京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第25318号 / 農博第2584号 / 新制||農||1104(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北島 薫, 教授 小野田 雄介, 教授 Daniel Epron / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Die algemene persepsie bestaan dat dit 'n struikelblok is om 'n enigste kind te wees omdat hierdie kinders meestal sosio-emosionele probleme ervaar. Hulle word getipeer as onder andere selfsugtig, eensaam, afhanklik, ongelukkig, dominerend en bederf. Daar bestaan betreklik min navorsing omtrent die enigste kind as sodanig. Die meeste inligting wat omtrent hierdie kinders beskikbaar is, is verkry uit"'vergelykende studies waarvan enigste kinders toevallig deel gevorm het en waarin die invloed van veranderlikes soos geboorterangorde en gesinsgrootte op aspekte soos intelligensie, persoonlikheid en gedrag ondersoek is. Die gebruik van hierdie veranderlikes het wye kritiek uitgelok omdat dit aanleiding gegee het tot teenstrydige navorsingsresultate wat sowel negatiewe as positiewe persoonseienskappe uitgewys het. 'n Sterk pleidooi is gelewer vir 'n holistiese benadering tot die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind met grater klem op die bepalende invloed van f aktore binne en buite die gesin. In hierdie studie word die invloed van ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag op die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind ondersoek. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is 'n ondersoek na die rol wat gehegtheid en die gesin as sosiale sisteem as grondslag van 'n ouer-kind-verhouding speel. Albei ouers dra vanuit hul onderskeie ouerhuise bepaalde opvoedingsinhoude, gebaseer op die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle as kinders ervaar het, in hul huwelik en gesin in. Dit dien as grondslag vir die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle teenoor hul kind openbaar. Sodoende skep hulle 'n eie opvoedingskultuur. Die literatuur Die literatuur bevestig die regstreekse verband tussen ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag en die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind. In hierdie studie word agt dimensies van - ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag beskryf, asook die invloed daarvan op die persoonlikheid van die enigste kind. In die empiriese ondersoek word die opvoedingsgedrag van vyf ouerpare, asook hul enigste kinders se betekenisgewing daaraan en belewing daarvan, aan die hand van vraelyste en ongestruktureerde onderhoude kwalitatief geevalueer. Op grond hiervan is bevind dat die populere stereotipering van die enigste kind ongegrond is en dat daar nie sprake is van 'n tipiese enigste kind nie. 'n Waardering van die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind, trouens van enige kind, is eerder gelee in die kind se belewing van en betekenisgewing aan sy ouers se opvoedingsgedrag. / A general perception exists that it is an impediment to be an only child because these children frequently experience socio-emotional problems. They are typified as self-centred, lonely, dependent, domineering and spoit Little research exists to verify this description. Most of the available information has been obtained through comparative studies in which only children participated through sheer coincidence. These studies investigated the effects of variabl~ such as position in family and family size on aspects such as intelligence, personality and behaviour. The use of these variables elicited wide criticism since it resulted in contradictory research findings which indicated the presence of both negative and positive personality traits. This prompted a plea for a holistic approach to the personality development of the only child, with a greater emphasis on the determining influences of factors within and outside the family. This study investigates the influence of parental educational behaviour on the personality development of the only child. The point of departure is an inquiry into the roles played by the family as a social system and attachment in the foundation of the parent-child relationship. From their respective parental homes, both parents bring certain educational contents into their marriage, based on the educational behaviour that they experienced as children. This serves as a basis for the behaviour that they display towards their children. The literature establishes a linear relationship between parental educational behaviour and the personality development of the only child. In this study, eight dimensions of parental educational behaviour are described, as well as the influence of these on the personality of the only child. In the empirical investigation, the educational behaviour of five couples was quantitatively evaluated using questionnaires and unstructured int~rviews. The only child's attribution of meaning to and experience of this behaviour were also evaluated. Based on these results, it was found that the popular stereotyping of the only child is unfounded, and that there is no such thing as a typical only child. An appreciation of the personality development of the only child, and indeed any child, lies rather in the child's experience of and meaning attribution to his parents' educational behaviour. / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

BH3-only Proteine, eine pro-apoptotische Untergruppe der Bcl-2 Proteinfamilie, sind zentrale Mediatoren von apoptotischen Signalen durch die Regulierung intrinsischer Apoptose-signalwege. Unsere Arbeitsgruppe hat vor kurzem gezeigt, dass Apoptose, die durch den p14ARF Tumorsuppressor induziert wird über die p53-abhängige Aktivierung des BH3-only Proteins Puma/Bbc3 vermittelt wird. Interessanterweise induziert p14ARF aber auch in p53 defizienten Zellen Zellzyklusarrest und Apoptose. Die dahinterliegenden Signalwege sind jedoch nicht bekannt. In dieser Arbeit berichten wir, dass das BH3-only Protein Bmf (Bcl-2 modifying factor) beim p14ARF-induzierten Zelltod in p53 defizienten Zellen eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Expression von p14ARF führt zu einer Induktion der PERK Kinase, daran anschließender Phosphorylierung von eIF2α sowie Aktivierung der stromabwärts liegenden Transkriptionsfaktoren ATF4 und CHOP. Diese Signalkaskade ist normalerweise Teil einer zellulären Antwort auf fehl- oder ungefaltete Proteine im Endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER), der sogenannten ‘unfolded protein response’ (UPR), die zum einen durch verminderte Translationsinitiation und Hochregulierung von Chaperonen die Menge der fehlgefalteten Proteine reduzieren soll. Allerdings induziert p14ARF keinen ER Stress, sondern den PERK‒CHOP Signalweg. Die Transkriptionsfaktoren ATF4 und CHOP binden direkt in der Promotorregion von bmf und sind für dessen transkriptionelle Regulation verantwortlich. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass der PERK‒eIF2α‒ATF4‒CHOP Signalweg eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Induktion von Apoptose durch p14ARF spielt. Dieser Weg könnte ein Sicherungsmechanismus sein, der es den Zellen auch nach Verlust von p53 erlaubt Apoptose einzuleiten, nachdem p14ARF durch Onkogene hochreguliert wurde. / BH3-only proteins, a pro-apoptotic subgroup of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, are central mediators of apoptosis signals by regulating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. We have recently shown, that apoptosis triggered by the p14ARF tumour suppressor protein is mediated by the p53-dependent activation of the BH3-only protein Puma/Bbc3. Nevertheless, expression of p14ARF in p53-family deficient cells is capable of inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, but the signalling pathways initiated remain elusive. Here, we report that the BH3-only protein Bmf (Bcl-2 modifying factor) is involved in cell death in p53-deficient cells triggered by p14ARF. Expression of p14ARF leads to the induction of the PERK kinase, subsequent phosphorylation of eIF2α and activation of transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP. This signalling cascade is usually part of the ‘unfolded protein response’ (UPR), which is activated upon ER stress to reduce the amount of misfolded proteins by reduction of global protein translation initiation and upregulation of chaperones. Of note, p14ARF does not induce ER stress but activates the PERK‒CHOP pathway. ATF4 and CHOP transcription factors directly bind to the promotor region of bmf and induce its transcription. These data suggest that the PERK‒eIF2α‒ATF4‒CHOP signalling pathway may play a substantial role in mediating p14ARF-triggered apoptosis. This pathway could play the role of a ‘fail-safe’ mechanism that allows cells, even after loss of p53, to undergo apoptosis induced by upregulation of p14ARF by oncogenes.

Die algemene persepsie bestaan dat dit 'n struikelblok is om 'n enigste kind te wees omdat hierdie kinders meestal sosio-emosionele probleme ervaar. Hulle word getipeer as onder andere selfsugtig, eensaam, afhanklik, ongelukkig, dominerend en bederf. Daar bestaan betreklik min navorsing omtrent die enigste kind as sodanig. Die meeste inligting wat omtrent hierdie kinders beskikbaar is, is verkry uit"'vergelykende studies waarvan enigste kinders toevallig deel gevorm het en waarin die invloed van veranderlikes soos geboorterangorde en gesinsgrootte op aspekte soos intelligensie, persoonlikheid en gedrag ondersoek is. Die gebruik van hierdie veranderlikes het wye kritiek uitgelok omdat dit aanleiding gegee het tot teenstrydige navorsingsresultate wat sowel negatiewe as positiewe persoonseienskappe uitgewys het. 'n Sterk pleidooi is gelewer vir 'n holistiese benadering tot die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind met grater klem op die bepalende invloed van f aktore binne en buite die gesin. In hierdie studie word die invloed van ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag op die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind ondersoek. Die vertrekpunt van die studie is 'n ondersoek na die rol wat gehegtheid en die gesin as sosiale sisteem as grondslag van 'n ouer-kind-verhouding speel. Albei ouers dra vanuit hul onderskeie ouerhuise bepaalde opvoedingsinhoude, gebaseer op die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle as kinders ervaar het, in hul huwelik en gesin in. Dit dien as grondslag vir die opvoedingsgedrag wat hulle teenoor hul kind openbaar. Sodoende skep hulle 'n eie opvoedingskultuur. Die literatuur Die literatuur bevestig die regstreekse verband tussen ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag en die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind. In hierdie studie word agt dimensies van - ouerlike opvoedingsgedrag beskryf, asook die invloed daarvan op die persoonlikheid van die enigste kind. In die empiriese ondersoek word die opvoedingsgedrag van vyf ouerpare, asook hul enigste kinders se betekenisgewing daaraan en belewing daarvan, aan die hand van vraelyste en ongestruktureerde onderhoude kwalitatief geevalueer. Op grond hiervan is bevind dat die populere stereotipering van die enigste kind ongegrond is en dat daar nie sprake is van 'n tipiese enigste kind nie. 'n Waardering van die persoonlikheidsontwikkeling van die enigste kind, trouens van enige kind, is eerder gelee in die kind se belewing van en betekenisgewing aan sy ouers se opvoedingsgedrag. / A general perception exists that it is an impediment to be an only child because these children frequently experience socio-emotional problems. They are typified as self-centred, lonely, dependent, domineering and spoit Little research exists to verify this description. Most of the available information has been obtained through comparative studies in which only children participated through sheer coincidence. These studies investigated the effects of variabl~ such as position in family and family size on aspects such as intelligence, personality and behaviour. The use of these variables elicited wide criticism since it resulted in contradictory research findings which indicated the presence of both negative and positive personality traits. This prompted a plea for a holistic approach to the personality development of the only child, with a greater emphasis on the determining influences of factors within and outside the family. This study investigates the influence of parental educational behaviour on the personality development of the only child. The point of departure is an inquiry into the roles played by the family as a social system and attachment in the foundation of the parent-child relationship. From their respective parental homes, both parents bring certain educational contents into their marriage, based on the educational behaviour that they experienced as children. This serves as a basis for the behaviour that they display towards their children. The literature establishes a linear relationship between parental educational behaviour and the personality development of the only child. In this study, eight dimensions of parental educational behaviour are described, as well as the influence of these on the personality of the only child. In the empirical investigation, the educational behaviour of five couples was quantitatively evaluated using questionnaires and unstructured int~rviews. The only child's attribution of meaning to and experience of this behaviour were also evaluated. Based on these results, it was found that the popular stereotyping of the only child is unfounded, and that there is no such thing as a typical only child. An appreciation of the personality development of the only child, and indeed any child, lies rather in the child's experience of and meaning attribution to his parents' educational behaviour. / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur automatisierten Integration funkbasierter drahtloser Sensornetze (engl. Wireless Sensor Network, kurz WSN) in die jeweilige Anwendungsumgebung. Die Sensornetze realisieren dort neben Kommunikationsaufgaben vor allem die Bestimmung von Ortsinformationen. Das Betriebshofmanagement im ÖPNV stellt dabei eine typische Anwendung dar. So wird auf der Grundlage permanent verfügbarer Positionskoordinaten von Bussen und Bahnen als mobile Objekte im Verkehrsumfeld eine effizientere Betriebsführung ermöglicht. Die Datenbasis in dieser Arbeit bilden zum einen geometrische Beziehungen im Sensornetz, die aus Gründen der Verfügbarkeit lediglich durch paarweise Distanzen zwischen den mobilen Objekten und den im Umfeld fest installierten Ankern beschrieben sind. Zum anderen kann auf vorhandenes digitales Kartenmaterial in Form von Vektor- und Rasterkarten bspw. von GIS-Diensten zurückgegriffen werden. Die Argumente für eine Automatisierung sind naheliegend. Einerseits soll der Aufwand der Positionskalibrierung nicht mit der Anzahl verbauter Anker skalieren, was sich ausschließlich automatisiert realisieren lässt. Dadurch werden gleichzeitig symptomatische Fehlerquellen, die aus einer manuellen Systemintegration resultieren, eliminiert. Andererseits soll die Automatisierung ein echtzeitfähiges Betreiben (z.B. Rekalibrierung und Fernwartung) gewährleisten, sodass kostenintensive Wartungs- und Servicedienstleistungen entfallen. Das entwickelte Verfahren generiert zunächst aus den Sensordaten mittels distanzbasierter simultaner Lokalisierung und Kartenerstellung (engl. Range-Only Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, kurz RO-SLAM) relative Positionsinformationen für Anker und mobile Objekte. Anschließend führt das Verfahren diese Informationen im Rahmen einer kooperativen Kartenerstellung zusammen. Aus den relativen, kooperativen Ergebnissen und dem zugrundeliegenden Kartenmaterial wird schließlich ein anwendungsspezifischer absoluter Raumbezug hergestellt. Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Verfahrensevaluation belegen anhand generierter semi-realer Sensordaten sowie definierter Testszenarien die Funktions- und Leistungsfähigkeit des entwickelten Verfahrens. Sie beinhalten qualifizierende Aussagen und zeigen darüber hinaus statistisch belastbare Genauigkeitsgrenzen auf.:Abbildungsverzeichnis...............................................X Tabellenverzeichnis...............................................XII Abkürzungsverzeichnis............................................XIII Symbolverzeichnis................................................XVII 1 Einleitung........................................................1 1.1 Stand der Technik...............................................3 1.2 Entwickeltes Verfahren im Überblick.............................4 1.3 Wissenschaftlicher Beitrag......................................7 1.4 Gliederung der Arbeit...........................................8 2 Grundlagen zur Verfahrensumsetzung...............................10 2.1 Überblick zu funkbasierten Sensornetzen........................10 2.1.1 Aufbau und Netzwerk..........................................11 2.1.2 System- und Technologiemerkmale..............................12 2.1.3 Selbstorganisation...........................................13 2.1.4 Räumliche Beziehungen........................................14 2.2 Umgebungsrepräsentation........................................18 2.2.1 Koordinatenbeschreibung......................................19 2.2.2 Kartentypen..................................................20 2.3 Lokalisierung..................................................22 2.3.1 Positionierung...............................................23 2.3.2 Tracking.....................................................28 2.3.3 Koordinatentransformation....................................29 3 Zustandsschätzung dynamischer Systeme............................37 3.1 Probabilistischer Ansatz.......................................38 3.1.1 Satz von Bayes...............................................39 3.1.2 Markov-Kette.................................................40 3.1.3 Hidden Markov Model..........................................42 3.1.4 Dynamische Bayes‘sche Netze..................................43 3.2 Bayes-Filter...................................................45 3.2.1 Extended Kalman-Filter.......................................48 3.2.2 Histogramm-Filter............................................51 3.2.3 Partikel-Filter..............................................52 3.3 Markov Lokalisierung...........................................58 4 Simultane Lokalisierung und Kartenerstellung.....................61 4.1 Überblick......................................................62 4.1.1 Objektbeschreibung...........................................63 4.1.2 Umgebungskarte...............................................65 4.1.3 Schließen von Schleifen......................................70 4.2 Numerische Darstellung.........................................72 4.2.1 Formulierung als Bayes-Filter................................72 4.2.2 Diskretisierung des Zustandsraums............................74 4.2.3 Verwendung von Hypothesen....................................74 4.3 Initialisierung des Range-Only SLAM............................75 4.3.1 Verzögerte und unverzögerte Initialisierung..................75 4.3.2 Initialisierungsansätze......................................76 4.4 SLAM-Verfahren.................................................80 4.4.1 Extended Kalman-Filter-SLAM..................................81 4.4.2 Incremental Maximum Likelihood-SLAM..........................90 4.4.3 FastSLAM.....................................................99 5 Kooperative Kartenerstellung....................................107 5.1 Aufbereitung der Ankerkartierungsergebnisse...................108 5.2 Ankerkarten-Merging-Verfahren.................................110 5.2.1 Auflösen von Mehrdeutigkeiten...............................110 5.2.2 Erstellung einer gemeinsamen Ankerkarte.....................115 6 Herstellung eines absoluten Raumbezugs..........................117 6.1 Aufbereitung der Lokalisierungsergebnisse.....................117 6.1.1 Generierung von Geraden.....................................119 6.1.2 Generierung eines Graphen...................................122 6.2 Daten-Matching-Verfahren......................................123 6.2.1 Vektorbasierte Karteninformationen..........................125 6.2.2 Rasterbasierte Karteninformationen..........................129 7 Verfahrensevaluation............................................133 7.1 Methodischer Ansatz...........................................133 7.2 Datenbasis....................................................135 7.2.1 Sensordaten.................................................137 7.2.2 Digitales Kartenmaterial....................................143 7.3 Definition von Testszenarien..................................145 7.4 Bewertung.....................................................147 7.4.1 SLAM-Verfahren..............................................148 7.4.2 Ankerkarten-Merging-Verfahren...............................151 7.4.3 Daten-Matching-Verfahren....................................152 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick....................................163 8.1 Ergebnisse der Arbeit.........................................164 8.2 Ausblick......................................................165 Literaturverzeichnis..............................................166 A Ergänzungen zum entwickelten Verfahren..........................A-1 A.1 Generierung von Bewegungsinformationen........................A-1 A.2 Erweiterung des FastSLAM-Verfahrens...........................A-2 A.3 Ablauf des konzipierten Greedy-Algorithmus....................A-4 A.4 Lagewinkel der Kanten in einer Rastergrafik...................A-5 B Ergänzungen zur Verfahrensevaluation............................A-9 B.1 Geschwindigkeitsprofile der simulierten Objekttrajektorien....A-9 B.2 Gesamtes SLAM-Ergebnis eines Testszenarios....................A-9 B.3 Statistische Repräsentativität...............................A-10 B.4 Gesamtes Ankerkarten-Merging-Ergebnis eines Testszenarios....A-11 B.5 Gesamtes Daten-Matching-Ergebnis eines Testszenarios.........A-18 B.6 Qualitative Ergebnisbewertung................................A-18 B.7 Divergenz des Gesamtverfahrens...............................A-18 / The aim of this work is the development of a method for the automated integration of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) into the respective application environment. The sensor networks realize there beside communication tasks above all the determination of location information. Therefore, the depot management in public transport is a typical application. Based on permanently available position coordinates of buses and trams as mobile objects in the traffic environment, a more efficient operational management is made possible. The database in this work is formed on the one hand by geometric relationships in the sensor network, which for reasons of availability are only described by pairwise distances between the mobile objects and the anchors permanently installed in the environment. On the other hand, existing digital map material in the form of vector and raster maps, e.g. obtained by GIS services, is used. The arguments for automation are obvious. First, the effort of position calibration should not scale with the number of anchors installed, which can only be automated. This at once eliminates symptomatic sources of error resulting from manual system integration. Secondly, automation should ensure real-time operation (e.g. recalibration and remote maintenance), eliminating costly maintenance and service. Initially, the developed method estimates relative position information for anchors and mobile objects from the sensor data by means of Range-Only Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (RO-SLAM). The method then merges this information within a cooperative map creation. From the relative, cooperative results and the available map material finally an application-specific absolute spatial outcome is generated. Based on semi-real sensor data and defined test scenarios, the results of the realized method evaluation demonstrate the functionality and performance of the developed method. They contain qualifying statements and also show statistically reliable limits of accuracy.:Abbildungsverzeichnis...............................................X Tabellenverzeichnis...............................................XII Abkürzungsverzeichnis............................................XIII Symbolverzeichnis................................................XVII 1 Einleitung........................................................1 1.1 Stand der Technik...............................................3 1.2 Entwickeltes Verfahren im Überblick.............................4 1.3 Wissenschaftlicher Beitrag......................................7 1.4 Gliederung der Arbeit...........................................8 2 Grundlagen zur Verfahrensumsetzung...............................10 2.1 Überblick zu funkbasierten Sensornetzen........................10 2.1.1 Aufbau und Netzwerk..........................................11 2.1.2 System- und Technologiemerkmale..............................12 2.1.3 Selbstorganisation...........................................13 2.1.4 Räumliche Beziehungen........................................14 2.2 Umgebungsrepräsentation........................................18 2.2.1 Koordinatenbeschreibung......................................19 2.2.2 Kartentypen..................................................20 2.3 Lokalisierung..................................................22 2.3.1 Positionierung...............................................23 2.3.2 Tracking.....................................................28 2.3.3 Koordinatentransformation....................................29 3 Zustandsschätzung dynamischer Systeme............................37 3.1 Probabilistischer Ansatz.......................................38 3.1.1 Satz von Bayes...............................................39 3.1.2 Markov-Kette.................................................40 3.1.3 Hidden Markov Model..........................................42 3.1.4 Dynamische Bayes‘sche Netze..................................43 3.2 Bayes-Filter...................................................45 3.2.1 Extended Kalman-Filter.......................................48 3.2.2 Histogramm-Filter............................................51 3.2.3 Partikel-Filter..............................................52 3.3 Markov Lokalisierung...........................................58 4 Simultane Lokalisierung und Kartenerstellung.....................61 4.1 Überblick......................................................62 4.1.1 Objektbeschreibung...........................................63 4.1.2 Umgebungskarte...............................................65 4.1.3 Schließen von Schleifen......................................70 4.2 Numerische Darstellung.........................................72 4.2.1 Formulierung als Bayes-Filter................................72 4.2.2 Diskretisierung des Zustandsraums............................74 4.2.3 Verwendung von Hypothesen....................................74 4.3 Initialisierung des Range-Only SLAM............................75 4.3.1 Verzögerte und unverzögerte Initialisierung..................75 4.3.2 Initialisierungsansätze......................................76 4.4 SLAM-Verfahren.................................................80 4.4.1 Extended Kalman-Filter-SLAM..................................81 4.4.2 Incremental Maximum Likelihood-SLAM..........................90 4.4.3 FastSLAM.....................................................99 5 Kooperative Kartenerstellung....................................107 5.1 Aufbereitung der Ankerkartierungsergebnisse...................108 5.2 Ankerkarten-Merging-Verfahren.................................110 5.2.1 Auflösen von Mehrdeutigkeiten...............................110 5.2.2 Erstellung einer gemeinsamen Ankerkarte.....................115 6 Herstellung eines absoluten Raumbezugs..........................117 6.1 Aufbereitung der Lokalisierungsergebnisse.....................117 6.1.1 Generierung von Geraden.....................................119 6.1.2 Generierung eines Graphen...................................122 6.2 Daten-Matching-Verfahren......................................123 6.2.1 Vektorbasierte Karteninformationen..........................125 6.2.2 Rasterbasierte Karteninformationen..........................129 7 Verfahrensevaluation............................................133 7.1 Methodischer Ansatz...........................................133 7.2 Datenbasis....................................................135 7.2.1 Sensordaten.................................................137 7.2.2 Digitales Kartenmaterial....................................143 7.3 Definition von Testszenarien..................................145 7.4 Bewertung.....................................................147 7.4.1 SLAM-Verfahren..............................................148 7.4.2 Ankerkarten-Merging-Verfahren...............................151 7.4.3 Daten-Matching-Verfahren....................................152 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick....................................163 8.1 Ergebnisse der Arbeit.........................................164 8.2 Ausblick......................................................165 Literaturverzeichnis..............................................166 A Ergänzungen zum entwickelten Verfahren..........................A-1 A.1 Generierung von Bewegungsinformationen........................A-1 A.2 Erweiterung des FastSLAM-Verfahrens...........................A-2 A.3 Ablauf des konzipierten Greedy-Algorithmus....................A-4 A.4 Lagewinkel der Kanten in einer Rastergrafik...................A-5 B Ergänzungen zur Verfahrensevaluation............................A-9 B.1 Geschwindigkeitsprofile der simulierten Objekttrajektorien....A-9 B.2 Gesamtes SLAM-Ergebnis eines Testszenarios....................A-9 B.3 Statistische Repräsentativität...............................A-10 B.4 Gesamtes Ankerkarten-Merging-Ergebnis eines Testszenarios....A-11 B.5 Gesamtes Daten-Matching-Ergebnis eines Testszenarios.........A-18 B.6 Qualitative Ergebnisbewertung................................A-18 B.7 Divergenz des Gesamtverfahrens...............................A-18

Since February 2020, the world is in a COVID-19 pandemic [1]. Researchers around the globe are pitching in to develop a fast reliable, non-invasive testing methodology to solve this problem and one of the key directions of research is to utilize coughs and their corresponding vocal biomarkers for diagnosis of COVID-19. In this thesis, we propose a fast, real-time cough detection pipeline that can be used to detect and localize coughs from audio samples. The core of the pipeline utilizes the yolo-v3 model [2] from vision domain to localize coughs in the audio spectrograms by treating them as objects. This outcome is transformed to localize the boundaries of cough utterances in the input signal. The system to detect coughs from CoughVid dataset [3] is then evaluated. Furthermore, the pipeline is compared with other existing algorithms like tinyyolo-v3 to test for better localization and classification. Average precision(AP@0.5) of yolo-v3 and tinyyolo-v3 model are 0.67 and 0.78 respectively. Based on the AP values, tinyyolo-v3 performs better than yolo-v3 by atleast 10% and based on its computational advantage, its inference time was also found to be 2.4 times faster than yolo-v3 model in our experiments. This work is considered to be novel and significant in detection and localization of cough in an audio stream. In the end, the resulting cough events are used to extract MFCC features from it and classifiers were trained to predict whether a cough has COVID-19 or not. The performance of different classifiers were compared and it was observed that random forest outperformed other models with a precision of 83.04%. It can also be inferred from the results that the classifier looks promising, however, in future this model has to be trained using clinically approved dataset and tested for its reliability in using this model in a clinical setup. / Sedan februari 2020 är världen inne i en COVID-19-pandemi [1]. Forskare runt om i världen satsar på att utveckla en snabb tillförlitlig, icke-invasiv testmetodik för att lösa detta problem och en av de viktigaste forskningsriktningarna är att använda hosta och deras motsvarande vokala biomarkörer för diagnos av COVID-19. I denna avhandling föreslår vi en snabb pipeline för hostdetektering i realtid som kan användas för att upptäcka och lokalisera hosta från ljudprover. Kärnan i rörledningen använder yolo-v3-modellen [2] från syndomänen för att lokalisera hosta i ljudspektrogrammen genom att behandla dem som objekt. Detta resultat transformeras för att lokalisera gränserna för hosta yttranden i insignalen. Systemet för att upptäcka hosta från CoughVid dataset [3] utvärderas sedan. Dessutom jämförs rörledningen med andra befintliga algoritmer som tinyyolo-v3 för att testa för bättre lokalisering och klassificering. Genomsnittlig precision (AP@0.5) för modellen yolo-v3 och tinyyolo-v3 är 0,67 respektive 0,78. Baserat på AP-värdena fungerar tinyyolo-v3 bättre än yolo-v3 med minst 10% och baserat på dess beräkningsfördel befanns dess inferenstid också vara 2,4 gånger snabbare än yolo-v3- modellen i våra experiment. Detta arbete anses vara nytt och viktigt för att upptäcka och lokalisera hosta i en ljudström. I slutändan används de resulterande hosthändel-serna för att extrahera MFCC-funktioner från det och klassificerare utbildades för att förutsäga om en hosta har COVID-19 eller inte. Prestanda för olika klassificerare jämfördes och det observerades att slumpmässig skog överträffade andra modeller med en precision på 83.04%. Av resultaten kan man också dra slutsatsen att klassificeraren ser lovande ut, men i framtiden måste denna modell utbildas med hjälp av kliniskt godkänd dataset och testas med avseende på dess tillförlitlighet vid användning av denna modell i ett kliniskt upplägg.

Customer satisfaction, from the service quality perspective, has emerged as a new modus operandi for assessing customers’ perceptions and/or expectations of services in order to re-orient and regulate existing services. University library administrators in Sri Lanka, realising the necessity of complying with customer perception of high quality service, have begun to search for alternative ways to satisfy their clientele on the basis of service quality. This study therefore aims to meet this need by developing a model to assess the extent to which service quality indicators and other explanatory attributes may be used to predict customer satisfaction, from a service quality perspective. The research process used in the study was the “onion model,” which involved a combination of positivist and phenomenological inquiries that led to the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches in line with the purpose of the study, which was exploratory in nature and searched for causality. The design of the study involved two main stages: the exploratory stage and the main stage. In the exploratory stage, attributes and domain identification of service quality was carried out with a sample of 262 subjects. Based upon the exploratory study, four provisional models were constructed and tested in the main study, using a sample of 1840 subjects. The model based on the performance-only paradigm and the linearity assumption between the constructs was found to be the best parsimony model that provided for enhanced predictive performance, calibration and potential insight into attributes and domain relevance. Regarding overall satisfaction, responsiveness, supportiveness, building environment, collection and access, furniture and facilities, technology and service delivery as quality domains, involvement with the service, and knowledge of the customers as situational attributes and age, member category, university and gender as socio-demographic attributes were found to be significant. The final model may be used to design a simple measurement or monitoring process of library performance, and it may also be a useful tool for diagnosing service quality locally. This research further provides a keystone for other studies and may also stimulate the momentum of current research on service quality and/or customer satisfaction / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)

The service sector of the global economy is undoubtedly growing and increasingly highlighting the criticality of service quality to enhanced profitability in most service organisations. The demand for accountability from different stakeholders, including clients, has also made service quality a highly debated, researched and most powerful competitive trend shaping marketing and business strategy. Developing reliable measurement instruments of service quality and strategies for the improvement of service quality invariably become the most important responsibilities for managers in many organisations. In the absence of conceptual clarity on service quality, divergent views on the dimensionality of service quality and the lack of a psychometrically valid service quality measure in archival institutions, this study set out to develop and subsequently validate a measurement instrument to assess service quality in an archival institutional setting. The two research questions investigated in this study were: (1) what are the dimensions for measuring service quality in archival institutions, and (2) how can the dimensions of service quality in archival institutions be measured effectively. The methodology for this study involved a two-phased qualitative and quantitative analysis addressing these two research questions. The study followed the standard psychometric procedure for developing constructs. This research has resulted in the important findings and relevant conclusions for both academics and practitioners interested in service quality in the archival environment. The service quality measurement instrument formulated is called ARCHIVqual and has three dimensions, namely (1) security of information (with 4 items), (2) integrity of information (with 3 items) and (3) usability of information (with 2 items). Besides measuring service quality in the archival environment, ARCHIVqual will also serve as a tool for conducting periodic surveys thereby identifying specific problematic areas in archival institutions. / Graduate School for Business Leadership / DBL

The inadequacy of the usual possible world semantics of modal languages when the meaning of 'belief' is attached to the modal operator is discussed. Three other approaches are then investigated. In the case of Moore's autoepistemic logic it becomes possible to compare an agent's beliefs to 'reality', which cannot be done directly in the possible world semantics. Levesque's semantics makes explicit in the object language the notion of 'this is all the information the agent has', which plays an important role in nonmonotonic reasoning. Both of these approaches deal with ideal reasoners. The third approach, Konolige's deduction model, is based on a semantics capable of describing the beliefs of one or more resourcebounded agents. Finally, the AGM postulates for belief revision are discussed. / Computer Science / M.Sc. (Computer Science)

此文獻以淨土佛教中的解神話化爭議來闡述更為廣泛的議題，意即，西方人文學科的分類（在此則特指宗教哲學）是否、以及在何種程度上，對於識別和解釋現代東亞知識發展有所助益？ 在序章中，已對此一普遍議題對當代淨土佛教研究如何產生影響有所說明。該領域長期以來受到日本學者—特別是被歸類為所謂「宗學」的日本淨土教派的學者們—所左右。毋庸置疑地，這些學者們所用以談論淨土傳統的思想框架，強烈地受到19世紀末日本面對西方哲學、神學之衝擊所影響。然而，近幾年來，部分西方學者認為，這樣的觀點並不適用於中國淨土佛教的情況，因為在中國，淨土宗並非一有系統之思想內容，而僅是作為虔誠與儀式實踐。本論文將以不同的切入點來探討此爭議。本文關注於：當淨土信仰與實踐被置於「佛教詮釋學」中的爭議來論述時，意即，以較為精練的方法論來詮釋文本時，西方化的思想框架是否能夠充分地呈現這些佛經的「詮釋者」們最初的關懷。 本文所關注的議題，在於部分佛教現代主義者借助唯識思想來詮釋淨土信仰之傾向。如同在本書頭二章所敘述的，部分日本淨土「宗學家」將此種解讀歸類為將淨土佛教「解神話化」。在此，解神話被理解為對淨土神話的批判性詮釋，並以此回應現代化與西方化。此種詮釋亦被認為是回歸到淨土神話「真正的」意義，意即，阿彌陀佛實為內在真理之象徵，而非外存之他者。然而，如同第四章所述，在近代中國，以唯識學詮釋淨土教義的方法論發展，乃是對現代化之前、以及現代化早期所產生的、懸而未決之爭議的反動，而不僅是西方衝擊之下的產物。而如同第五章中所論及的，這些尚未塵埃落定的爭議其中之一，便是所謂「自性彌陀」是否應被理解為真正的救世主；又或者，其應當被視為嚮導、老師。 在接續的章節中，筆者將著重於特別選定的若干核心材料，藉以呈現前述之中國佛教徒開始大量接受現代西方概念後所發展出來的詮釋學爭論。第六章探討由19世紀在家學者沈善登所撰寫的論著《報恩論》之殘篇。就筆者所知，《報恩論》為可知成書年代的漢語文獻中，最早從「現代」觀點來檢視淨土宗與唯識學的關係之著作，意即，該類撰文者普遍熟知後啟蒙時代的西方觀點。第七章則分析中、日對於適切理解淨土宗解脫敘述的爭論。該爭論為1899年至1901年間，楊文會與淨土真宗的一組僧人，即小栗栖香頂和内記龍舟，之間的筆戰。此處所關注之抄本收載了楊文會對唯識思想與淨土信仰的關係最為早期之書面表態，意即，其堅信淨土信仰應當與唯識思想之研修相互連結。雖已有部分學者對該爭論進行研究，然而，此一特殊面向卻尚未引起太多關注。為了進一步解析前述之發展於民國初期的概念，第八章將以唐大圓之選文作為研究實例。作為改革派在家居士，唐大圓主要活躍於20至30年代之間，亦為西方概念匯聚之時期。本章不僅剖釋唐大圓之銘言：「行在淨土，解在唯識」，亦將闡述此奠基於唯識思想之「解」如何在對同期淨土傳統、特別是對法藏菩薩之神話理解的批評中，揭示呈顯出來。 最後，第九章將總結主要考察成果，並提出未來深入研究之可行方向。在第九章，筆者主張唯識思想為漢傳佛教提供了統一的準則來理解淨土神話，而此方式與兩種傳統解讀大相逕庭，意即，其並非彷彿單純的奉獻者一樣，照字面地將阿彌陀佛與淨土理解為「心外」之物，亦非如學院派讀法一般，將阿彌陀佛等同於心性。淨土信仰的唯識學詮釋能夠支持將阿彌陀佛視為人類社群的「啟發的領導者」此一現代想像；同時，其亦得以將佛教思想與現代對理想社會和社群發展的理念相互連結。