Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Mattar (2).pdf: 2314757 bytes, checksum: cbf3ba35b4fb7579b28ae1a441a1e126 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-10 / This research aimed to evaluate the relations amongst inter organizational learning, relational capability and performance of international joint ventures (IJVs), in the Brazilian food industry. In a business context shaped by competitiveness and organizational efficiency, within an increasingly interconnected world, IJVs have become a major force of multinational enterprises global strategies. Despite bringing potential synergistic benefits, the IJVs are inherently unstable organizational forms as the incentives for competition are contradictory with cooperation between the joint ventures partners. IJVs represent a vehicle for inter organizational learning which is influenced by their ability to manage alliances, known as relational capability. The Brazilian food industry was chosen because it provides a rich source of data relevant to this research s goals, mainly because of its rapid technological evolution as well as due to opening the country s boundaries to international trade. This has enhanced the industry s competitiveness primarily due to the entry of large multinational companies. A qualitative methodology with multiple case studies approach was adopted. Data were collected through six interviews with three senior executives of each IJV and handled using the thematic category content analyses technique with a priori categorization. The results corroborates with the existing literature by confirming that in IJVs oriented towards (financial) results, performance is evaluated through a set of objective measures and that IJV longevity or its termination shall not be used as performance indicators. It reinforces that, IJVs represent an important inter companies knowledge transfer channel influenced by its partners competitiveness, knowing that competitiveness is not only defined by the business activity overlap but also by the different dimensions and strategic agendas between the partners. The evidence of relational capability in the JVIs through effective governance models, promotes inter organizational learning and contribute to improve the IJVs performances. With regards to the managerial contribution the research s outputs offers a broader portfolio of knowledge for enterprises and managers interested either in acquiring or strengthening their know-how on this field. The limitations identified in this study are related to the type of alliances (IJV), the sector of the economy (food industry) and the geographical restriction, which all represents opportunities for future research. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as relações entre aprendizagem interorganizacional, a capacidade relacional e o desempenho das joint ventures internacionais (JVIs) no setor de alimentos no Brasil. Em um contexto de negócios moldados pela competitividade e eficiência organizacional, em um mundo cada vez mais interconectado, JVIs se tornaram uma importante força nas estratégias globais das empresas multinacionais. Apesar dos potenciais benefícios sinérgicos esperados, as JVIs são inerentemente formas organizacionais instáveis, uma vez que os incentivos à competição entre os parceiros são contraditórios com a cooperação entre eles. As JVIs são reconhecidamente veículos de aprendizagem inter oganizacional influenciados pelo desenvolvimento da capacidade de gestão da aliança, ou seja, a capacidade relacional. A aprendizagem interorganizacional explora as dinâmicas envolvidas com a aprendizagem colaborativa e competitiva entre os parceiros para gerar vantagem competitiva. Escolheu-se o setor de alimentos no Brasil em função de sua relevância para os objetivos da pesquisa, destacando-se a rápida evolução tecnológica do processo produtivo, a abertura comercial brasileira e o aumento da concorrência, especialmente pela entrada de grandes empresas multinacionais no setor. O estudo adota a metodologia qualitativa a partir da estratégia de estudo de casos múltiplos, envolvendo os gestores que participam da gestão de duas JVIs selecionadas. Os dados foram coletados via seis entrevistas com três executivos seniores de cada JVI e foram tratados se utilizando a técnica de análise categorial temática com categorias definidas a-priori. Os resultados obtidos corroboram com a literatura existente ao confirmar que nas JVIs direcionadas aos resultados o desempenho é avaliado pelo conjunto de métricas objetivas e, longevidade ou término das JVIs não deve ser utilizado como indicadores de desempenho. Ratifica que JVIs representam um importante canal de transferência de conhecimento entre organizações, influenciado pela natureza competitiva entre os parceiros, sendo que a natureza competitiva não é só função da sobreposição nos segmentos de atuação, mas também das diferenças em dimensões e agendas estratégicas entre eles. A existência da capacidade relacional nas JVIs, por sua vez, através de modelos de governança efetivos, favorece a aprendizagem interorganizacional e contribui para um melhor desempenho destas JVIs. Quanto às contribuições para a prática da gestão, este estudo, através das proposições apresentadas, oferece um portfólio de conhecimento para organizações e gestores interessados na formação ou que necessitam aumentar seu entendimento sobre as dinâmicas envolvidas nesta forma organizacional. As limitações identificadas neste estudo, relacionadas ao tipo de aliança estudada, setsetor da economia e restrição geográfica, implicam em oportunidades para futuras pesquisas.

The political history of South Africa, especially that of the apartheid years, has affected the structuring and functioning of business in the country profoundly. In general, White business is highly developed and formal, with access to financial and infrastructural support. Black business is often subsistence-based, informal and struggles for access to support mechanisms. These structural inequities have had a depressing impact on the economy that will continue if they are not resolved. Following the 1994 elections, policies and legislation have been introduced aimed at redressing structural imbalances. There is thus both a political and an economic imperative to bridge the gaps that have arisen between Black and White business. The study proposes Black/White joint ventures as a mechanism to this end. The history of Black/White relationships means that these enterprises are likely to face many problems. A model has been developed through the study for the formulation, structuring and operation of Black/White joint ventures that takes into account the factors that are likely to impact on these ventures and affect their success potential. The process of applying the model in practice is directed towards results that are not prejudiced by the background of the parties to the venture. The study expands the concept of joint ventures within the South African context to incorporate initiatives along a continuum ranging from extensions to employment to full joint ventures. Depending on its nature and objectives, a venture may be placed and remain at any stage along the continuum, or may progress along it. Case studies of Black/White joint ventures were investigated in depth and analysed in terms of the application of the model, in order to determine the relevance of the model. In all cases, the success or failure of the venture under scrutiny could be ascribed to the way in which the presence of various elements identified as being components of the model had been accommodated in practice within the venture. The use of the model when applied to formulating, structuring and operating a Black/White joint venture can contribute to its success potential. / Business Management / DBL

Orientador: Jete Jane Fiorati / Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo / Banca: José Carlos Garcia de Freitas / Resumo: Com aumento do comércio internacional e o avanço da tecnologia, houve um grande crescimento do consumo em todos os sentidos, principalmente o consumo de energia. Por isso, nunca se falou tanto na busca de alternativas para o petróleo do que nos dias atuais. O etanol surge, neste contexto, como um combustível viável para atender às necessidades globais. E nesse sentido, o setor sucroalcooleiro brasileiro atrai recursos de investidores de várias partes do mundo, principalmente por meio das empresas multinacionais, que buscam encontrar novos mercados novas tecnologias e o suprimento de novas necessidades através da atuação além das fronteiras. Este processo de internacionalização e procura por novos desafios, combinados com a crescente desregulamentação da economia e com uma maior sofisticação dos mercados financeiros, faz com que instrumentos econômicos e jurídicos, até então tradicionais, tornem-se insuficientes e incapazes de acompanhar e regulamentar todo esse movimento de recursos. Este estudo apresenta as operações de joint ventures como alternativas viáveis para a realização de investimentos estrangeiros no Brasil, com foco direcionado ao setor da agroindústria canavieira, devido a sua flexibilidade e facilidade de constituição, que as fazem estar em contínua e permanente evolução. São listadas as principais características das operações, seus aspectos positivos e negativos, bem como casos concretos de joint ventures estabelecidas no país entre empresas nacionais e estrangeiras. O investidor tem imenso interesse nesse novo combustível, que desponta como um dos fortes substitutos para o petróleo, e deseja alocar seus recursos em algo que seja certo e que, principalmente, traga lucros. Igualmente, deve ser considerada a longevidade desse tipo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increase of international trades and improvement of technology has caused a huge enhance of all kinds of consumption, especially consumption of energy. As a matter of fact, this issue about search for an alternative to the oil is constant repeated. Ethanol arises in this context as a viable fuel for the global demands. Brazilian sugar and ethanol industries attract resources of several parts of the world, mainly multinational companies, that are searching for markets, new technologies and the supply of new needs, through activities beyond the borders. This whole process of internationalization and these new challenges, combined to a growing of a non-regulation economy and a larger sophistication of the financial markets, become traditional law and economic instruments to insufficient and incapable pieces that are not able to attend and regulate this movement of financial resources. This text presents joint ventures cases in Brazil as viable alternative for the achievement of attraction of foreign investments, focused directly to the sugar cane agro-industry, due to flexibility and facility of a joint venture constitution, that maintain it in a permanent evolution. Main characteristics of these operations are listed, both negative and positive aspects, as well concrete cases of joint ventures established in the country between national and foreign companies. Shareholders have an immense interest in this new kind of fuel that emerges like one of the most important substitutes for the gasoline and it is going to allocate their financial resources into a right business that can bring profits. Also, the longevity of this kind of investment should be considered, because it reveals the concern of multinational companies about their business in other countries, directing more investments for these locals. For... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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Identifying the antecedents of export performance is critical for researchers, due to the many benefits of exporting for firms and nations. Many researchers have, thus, devoted their research efforts to identifying export performance antecedents. Export marketing adaptation and firm level export market orientation (or EMO) have emerged as two critical export performance predictors. However, two important research questions remain unexamined. The first is whether firms ought to pursue heterogeneous levels of marketing adaptation across ventures in order to boost venture performance, and whether the answer to this question is contingent upon internal firm resources which support adaptation (namely EMO) and upon the environments faced across ventures. The second question concerns what the total amount (i.e. quantity) of export marketing adaptation firms should undertake in order to boost firm export performance is, and whether the answer to this question depends on internal firm resources supporting adaptation (more specifically, EMO) and on the overall export environments faced by firms. Underpinned by a contingent approach to the study of business performance, this study set out to answer to such questions, via developing and testing two conceptual models. The models were tested using data collected from British exporting companies. The findings of the first model indicate that marketing adaptation across ventures becomes increasingly beneficial for venture performance (directly in the case of sales performance and indirectly in the case of profit performance) as EMO rises and as the levels of environmental differences across ventures increase. Results of the second model suggest that, under greater levels of EMO, firm export sales performance attains its highest values when the firm practices either very low or very high levels of marketing adaptation quantity. Also, under greater levels of EMO, firm export sales performance is increasingly reduced the more the firm deviates from extreme (low/high) marketing adaptation quantities. Additionally, as the firm s export environments become more heterogeneous, the firm benefits increasingly more from pursuing either very low or very high marketing adaptation quantity levels (with sales performance being maximized when the firm pursues very high levels of marketing adaptation quantity), and the reductions in firm export sales performance accruing from undertaking intermediate marleting adaptation quantity levels are increasingly higher. Findings also suggest that enhancing marketing adaptation quantity is beneficial for firm export profit performance up to an optimal point. The returns brought by additional increments in marketing adaptation quantity are increasingly smaller as marketing adaptation quantity increases. Beyond an optimal point, additional increments in marketing adaptation quantity diminish firm export profit performance. The marketing adaptation quantity-firm export profit performance link was not found to be moderated directly neither by EMO nor by firm export environmental differences. EMO was found to have a positive impact on firm export sales and profit performance.

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Science in Construction Project Management

Cette recherche a eu pour but principal de montrer, à travers l’exemple de l’industrie informatique dans les années 90, que la stratégie de partenariat est aujourd’hui devenue un outil essentiel pour permettre aux entreprises à la tête d’une industrie à forte innovation technologique, confrontée à des changements structurels importants, et en particulier à la désintégration menant au leadership technologique partagé, de maintenir leur position dominante. Les quatre parties du travail constituent une suite logique d’étapes contribuant chacune à valider la thèse: la partie I porte sur la synthèse des principaux courants de la littérature scientifique sur les accords de collaboration et leur relation avec l’évolution des industries. Le but poursuivi dans la partie II est de décrire les changements intervenus dans l’industrie informatique au cours des années 90 et de formuler l’hypothèse d’une relation entre ces changements et la stratégie des firmes dans le domaine des accords de collaboration. Cette hypothèse est vérifiée empiriquement dans les parties III et IV à l’aide d’une banque de données sur les accords de collaboration. La partie III du travail présente les résultats descriptifs et la partie IV les résultats analytiques permettant de valider l’hypothèse.

Dans un contexte de globalisation des marchés, les partenariats inter-firmes et les joint ventures internationales (JVI) se sont considérablement développés à l’échelle mondiale. La littérature montre qu’en dépit des nombreux avantages offerts aux entreprises, ces stratégies demeurent risquées avec un niveau de performance hétérogène. Dans le cadre de cette recherche doctorale, nous proposons d’étudier l’impact des conditions initiales sur la longévité et les modalités de sortie des joint ventures implantées dans les pays de la Méditerranée. Dans cet objectif, nous avons retenu une perspective holistique en mobilisant trois ensembles de variables : l’environnement de la structure commune, les caractéristiques des partenaires et celles de la joint venture. Ces conditions initiales, prises en compte au moment de la formation de la relation, sont considérées comme des éléments « déstabilisateurs » influençant la durée de la relation partenariale. Afin de déterminer l’influence de ces variables, nous avons construit une base de données, à partir de la presse économique. L’échantillon est constitué de 124 JVI implantées dans huit pays de la région méditerranéenne et créées entre 1996 et 2003. Les analyses statistiques de survie nous ont permis de montrer que le type des JVI (JVI créées par des investissements greenfield ou par acquisition) et le degré de similarité des activités entre le partenaire étranger et la JVI exercent une influence significative sur la longévité. / Inter-firm partnerships and international joint ventures (IJV) have developed significantly at the global scale. Previous studies show that, despite their benefits, these strategies remain risky, with a heterogeneous level of performance. In this doctoral dissertation, we aim to analyze the impact of initial conditions on longevity and exit modes of joint ventures established in Mediterranean countries. For this purpose, we have chosen a holistic approach by using three sets of variables: the environment of the common structure, the characteristics of the partner companies and the characteristics of the joint venture. Such initial conditions, under which IJVs are formed, are considered as "destabilizing" factors influencing the duration of the partnership. In order to determine the influence of these variables, we created a database, relying on the international business press. The sample includes 124 IJVs which were formed between 1996 and 2003 and implemented in eight countries of the Mediterranean region. Survival analysis shows that the type of IJV (created by greenfield investments or by acquisition) and the industry relatedness of an IJV to its foreign parent have a significant influence on longevity.

This thesis investigates the factors influencing the internationalization of firms through a multi-layered analysis grounded in international business. It addresses the following questions. First, in what ways does the institutional environment facilitate or hinder the growth of start-ups? And in what ways does institutional diversity across countries affect internationalizing firms? Second, in light of the variety of internationalization patterns, what modifications are necessary to the theories of internationalization? Third, how do rapidly internationalizing firms explore and exploit capabilities? And in what ways does capability development differ between firms that realize early, rapid internationalization and those firms that do not? Answering the first set of questions involves recasting the comparative institutional analysis of national political economies. This thesis demonstrates that: 1) when national institutions are in transition, business entrepreneurs can bring about institutional change, or else act to avoid or adapt specific institutions for their own use; and 2) international institutional diversity seems to be less influential in determining the expansion pattern of rapidly internationalizing firms. Next, to address the second question, this thesis examines the factors influencing the speed of internationalization. The proposed models point to a larger role of entrepreneurs’ perception and the relevance of the resources factor, and better accommodate a wider variety of internationalization paths. In order to answer the third set of questions, this thesis investigates the early stage development of firm-level capabilities among internationalizing firms. The result points to: 1) the faster transformation of individual capabilities to firm-level routines; 2) a wider variety of routines for exploring external capabilities; and 3) a higher ability to exploit ordinary routines, among more rapidly internationalizing firms. Finally, this thesis discusses how each of the three levels of analysis relates to the other levels. The overall analysis demonstrates the value of multi-layered approach in investigating the firm’s internationalization.

O trabalho trata do interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista enquanto tipo societário que agrega participação estatal e privada em seu capital social, e que se constitui em instrumento do Estado para a implementação de políticas públicas. Analisa os elementos que as caracterizam e os problemas internos e externos que delas decorrem, buscando demonstrar que toda sua estrutura gravita em torno do interesse público que lhes dá causa. Em um segundo momento, percorre os meandros da expressão interesse público, investigando seus aspectos ideológicos e a compreensão do conceito no decorrer da evolução histórico-cultural do pensamento jurídico-político. Assegura que sua essência de conceito jurídico indeterminado não retira a possibilidade de sua melhor aplicação a cada caso concreto, tendo em vista que seu núcleo permanece aberto à realidade. Entende que, com a instituição do Estado Democrático de Direito pela Constituição Federal de 1988, que erigiu a dignidade da pessoa humana como princípio fundamental da ordem econômicasocial, o interesse público passou a constituir uma forma de garantir a satisfação dos interesses privados, pelo que não se pode incorrer no erro de afirmar que o interesse público coloca em risco os direitos fundamentais, conferindo à expressão um caráter autoritário que, em verdade, ela não contém. Aduz sobre a propalada idéia de supremacia do interesse público sobre o interesse privado, não contemplada explicitamente pelo texto constitucional, mas amplamente admitida pelo Direito Administrativo como princípio que consagra uma finalidade imperativa e indisponível da Administração e de seus agentes. Apresenta o embate atual na doutrina brasileira entre a corrente de juristas que propugna pela reconstrução do princípio da supremacia do interesse público, com base na nova roupagem que lhe foi conferida pela Constituição Federal, de garantidor dos direitos fundamentais, frente à corrente que defende a desconstrução do princípio que, a seu ver, colocaria em risco os interesses privados, o que demandaria um juízo de ponderação entre os interesses conflitantes. Em seguida, passa a analisar o interesse público como elemento fundamental da atividade estatal e combate que a participação do Estado na exploração direta de atividade econômica tenha caráter subsidiário; o Estado não só pode, como deve intervir no domínio econômico, visando assegurar o melhor interesse público a ser realizado. Em sua parte final, o trabalho traz, especificamente, a compreensão do interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista com base nas questões clássicas que derivam da atuação do Estado em um contexto macroeconômico, sob a perspectiva do poder de controle, da função social da empresa, do lucro e da concorrência. Conclui que o interesse público nas sociedades de economia mista se confunde com sua própria finalidade e deve ser compreendido tanto como elemento que norteia todos os aspectos de sua constituição, tanto como elemento que direciona a atuação estatal na atividade econômica. / The paper discusses the public interest in joint ventures as a type of company that combines state and private participation in its capital stock, and that it constitutes in an instrument of the State for the implementation of public policies. It analyzes the elements that characterize them and the internal and external problems resulting thereon, seeking to demonstrate that their whole structure revolves around the public interest that gives them rise. Then it goes through the intricacies of the term public interest by investigating its ideological aspects and understanding the concept in the course of historical and cultural evolution of the legal and political thought. It ensures that its essence of indeterminate legal concept does not remove the possibility of its best application in each specific case, given that its core remains open to reality. It considers that, with the establishment of the Democratic Rule-of-law State by the Federal Constitution of 1988, that raised the human dignity as a fundamental principle of social-economic order, public interest began to be a way to ensure satisfaction of private interests, by that you cannot make the mistake of asserting that the public interest endangers the fundamental rights, giving the expression an authoritarian character that, in fact, it does not have. It brings forward the divulged idea about supremacy of the public interest over the private interest, not covered explicitly by the Constitution, but widely accepted by the Administrative Law as the principle that elects a mandatory and unavailable purpose of the Administration and its agents. It presents the current resistance in Brazilian doctrine between the jurists current who advocates the reconstruction of the public interest supremacy principle, based on the new look given to it by the Federal Constitution, of guarantor of fundamental rights, and the current that defends the deconstruction of the principle that, in their opinion, endanger the private interests, which would require a court to deliberate between conflicting interests. Then it analyzes the public interest as a fundamental element of the state activity and it combats that the States participation in the direct exploitation of economic activity has subsidiary nature; the State not only may, but must intervene in the economic order, in order to ensure the best interest public. In its final part, this paper brings, specifically, the understanding of the public interest in joint ventures based on the classic questions that arise from the actions of the State in a macroeconomic context, from the perspective of controlling power, companys social function, profit and competition. Its conclusion is that the public interest in joint ventures is confounded with its own purpose and should be understood both as an element that guides all aspects of its constitution, and as an element that directs the State action in economic activity.