A presente pesquisa visa observar o modo de operar da arte contemporânea fundada no caminhar e investigar o quanto ela se faz acessível ao espectador, o quanto ela é inclusiva, relacional e horizontal. Contrariamente a um entendimento de que a arte contemporânea é de difícil acesso, nosso objetivo é relacionar a dissolução de certos estatutos da cena contemporânea com a aproximação do espectador de sua estrutura de funcionamento, a ponto de ele se tornar mais indispensável para sua realização do que o próprio artista. No primeiro capítulo, apresento esse contexto de dissolução (como linhas invisíveis do mapa), inicialmente no campo do teatro e, posteriormente, na configuração das performances, campo no qual as noções de cena, encenação e espectador já não operam. No segundo capítulo apresento o ato de caminhar em relação ao pensar e ao criar; uma prática estética e política a ser desdobrada nos três capítulos seguintes. Desse modo, do segundo ao quinto capítulo observo modalidades do caminhar: passeios, derivas, fugas, perseguições e travessias realizadas por artistas de diversas procedências (do teatro à land art, da dança à arte conceitual, da performance ao real) e, em alguns casos, por espectadores ou passantes. Todas essas ações, sobretudo as performances, resultam em outras materialidades (fotografias, vídeos, desenhos e narrativas) que são igualmente compartilhadas com espectadores ausentes do ato de sua execução. No último capítulo, trato desses rastros ou vestígios - bem como do acesso aos programas dessas ações - como um importante material para os espectadores, que conhecendo os \"modos de fazer\" dessas modalidades artísticas, compreendem seus \"modos de usar\". Assim, caminhar como prática estética configura-se como um ato de transgressão do sistema vigente, uma vez que se trata não apenas de uma ação, mas de uma atitude ao alcance de toda e qualquer pessoa. Ao ocupar o contexto urbano por sua dimensão mais baixa, o chão, o sujeito que caminha experimenta outras formas de sociabilidade e outras configurações para o real, inventando micro-poéticas do devir. / This research aims to observe the way contemporary art founded on walking works and to investigate how much it is accessible to the public, how much it is inclusive, relational and horizontal. Contrary to an understanding that contemporary art is difficult to access, our goal is to relate the dissolution of certain contemporary scenes statutes with the spectator\'s approach of its functional structure, to the point that he becomes more indispensable for its accomplishment than the artist himself. In the first chapter, I present this context of dissolution (as invisible lines of the map) initially in the theater field and, posteriorly, in the configuration of the performances, a field in which the notions of scene, staging and spectator no longer operate. In the second chapter, I present the act of walking in relation to thinking and creating; an aesthetic and political practice to be deployed in the three following chapters. Thus, from the second to the fifth chapters, I observe walking modalities: strolls, drifts, escapes, persecutions and crossings by artists of different origins (from theater to land art, from dance to conceptual art, from performance to real) and, in some cases, by spectators or bystanders. All these actions, particularly the performances, result in other materialities (photographs, videos, drawings and narratives) which are equally shared with spectators absent from the act of its realization. In the last chapter, I deal with these traces or vestiges - as well as the access to the programs of these actions - as an important material for the spectators, who getting to know the \"ways of doing\" of these artistic modalities, understand their \"ways of using\". Therefore, walking as an aesthetic practice configures itself as an act of transgression of the current system, since it is not only an action, but an attitude within the reach of any person. By occupying the urban context in its lower dimension, the ground, the subject who walks experiences other forms of sociability and other settings for the real, inventing micro-poetics of devenir.

Esta pesquisa investiga o elemento sonoro-musical como criador de experiências estéticas, sensoriais, mnemônicas e afetivas dentro do pensamento e prática do diretor, pesquisador e professor polonês Jerzy Grotowski, no âmbito da evolução de sua obra no domínio das artes performativas. Este estudo, que parte da observação historiográfica, comparativa e crítica do fenômeno sonoro-musical na obra do artista, visa realizar um mapeamento das diferentes fases artísticas do diretor, que compreendem uma curva de 42 anos, indo do período da Arte como Apresentação ao da Arte como Veículo, e das diferentes conotações que este elemento teve em sua trajetória de criação e pesquisa. O trabalho também observa as diferentes apropriações do elemento sonoro-musical pelos últimos colaboradores do diretor, concentrando maior atenção às atividades atuais desenvolvidas nesse território por Thomas Richards e Mario Biagini, diretores do Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards. Esta fase é investigada em relação ao desenvolvimento da importância dada às questões sonológicas dentro deste centro internacional de pesquisa e criação, que tem no trabalho criativo sobre os cantos de tradição afro-diaspóricos do continente americano o seu ferramental básico, explorando-se suas propriedades geradoras de comportamento orgânico em performance. A pesquisa é realizada através de estudos de textos escritos à cerca do tema pelo próprio diretor, seus diversos parceiros e estudiosos da sua obra, além de realizar pontes com a produção musical experimental contemporânea. Também conta com a análise de espetáculos, tanto em suporte audiovisual, quanto a partir do meu contato direto com a produção atual. Nesse último aspecto a pesquisa também está relacionada à noção de autoetnografia, sendo orientada por reflexões sobre a minha experiência na condição de performer na equipe do Open Program, um dos grupos de trabalho que integram o Workcenter, entre os anos de 2013 e 2015. Além disso, esta noção autoetnográfica se dá com a recriação do meu ponto de escuta sobre a obra de Grotowski. Com esse referencial a pesquisa busca compreender como se dá a construção do encontro experiencial entre o atorsonante e o espectador-ouvinte, partindo da criação de uma presença organizada, transmitida e percebida através do fenômeno sonoro (cantos, instrumentos e outros recursos), suas estruturações (vibratórias, melódicas, harmônicas, rítmicas e timbrísticas) e suas manifestações e nuances na corrente das artes performativas, conforme a visão grotowskiana: entre o polo da arte como veículo e o da arte como apresentação. / This research investigates the sound-musical element as creator of aesthetic, sensory, mnemonic and affective experiences within the thinking and practice of the Polish director, researcher and teacher Jerzy Grotowski, in the context of the evolution of his work in the field of performing arts. This study, that part of the historiographical, comparative and critical observation of the sound-musical phenomenon in the artist\'s work, is to carry out a mapping of different artistic phases of the director, comprising a curve of 42 years, ranging from the period of the Art as Presentation to the Art as Vehicle, and the different connotations that this element was in its path of creation and research. The work also notes the different allocations of sound-musical element by the last collaborators of the director, focusing greater attention to current activities in this area by Thomas Richards and Mario Biagini, directors of the Workcenter of Jerzy Grotowski and Thomas Richards. This phase is investigated in relation to the development of the importance given to sonological issues within this international center for research and creation, which is the creative work on african-diasporic tradition songs of the American continent their basic tools by exploiting its generating properties of organic behavior in performance. The survey is conducted through studies of texts written about the theme by the director himself, his various partners and scholars of his work, and making bridges with contemporary experimental music production. It also includes the analysis of performances, both in audio-visual support, as from my direct contact with the current production. In this last aspect the research is also related to the notion of autoethnography, being guided by reflections on my experience in the performer condition in the Open Program team, one of the work groups within the Workcenter, between the years 2013 and 2015. In addition, this autoethnographic notion is given with the recreation of my listener point on the work of Grotowski. With this framework the research seeks to understand how is the construction of experiential encounter between the doer-sounder and the spectator-listener, based on the creation of an organized presence, transmitted and perceived through the acoustic phenomenon (songs, instruments and other resources), their structuring (vibrating, melodic, harmonic, rhythmic and timbristic) and its manifestations and nuances in the chain of performing arts, as grotowskian view: between the pole of art as a vehicle and of art as presentation.

Le premier travail de cette thèse a consisté à envisager l'artiste, essentiellement, comme un auteur. Il nous a conduit à suggérer, quant à l'auteur, que sa mort jadis annoncée imposait de penser sa résurrection à partir d'autres catégories et outils conceptuels que ceux qui ont permis de constater son décès. Après avoir démontré, d'une part, que l'auctorité (authorship) définissait exemplairement l'artiste, et s'être acquitté, d'autre part, d'un indispensable rappel historique permettant de comprendre les conditions de son apparition, nous avons tâché de faire jouer entre eux (au double sens de mettre en relation et de donner du jeu) les éléments qui structurent le phénomène artistique, ses doctrines et ses discours associés. Nous avons cherché à déceler, dans cet espace non ajusté, propice aux paradoxes et aux contradictions, le lieu d'une possible redéfinition de l'artiste-auteur, bâtie sur une rationalité plus large que celle d'une simple causalité. / The initial task of this thesis consisted in considering the artist mainly as an author. As for the author, this led us to suggest that his death, once announced, required to think of his resurrection from other criteria and conceptual tools than those which made it possible to bury him. Having established, on the one hand, that authorship defines the intrinsic status of the artist, and put forward, on the other hand, a necessary historical reminder in order to encompass the conditions of its emergence, we attempted to clear up (in the sense of displaying interactions and leaving a clearance between) the elements which structure the artistic phenomenon, its doctrines and related discourses. We sought to uncover, in this unadjusted space full of paradoxes and contradictions, the place of a possible redefinition of the artist-author, built on a rationality broader than that of a mere causality.

Selon différents théoriciens (Guénoun, Lehmann, Ryngaert, etc.), la fin du vingtième siècle se caractérise par l'émergence de nouvelles formes théâtrales, marquées par la contamination des pratiques spectaculaires. Hans-Thies Lehmann reprend la notion de "théâtre postdramatique" proposée par Richard Schechner pour qualifier ces formes métissées de spectacle vivant La thèse défendue est la suivante : le théâtre postdramatique trouve sa spécificité non seulement dans la transgression des codes dramatiques mais surtout dans des processus de réception spécifiques qu'il importe de définir, à l'aide d'outils notamment sémiotiques. Ces processus sont situés et construits par rapport à différents modèles interdisciplinaires.

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This dissertation investigates rhetoric and prudence in Sophocles through close readings of Antigone, Ajax, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus. Central to the project is a reconstruc-tion of a uniquely Sophoclean conception of prudence as “good sense”; good sense is distinguished from traditional conceptions of prudence as an inter-subjective capacity for good judgment that is born of experience and chance. The study finds that while good sense and persuasive rhetoric are occasionally paired, they are frequently divorced from one another. Thus, in place of heroic conflicts and tragic failings, these readings present an alternative tragic tension between the persuasive yet often solipsistic speech of heroes and protagonists and the good sense of marginalized characters. This project is situated within the “turn to rhetoric” in contemporary democratic theory; in this context, it presents Sophocles as a novel and under-theorized resource in three overarching ways. First, his dramas were performed in a democratic context and gave voice to perspectives otherwise marginalized within the polis; in this respect he offers more inclusive democratic resources than his Athenian contemporaries. Second, these plays offer sobering insight into the impact of contingency in shaping rhetorical contexts. They reveal that overconfidence in rhetorical technē underestimates the extent to which successful persuasion is often aligned with chance and social advantage. Third, he draws attention to pervasive structural inequalities that work against and silence good sense. In this final respect the plays themselves are considered as didactic resources that cultivate reflective judgments and good sense in the spectator and reader.

This dissertation investigates rhetoric and prudence in Sophocles through close readings of Antigone, Ajax, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus. Central to the project is a reconstruc-tion of a uniquely Sophoclean conception of prudence as “good sense”; good sense is distinguished from traditional conceptions of prudence as an inter-subjective capacity for good judgment that is born of experience and chance. The study finds that while good sense and persuasive rhetoric are occasionally paired, they are frequently divorced from one another. Thus, in place of heroic conflicts and tragic failings, these readings present an alternative tragic tension between the persuasive yet often solipsistic speech of heroes and protagonists and the good sense of marginalized characters. This project is situated within the “turn to rhetoric” in contemporary democratic theory; in this context, it presents Sophocles as a novel and under-theorized resource in three overarching ways. First, his dramas were performed in a democratic context and gave voice to perspectives otherwise marginalized within the polis; in this respect he offers more inclusive democratic resources than his Athenian contemporaries. Second, these plays offer sobering insight into the impact of contingency in shaping rhetorical contexts. They reveal that overconfidence in rhetorical technē underestimates the extent to which successful persuasion is often aligned with chance and social advantage. Third, he draws attention to pervasive structural inequalities that work against and silence good sense. In this final respect the plays themselves are considered as didactic resources that cultivate reflective judgments and good sense in the spectator and reader.

The filmic oeuvre of auteur director David Lynch has a reputation among average spectators as being too “difficult” to understand. In particular, the Lynch films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are considered by the average spectator to be devoid of any real meaning. Spectator theory provides insight into the structures through which spectators find or fail to find meaning in films. Spectator theory explains that the average spectator has a set of schemas for “reading” and understanding film, and that these schemas are shaped by the conventions of popular Hollywood cinema. The films of David Lynch do not adhere to these conventions, and thus challenge the average spectator’s competency with regard to their ability to emplot a coherent and meaningful narrative from these films. In the case of Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, the films present the spectator with multiple mysteries, yet never provide any solutions to these mysteries. If a spectator is to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, then such a spectator needs an appropriate schema for interpreting these films. This dissertation aims to develop one possible schema which can be used to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive. To this end, the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are shown to qualify as metaphysical detective films, a genre of narrative which playfully interprets the conventions of classical detective narrative. Under the neologism “transtextual detective” this dissertation traces the characteristics of a spectator who would assume the role of a detective figure, existing outside of the borders of the film text, and calling upon a diverse collection of texts and schemata to solve the mysteries identifiable in these metaphysical detective films. In order to test the applicability of the schema of the transtextual detective, the writer undertakes a demonstration of an investigation into the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive while assuming the role of a transtextual detective. The writer firstly indentifies the mystery of identity as a salient mystery in both films, before demonstrating how solutions to this mystery can be found in Lost Highway. / Thesis (MA (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The filmic oeuvre of auteur director David Lynch has a reputation among average spectators as being too “difficult” to understand. In particular, the Lynch films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are considered by the average spectator to be devoid of any real meaning. Spectator theory provides insight into the structures through which spectators find or fail to find meaning in films. Spectator theory explains that the average spectator has a set of schemas for “reading” and understanding film, and that these schemas are shaped by the conventions of popular Hollywood cinema. The films of David Lynch do not adhere to these conventions, and thus challenge the average spectator’s competency with regard to their ability to emplot a coherent and meaningful narrative from these films. In the case of Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, the films present the spectator with multiple mysteries, yet never provide any solutions to these mysteries. If a spectator is to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive, then such a spectator needs an appropriate schema for interpreting these films. This dissertation aims to develop one possible schema which can be used to find meaning in Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive. To this end, the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive are shown to qualify as metaphysical detective films, a genre of narrative which playfully interprets the conventions of classical detective narrative. Under the neologism “transtextual detective” this dissertation traces the characteristics of a spectator who would assume the role of a detective figure, existing outside of the borders of the film text, and calling upon a diverse collection of texts and schemata to solve the mysteries identifiable in these metaphysical detective films. In order to test the applicability of the schema of the transtextual detective, the writer undertakes a demonstration of an investigation into the films Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive while assuming the role of a transtextual detective. The writer firstly indentifies the mystery of identity as a salient mystery in both films, before demonstrating how solutions to this mystery can be found in Lost Highway. / Thesis (MA (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

This project explores the areas of human perception and story narrative in moving images. Engaged by the research question, “Can spectators become co-authors in the process of a story narrative?”, the research focuses on exploring the co-existence and contradiction between the values of spectators and an author in a process of a narrative by developing a new potential narrative approach with multiple perspectives. I hypothesise that spectators could participate with the story narrative process as co-authors. My key method is to engage with spectators’ participation within a narration (story) by displaying story fragments across multiple screens simultaneously. The potential of having a story spread across multiple screens might bring further interest to authors to re-think the notion of a spectator and tell a story with multiple perspectives in a narrative process with spectators. In order to develop this project, I will use different approaches, such as Grounded Theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1998), Data Visualisation (Tufte, 1983), Action Research (Kemmis & McTaggart, 1988) and Heuristics (Moustakas, 1990), which I will explain in further details in each chapter of my exegesis.