplancton a été signalée notamment celle du dinoflagellé toxique Prorocentrum lima. L’inventaire spécifique du phytoplancton dominé par l’espèce Prorocentrum micans (> 28 %) et d’autres espèces ne produisant pas de kyste a été en concordance avec les faibles valeurs enregistrées pour les kystes de dinoflagellés dans le sédiment où le maximum enregistré a été de l’ordre de 229 kystes g-1. Une part importante de l’ultraplancton a été représentée par le nanophytoplancton et les hétérotrophes procaryotes, dépassant largement les concentrations microphytoplanctoniques, ce qui est un indice de l’eutrophisation du milieu. Des corrélations hautement significatives ont été trouvées entre le microphytoplancton et les organismes microzooplanctoniques évoquant un probable rôle de ces derniers dans le contrôle des proliférations microalguales nuisibles. / We explored the distribution of the microphytoplankton community in relation to both abiotic (temperature, salinity and nutrients) and biotic factors (epiphytes microalgae, dinoflagellate cysts, ultraplankton and ciliates) in Ghar al Melh Lagoon at 5 stations during (i) a biweekly sampling from January 2011 to January 2012 and (ii) a seasonal sampling from november 2012 to march 2013. The results pointed out a seasonal variation of all parameters with high water temperature and salinity in summer and exceptional concentrations of nutrients in autumn and winter. Microphytoplankton was mainly dominated by dinoflagellates and diatoms with sequences of harmful species proliferation attaining more than 70 % of total phytoplankton. These sporadic proliferations occurred throughout the year with exacerbation in the inner parts of the lagoon mainly related to temperature and total nitrogen, nitrogen and orthophosphate. An important contribution of epiphytic species to phytoplankton abundance was recorded with especially the presence of the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Microphytoplankton was dominated by Prorocentrum micans (> 28 %) and other non-cyst former species consistent with the low dinoflagellate cysts found at sediment surface (maximum = 229 cysts g-1 DS). Urtraplankton was chiefly represented by nanophytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes, with low microphytoplanktonic abundance. This indicates that the lagoon is undergoing eutrophication. Significant correlations were reported between phytoplankton and microzooplankton suggesting a potential role of the former in controlling harmful microalgae proliferations.

Dans notre étude, la biosurveillance de la lagune de Tunis a été réalisée durant une année enemployant une approche combinant les analyses chimiques et biologiques et en utilisant lapalourde Ruditapes decussatus comme espèce bioindicatrice. Cette approche a permis demettre en évidence la forte contamination de la lagune de Tunis par les métaux traces et leshydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAPs). La variation saisonnière des niveaux debioaccumulation de ces contaminant par la palourde s’avère être fortement associée auxchangements des paramètres physico-chimiques du milieu et aux processus physiologiques del’animal. L’étude de la réponse biologique basée sur l’utilisation d’une batterie debiomarqueurs d’exposition et d’effet situés à différents niveaux de l’organisation biologique :moléculaire (l’expression de cinq gènes d’intérêt), biochimique (les activités benzo(a)pyrènehydroxylase, glutathion S-transférase, acétylcholinestérase, catalase et taux demalondialdéhyde) et tissulaire (altérations histopathologiques), a permis de mettre enévidence une modulation des processus de défense contre les perturbations induites par lapollution et l’identification des altérations histopathologiques (structurales) au niveau desbranchies et de la glande digestive impliquant un impact sévère des contaminants sur l’état desanté de la palourde. L’étude des interactions spatio-temporelles entre les facteurs abiotiqueset biotiques a permis d’identifier la température et la reproduction comme paramètresprincipaux affectant la réponse biochimique de défense et d’effet. L’analyse en composanteprincipale (ACP), regroupant tous les paramètres analysés pendant le printemps, nous apermis d’identifié le site Z2 comme le site le plus affecté par la pollution. Dans un secondtemps, le benzo(a)pyrène (BaP), déjà identifié dans la lagune de Tunis, a été employé dansdes conditions contrôlées au laboratoire afin de caractériser les réponses moléculaires etbiochimiques chez les bivalves (Ruditapes philippinarum et Crassostrea gigas) face à desexpositions subaiguës et aiguës à ce contaminant. Cette étude nous a permis d’identifier unemodulation des biomarqueurs biochimiques de métabolisation, de stress oxydant et deneurotoxicité et de l’expression des gènes impliqués dans les processus de métabolisation, derespiration mitochondriale, de défense antioxydante, de reproduction et de défenseimmunitaire. L’analyse de l’altération de l’ADN a révélé un pouvoir génotoxique précoce etélevé du BaP chez les deux bivalves. / Firstly, biomonitoring of Tunis lagoon was conducted during one year using an approach combining chemicals and biological analyses and the bioindicator species Ruditapesdecussatus. This approach high lighted the high contamination of the Tunis lagoon by tracemetals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Seasonal variation of contaminant bioaccumulation levels in clam was found to be strongly associated with physico chemical changes in surrounding environment and physiological processes in organism. Biological responses investigated through a battery of exposure and effect biomarkers located at differentlevels of biological organisation: molecular (expression of five genes), biochemical(benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, glutathione S-transferase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities and malondialdehyde concentration) and tissular (histopathological damages),demonstrated a defense process modulation by pollution and showed histopathological alterations in gills and digestive gland involving severe impact of contaminants on health stateof clam. The study of spatio temporal interactions between abiotic and biotic factors identified temperature and reproduction as main parameters affecting defense and effect biochemical response. The principal component analysis (PCA), using all analyzed parameters during thespring, allowed to identify site Z2 as the most affected by pollution. Secondly,benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), already identified in Tunis lagoon, was used in controlled conditions at the laboratory in order to characterize the molecular and biochemical responses in bivalves(Ruditapes philippinarum and Crassostrea gigas) facing a subacute and acute exposures tothis contaminant. This study showed a modulation of biochemical biomarkers of metabolism,oxidative stress and neurotoxicity and expression of genes involved in process of metabolisation, mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant defense, reproduction and immune defense. The analysis of DNA damages revealed a high and early genotoxicity effect of BaPin both bivalves.

The purpose of this thesis was to develop a method by which economic value can be imputed from an economic activity to a non-market ecological function or service which contributes to that economic activity. The Knysna River in South Africa was chosen as the ecological function which supported three economic activities from which value was to be imputed; these were the Knysna Municipal Water Supply, Fish Production in the Knysna Estuary and Production of Indigenous Forest within the Knysna Catchment. Three underlying assumptions and two functional operations were required in order to implement the suggested method. The underlying assumptions were: - The ecological and economic activities considered are within a single catchment. - The allocation of value imputed for a specific economic activity to the ecological function or service under consideration (in this case the Knysna River) is proportional to the total contribution of ecological functions or services contributed to the economic activity. - The valuation of the economic activity for the purposes of obtaining a price-quantity point on a demand function is to be full cost pricing with no producer surplus. The two functional requirements were: - Diagram or map the linkages between an economic activity and the supporting ecological functions. - Determine the consumer surplus related to an incremental change in quantity under a demand function where the original price and quantity are known. A value from each of the economic activities was imputed to the Knysna River. However, the method was not tested. Nonetheless applying the equations and collecting the required data allowed several methodological needs to be clearly pointed out. The most acute deficiency was difficulty in obtaining secondary data from governmental agencies, commercial representatives and existing published academic research to ensure a robust price. Also, scientific information was not sufficiently available for allocating ecological contributions to the economic activities. Even with the shortage of credible data the method appears to allow non-market ecological functions to be valued in context of an existing economic system.

O Rio Grande do Sul possui um grande potencial para a navegação interior devido à extensão de sua rede hidrográfica de quase 2200 km, sendo 930 km navegáveis. Aliado a isto, na última década o estado apresentou um crescimento econômico em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) de 167,2 %, segundo a Fundação de Economia e Estatística/RS. Mesmo com estas condicionantes favoráveis constata-se que o modelo atual da estrutura logística da movimentação de cargas continua a não privilegiar o setor hidroviário interior. Tendo em vista estes aspectos, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo cujos objetivos são: (i) identificar a representatividade do modal hidroviário interior em relação à movimentação de cargas, destinadas à exportação e importação, da metade norte do Rio Grande do Sul aos principais terminais privados hidroviários e ao porto público, localizados na cidade de Rio Grande; (ii) comparar o modal hidroviário com seus principais concorrentes, os modais rodoviário e ferroviário e (iii) avaliar o impacto econômico da adoção do calado sazonal. Para a comparação dos modais foram escolhidos três parâmetros que estabelecem custos em relação à tonelada quilometro transportada, são eles: custo médio de operação; custo despendido com combustíveis; e custos sociais. Após as informações coletadas foram processadas e analisadas, possibilitando identificar os custos gerados por cada modal. Na comparação destaca-se que o custo dos modais rodoviário e ferroviário são respectivamente 1541% e 405% maior do que o hidroviário interior e que a carga movimentada pelos três modais, em 2011, representou um custo total de R$ 1,79 bilhões, ou seja, 0,65% do PIB estadual. Na avaliação da adoção do calado sazonal foi estudado o possível ganho em termos de capacidade de transporte de cargas e a redução de custos gerada pela utilização do transporte hidroviário interior, no Rio Grande do Sul, decorrentes da possível implantação da permissividade de um calado sazonal, em função da variação histórica dos níveis de água, verificados através das curvas de permanências em nove estações pluviométricas localizadas na Laguna dos Patos e no Lago Guaíba. Constatou-se que a adoção do calado sazonal, no ano de 2011, teria um impacto de redução de custos de transporte na ordem de R$ 40,7 milhões, considerando a migração do modal rodoviário para o hidroviário e de R$ 10,1 milhões se fosse considerado a migração do modal ferroviário para o hidroviário. / The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in Brazil, has a significant potential for internal navigation due to the extent of its drainage network of almost 2,200 km, of which 930 km are navigable. Allied to this, in the last decade the state had an economic growth in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 167.2%, according to the Foundation of Economics and Statistics/RS. Even with these favorable conditions it appears that the current model of logistic structure of shipment continues to not emphasis on the internal waterway sector. Considering these aspects, this dissertation presents a study whose objectives are: (i) identify the representativeness of the interior waterways in relation to handling, for export and import, the northern half of Rio Grande do Sul to the main private terminals waterway and the public port, located in the city of Rio Grande , (ii) compare the waterways with its main competitors, the road and rail modes, and (iii) evaluate the economic impact of the adoption of the draft season. To compare the modals, three parameters that establish costs in relation to the tone kilometers transported were chosen, they are: average cost of operation, cost spent on fuel, and social costs. After the data were processed and analyzed, it was possible to identify the costs generated by each mode. In comparison it is emphasized that the cost of road and rail modes are respectively 405% and 1541% higher than the inland waterway and the shipment handled by the three modes, in 2011, represented a total cost of R$1.79 billion, i.e. 0.65% of the state GDP. In assessing the adoption of the draft seasonal possible gain was studied in terms of load carrying capacity and reducing costs generated by the use of inland waterway transport, in Rio Grande do Sul, from the possible deployment of the permittivity of a quiet season in function of the historical variation in water levels, checked through the curves stays in nine rainfall stations located in the Patos Lagoon and Lake Guaiba. It was found that the adoption of the draft season , in 2011, would have an impact of reducing transport costs in the order of R$40.7 million, considering the migration from road transport to waterways and R$10.1 million if found migrating the railroad to the waterway.

Este trabalho tem como objeto de estudo, a relação entre fatores sócio-ambientais e a pesca artesanal nos setores norte (Iguape) e sul (Cananéia) do Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape (SP), considerando as mudanças hidroquímicas provocadas pela água que adentra o sistema através Valo Grande, um canal artificial que drena parte água do Rio Ribeira de Iguape para o Mar Pequeno, junto ao município de Iguape. Os parâmetros hidrológicos abordados foram: penetração de luz, temperatura, salinidade, oxigênio dissolvido, pH, MPS e nutrientes dissolvidos obtidos em diferentes profundidades. Os dados relativos à atividade pesqueira e perfil social dos pescadores foram obtidos por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, com perguntas fechadas e abertas junto às comunidades caiçaras de Cananéia e Iguape. Os resultados ambientais mostraram diferenças hidrológicas importantes entre os dois setores, com baixa salinidade no setor norte, sob maior influência do canal do Valo Grande, enquanto a porção sul preserva as características estuarinas, porém sinais da interferência do setor norte já estão sendo sinalizados no sul, o que pode ser verificado junto a dados pretéritos do corpo hídrico. As espécies alvo de pesca encontradas nos dois setores do sistema também indicaram as alterações ambientais, mostrando características locais e variações sazonais. Foi verificado que os pescadores adaptaram-se às modificações ambientais, alternando as artes de pesca ao longo do ano e, investindo em embarcações, motores e petrechos de pesca, dando continuidade à atividade. Avaliando-se o perfil dos pescadores urbanos, foram verificadas condições sócio-econômicas que permitem viii que a maioria de suas residências seja de alvenaria, dispondo de abastecimento de água e energia provenientes da rede pública, porém a maioria dos entrevistados interromperam seus estudos. Este estudo evidenciou a dificuldade dos pescadores em ter o sustento somente da atividade pesqueira praticada, comprometendo assim, a sobrevivência desta tradição, e desestimulando o desenvolvimento deste setor. Esta situação também leva ao registro de um perfil diferenciado de caiçara, marcado pelo desempenho de outras atividades além da pesca. Assim, foi possível observar que diante de mudanças, extremas ou não, o comportamento humano estará sempre interligado ao ambiental, os quais estão em constante renovação, caracterizando a cultura de gerações. A economia solidária estabelecida por meio de uma cooperativa, ou de ações apoiadas por políticas públicas, constituem alternativas que contribuem à solução de alguns problemas que afetam as comunidades estudadas. Certamente, ações participativas que insiram o pescador nos projetos gestão e preservação ambiental, permitindo uma maior atuação junto às políticas públicas locais, contribuirão à sustentabilidade ambiental, sócio-cultural e econômica. / This work aims to study the relations between socio-environmental factors and the artisanal fishery in the sectors north (Iguape) and south (Cananéia) of the Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex, considering the hydrochemical changes caused by the water that enters within the system through Valo Grande, an artificial channel that drains part of the Ribeira de Iguape River waters to Mar Pequeno, Iguape. The hydrological parameters studied were: penetration of light, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, suspended particulate matter and dissolved nutrients obtained in different depths. The data concerning the fishery activities and social profile of the fishermen were obtained through semi-structured interviews, with closed and open questions made with the communities of Cananéia and Iguape. The environmental results showed important hydrological differences between the two sectors, with low salinity in the northern sector, under greater influence of Valo Grande Channel, while the southern sector still preserves estuarine characteristics. However, signals of the north interference are already being noticed in the south, this can be verified by comparing past data of the water body. The fishery target species found in the two sectors of the system also pointed to environmental changes, showing local characteristics and seasonal variations. It was verified that the fishermen adapted to the environmental changes by changing the fishery type throughout the year and investing in boats, engines and fishery equipment, this way continuing with the activity. Socio-economical conditions that allow most of the residences to be made of masonry, having energy and water supplied by the public services, were verified evaluating the fishermen profile. However most of the fishermen had their formal education interrupted. This study shows the difficulty of the fishermen to have their livelihood only by fishing, therefore compromising the survival of this tradition and discouraging the development of this sector. This situation also leads to register a differentiated fishermen profile, marked by the realization of other activities besides fishery. So, it was possible to observe that faced with changes, extremes or not, the human behavior will always be linked to the environment, they are in constant renovation, x characterizing the culture of generations. The solidarity economy established by a cooperative or by actions supported by public politics constitutes alternatives that contribute to the solution of some problems that affect this community. Certainly, participative actions, that insert the fishermen in management and environmental preservation projects, allowing a greater participation in local public policies, will contribute to the environmental, socio-cultural and economic sustainability.

ABSTRACT Classifying and Mapping Diversity in a Species-Poor System: the mangrove meta-community of Laguna Chacahua National Park, Oaxaca, Mexico by Elizabeth Kay Weisgerber Both field transects and imagery grid plots were analyzed with the goal of creating a community classification map for the mangrove forest of Parque Nacional Lagunas de Chacahua. In total, data was collected in 49 sites throughout the park, recording measures such as DBH, basal area, estimated dominance, frequency, cover and relative dominance. Field locations were marked and georeferenced with a GPS and grid plots overlaid on satellite imagery of the park were generated via a random number table. Species' attributes delineating the identifiable features for each dominant species within Chacahua were noted and used to recognize patterns in species assemblages. Fourteen distinct ‘sub-communities’ within the mangrove meta-community were recognized using this data and verified with 165 field photos. Relative dominance values were compared between field and grid data. These data revealed a similar pattern with Rhizophora mangle being most dominant under each method. Avicennia germinans was second in relative dominance, Laguncularia racemosa a close third while Conocarpus erectus was rarely found, most likely due to over-harvesting. Rapid degradation of mangrove forests is occurring on a global scale. Understanding the complex dynamics that occur within the mangrove meta-community is essential to its conservation. Vegetation maps are essential tool in monitoring changes throughout the mangrove but are rarely of sufficient detail for everyday use. Generating highly detailed vegetation maps in a cost-effective and timely manner is an important step for their conservation, particularly in developing countries. This study demonstrates methods and techniques for producing a vegetation map that portrays the level of complexity that exists within the species-poor mangrove environment. This map will be donated to the management team of Parque Nacional Lagunas de Chacahua to better aid in management.

<p> The Ontario shoreline of Lake Huron is one of the most populated areas, with reference to recreational purposes, in Ontario. However, with the rising water levels of the Great Lakes during 1972 and again in 1973, serious problems of beach erosion have resulted, particularly in the area of Grand Bend and Port Franks. This loss of sand has threatened cottages built on the dunes in addition to destroying breakwalls, steps, and boat launching ramps along the beach. It was with the idea of learning more about the beach, and possibly suggesting some methods of beach protection, that the research for this thesis was initiated. During the course of study, the author also became interested in the Ausable River and the associated flooding and erosion problems, with reference to past, present, and future attempts to solve or at least alleviate these difficulties. Thus, one section of the thesis is concerned with the Ausable River alone. </p> <p> The beach studied is actually the culmination of a series of raised beaches, formed during higher post-glacial lake stages. These raised beaches formed a bar separating the now non-existent Ausable Bay from Lake Huron, forming a lagoon eastward of the beach. This bar extends from Grand Bend, in a southwest direction, and culminates at Kettle Point. However, for the purposes of this thesis, that section between Grand Bend and Port Franks received the greatest amount of concentrated study. Over the years, the lagoon, formed by the growth of the bar has silted up, and is now drained for agricultural purposes. </p> <p> The modern beach was observed during the summer of 1972. This involved, profiling of a portion of the shore and offshore topography, procuring beach samples for later analysis, the use of sequential air photographs for observing changes over time, and the analysis of wind and wave data, along with many conversations with local residents and personal observations. </p> <p> The subsequent study of the above factors revealed several major conclusions regarding the beach. First, that it has good natural protection against erosion due to the abundance of sand s tored by the dunes. Second, the beach appears to be in an equilibrium state, however as lake levels fluctuate, so must the beach level, thus destroying the equilibrium for a period of time. With the lowering of the water level, the beach will become wider, exposing sand to the onshore winds, which will in turn rebuild the dunes with the blowing sand. Finally, because of the prximity of man-made structures to the beach, on the unstable dunes, some method of stabilizing the beach is necessary. That suggested is a groin system, designed and constructed by the local authorities. This would help prevent erosion and would eliminate the often vain and possibly dangerous, (to the natural environment), attempts by individuals to halt erosion. </p> <p> This is by no means a complete study of the area and its problems. Further consideration should be given to proposals which have been presented to the local conservation authority, and which were designed to alleviate some of these problems, particularly at Port Franks. The suggestions made here should also be given further thought. In addition to these practical problems, the actual growth of the original bar would provide an interesting subject for study. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the construction of the causeway and the jetty during the early 1970’s in Saldanha Bay, various alterations to the coastline in the area of the Langebaan Lagoon mouth were observed. These alterations include the erosion of Langebaan Beach located near the town of Langebaan. An investigation was undertaken to identify the possible impact these structures had on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport of the Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon systems, focusing on the entrance to the Langebaan Lagoon. A two-dimensional numerical model was implemented for this investigation. The outdated information available for the generation of a bathymetry, which indicated the conditions prior to the erosion of Langebaan Beach, complicated the calibration process. However, calibration of the numerical model was acceptable. Due to the bathymetry not providing an indication on the current situation at the Langebaan Lagoon mouth, the results from the numerical model were approached with caution, providing an overview of the hydrodynamics present in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon and would be able to broaden the understanding of the impact the causeway and jetty had on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport of Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Results provided by the sediment transport model only provide an indication on the effect tidal variations and wind forcing have on the bay and lagoon and not realistic total sediment transport rates due to the omission of wave action during the modelling process. Results from the numerical model, based on tidal oscillations and wind forcing only, have indicated that no major impact on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport were experienced due to the construction of the causeway and the jetty. During the investigation of the impact of various extreme water level and extreme wind conditions, it has been observed that a 1 in 100 year wind velocity across the longest fetch towards Langebaan Beach resulted in the greatest velocities prior to the construction of the causeway and the jetty, and after the construction of the causeway and the jetty tidal storms, or storm surge, generated the greatest velocities and thus the most sediment transport in the main channels of the mouth of the Langebaan Lagoon. From this investigation it was recommended that future studies would require an updated survey of the area, to ensure accurate modelling of the conditions as experienced during field surveys. Further recommendations on the investigation of sediment transport were the inclusion of wave action to provide realistic results. Wave action is a fundamental part of sediment transport along the coastline. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die konstruksie van die breekwater en die kaai gedurende die vroeg 1970’s in Saldanhbaai, is verskeie veranderings aan die kuslyn in die gebied van die Langebaan strandmeer mond waargeneem. Hierdie veranderinge sluit in die erodering van Langebaan Strand, geleë naby die dorp van Langebaan. 'n Ondersoek is onderneem om die moontlike impak van die bogenoemde strukture op die hidrodinamika en sedimentvervoer van die Saldanhabaai en die Langebaan strandmeer stelsels, veral die strandmeer se kanale, met die fokus op die ingang na die Langebaan strandmeer te ondersoek. 'n Twee-dimensionele numeriese model is gebruik vir hierdie ondersoek. Die verouderde inligting van die seebodem wat beskikbaar was vir die opwekking van die numeriese model het die kalibrasieproses bemoeilik. Alhoewel hierdie proses bemoeilik is kon ‘n aanvaarbare kalibrasie bereik word. Aangesien die gemodelleerde area en die werklike area nie ooreengestem het nie is resultate van die numeriese model omsigtig benader en die resultate geskik gevind om die kennis oor die moontlike impak wat die breekwater en die kaai op die hidrodinamika en sedimentvervoer van Saldanhabaai en die Langebaan strandmeer het, te verbreed. Resultate uit die sedimentvervoer model verskaf slegs ‘n aanduiding van die sedimentvervoer wat deur gety veranderings en wind gegenereer word. Werklike sediment vervoer sal die effect van golfaksie ook in ag moet neem, wat in hierdie studie uitgesluit is. Golfaksie is van kardinale belang by sediment vervoer langs ‘n kuslyn. Resultate van die numeriese model, gebaseer op gety en wind alleen, het aangedui dat geen groot impak op die hidrodinamika en sedimentvervoer as gevolg van die konstruksie van die breekwater en die kaai in Saldanhabaai ervaar word nie. Gedurende die ondersoek van die impak van verskeie ekstreme watervlak en uiterste windtoestande, is dit opgemerk dat 'n 1 in 100 jaar windsnelheid oor die langste stryklengte na Langebaan Strand gelei het tot die grootste vloei snelhede in die hoofkanale voor die konstruksie van die breekwater en die kaai. Na die konstruksie van die breekwater en die kaai is gevind dat gety storms die grootste snelhede en dus ook die meeste sedimentvervoer gegenereer het by Langebaan Strand. Uit hierdie ondersoek is dit aanbeveel dat toekomstige studies opgedateerde opmetings van die gebied moet uitvoer wat akkurate modellering, gebaseer op die toestande soos in die veld, sal verseker. Verdere aanbevelings oor die ondersoek van sediment vervoer is die modellering van .golfaksie wat van kardinale belang is in sediment vervoer langs ‘n kuslyn en dus meer realistiese resultate sal lewer.