Självkänsla har befunnits ha en relation med de olika personlighetsdimensionerna i Big Five. Dock har olika självaspekters roll inte belysts i tidigare studier. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka relationen mellan inre och yttre aspekter av självkänsla och personlighet. Studien baseras på en enkätundersökning där 74 psykologistudenter på Stockholms universitet deltog. En multivariat variansanalys visade att en signifikant effekt av bassjälvkänsla och förvärvad självkänsla på Big Five dimensionerna fanns. De univariata testen visade att hög bassjälvkänsla resulterade i en signifikant högre extraversion, agreeableness och openness. En hög förvärvad självkänsla resulterade i en signifikant högre neuroticism samt en signifikant högre conscientiousness. En tendens till interaktionseffekt fanns vad gällde openness. Kombinationen av låg bassjälvkänsla och hög förvärvad självkänsla uppvisade lägst openness, det vill säga var särskilt benägen till rigiditet och konventionalitet.

Personality is something that sets every human being apart, yet it is something that has been quite hard to pinpoint. Recently, neuroscientists have begun pinning down the neural correlates of personality traits – with focus on the Big Five, sparking a whole new subfield within personality research, known as personality neuroscience. By using neuroscientific methods and techniques to find the underpinnings of the Big Five have led to a deeper and broader understanding of how genetics and the environment integrate into making individuals who they are. This research has also been helpful in the prediction of various outcomes e.g. academic performance and achievement and neuropsychological disorders. In this thesis, the supposed neural correlates of the Big Five are examined through thorough and critical investigations, where evidence from some of the existing relevant studies is reviewed and compared, as well as the different problems and complexities that the field of personality neuroscience is dealing with. The findings in this thesis shows that extraversion has neurobiological basis in the frontal areas of the brain, neuroticism with reduced volume in the frontal areas, agreeableness with frontoparietal areas that are related to theory of mind as well as temporal regions, conscientiousness with frontal parts that are associated with planning and goal-orientation, and openness/intellect with frontoparietal areas as well as subcortical regions, which have been linked with intelligence and creativity. However, some of the correlations were inconsistent and scattered and further research needs to be done. The analysis of academic achievement and performance, as well as neuropsychological disorders and the Big Five with neuroimaging as a method, have shown to be limited, thus much more research is needed.

The on-line auction has become an important issue in Taiwan, due to the intense competition between e-Bay and Yahoo! auction. However the relative researches in Taiwan hasn¡¦t analyzed the bidding strategies of on-line auction bidders in detail. Therefore after reviewing relative literature, the motivation of using on-line auction, the characteristics of personality, the experience of internet and the involvement of product were saw as independent variables to discuss their relationships with bidding strategies, including the time of entering, the increment of bid, the numbers of bid and the degree of insistence in this research. Discovering the main factors affecting the time of entering are the experience of using on-line auction and the rating of bidder; the degree of exocentric in personality can affect the increment of bid; the motivation of using on-line auction and the involvement of product can affect the numbers of bid and the degree of insistence. Hence we can understand these four strategies were affected by different factors, and the forming of entire bidding strategies is very complicated. Going a step further, these four strategies were used to proceed cluster analysis, dividing the bidders into three groups¡G1. amateur bidders; 2. snipers; 3. impulsive bidders.

As it becomes more common for individuals to work in many different jobs throughout their lives, career adaptability becomes more important to understanding how individuals deal with this changing environment. This study examined the history and background of career adaptability and personality, as well as current research in the field. A total of 196 students from a large Midwestern university completed the Career Futures Inventory – Revised and a Big Five measure from the International Personality Item Pool to examine potential relationships between individual personality traits and career adaptability. Pearson correlations, linear and hierarchical regression analyses, and analysis of variance were used to analyze possible relationships. The results of the study indicated that 39.7% of career adaptability was accounted for by the Big Five personality traits. All five personality traits and career adaptability were moderately correlated and neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion predicted participants’ overall career adaptability. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that career adaptability and career agency both predicted major satisfaction above and beyond personality. Key words: career adaptability, Big Five personality, major satisfaction

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Ecology-Personal Financial Planning / Martin Seay / Little is known about the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction. This dissertation examines three questions. First, what are the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction at the American state level? Second, what are the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction at the individual level? Third, what are the relationships between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction among financially strained households? Essay one utilizes data aggregated at the state level from two nationally representative datasets in order to examine the relationships between Big Five personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) and financial satisfaction at the American state level. Results from bivariate analyses and a two-block hierarchical regression model indicate that conscientiousness is negatively associated with financial satisfaction and extraversion is positively associated with financial satisfaction at the American state level. Essay two utilizes data from the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine relationships between personality characteristics (Big Five personality traits and positive/negative affect) and financial satisfaction at the individual level. Results from a three-block ordinal logistic regression model indicate that personality characteristics are important predictors of financial satisfaction. Extraversion is positively associated with financial satisfaction while neuroticism and agreeableness are negatively associated with financial satisfaction when Big Five personality traits were the only personality characteristics incorporated into the model. However, when positive affect and negative affect were added to the model, only agreeableness remained negatively associated with financial satisfaction, while both positive and negative affect were positively and negatively associated with financial satisfaction, respectively. Essay three utilizes data from the 2012 wave of the HRS to examine relationships between personality characteristics (Big Five personality traits and positive/negative affect) and financial satisfaction among individuals in households exhibiting both objective and subjective indicators of financial strain. Results from a series of ordinal logistic regressions indicate that individual level associations between personality characteristics and financial satisfaction remained largely the same among households exhibiting financial strain, though evidence suggests that interventions aimed at influencing positive affect may be an effective means to enhancing well-being among financially strained populations. Overall, personality characteristics were found to be important predictors of financial satisfaction which have been largely overlooked in prior models of financial satisfaction. Going forward, a better understanding of the relationships between personality characteristics and subjective measures of economic well-being will be needed in order to determine how consumer well-being can be most effectively promoted.

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Tidigare forskning kring personlighet och utbildningsval har bedrivits i flertalet länder, men inte i Sverige så vitt vi vet. Vårt syfte med den föreliggande studien var att åtgärda denna kunskapslucka inom svensk akademi. Ytterligare ett syfte var att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan studenternas personlighet och hur svår de upplever sin utbildning. Följande frågeställningar formulerades: 1) Skiljer sig personlighet mellan olika akademiska utbildningsgrupper? 2) Finns det samband mellan personlighet och hur svår studenten upplever utbildningen? Deltagarna var studenter och före detta studenter vid svenska högskolor och universitet. Det totala antalet svarande i studien var 114 personer (56% kvinnor). Enkäten som användes bestod av två personlighetstest: IPIP-120 (International Personality Item Pool) (chronbachs alpha α mellan .87 till .90) som mäter personlighet enligt femfaktormodellen samt PID-5 (The Personality Inventory for DSM-5) (chronbachs alpha α mellan .76 till .89). Insamlade data analyserade i SPSS med hjälp av de statistiska verktygen envägs-anova, oberoende t-test, Pearsons korrelation (r) samt regressionsanalys. Resultaten visade att 1) det personlighetsdrag som urskilde sig mest var openness. Den största skillnaden noterades mellan studenter inom personal och beteendevetenskap samt data och IT där beteendevetare hade högre medelvärde av openness fasetter intellect och emotionality. 2) Resultatet visade att personlighetsdraget neuroticism bäst predicerade studentens upplevda svårighet och att sambandet var positivt. Det resultat föreliggande studie visat menar vi skulle kunna vara till nytta vid förbättring och utveckling av framtida akademiska utbildningar. / Research on the relationship between personality and academic majors has been conducted in some countries, but not in Sweden to the extent of our knowledge. Our aim with this study is therefore to cover this knowledge gap in Swedish academy. Another purpose was to explore if there was a relationship between a students' personality traits and how difficult they found their education. The following questions were formulated: 1) Does personality differ between groups in various academic majors? 2) Is there a connection between a student's personality and the perceived difficulty? The participants were students and former students at Swedish universities. The total number of participants was 114 (56% women). The survey used consisted of two personality-tests: IPIP-120 (International Personality Item Pool) (chronbachs alpha α ranged from .87 to .90) that measures personality according the Big-five theory, and PID-5 (The Personality Inventory for DSM-5) (chronbachs alpha α ranged from .76 to .89). The collected data was analyzed with SPSS and the statistical tools: One-way ANOVA, independent t-test, Pearsons correlation (r) and regression analysis. Our results showed that, 1) the personality dimension that differentiated the most were openness, this between behavioral science students and computer science students, where the behavioral science students had the highest openness scores. 2) The result also demonstrated that the trait neuroticism was the best predictor of how difficult the students experienced their education. The results of this study could be very useful in the development and improvement of future universities and educations.

The aim of this thesis is to examine preferences for personality traits within the spectrum of extroversion and introversion. Based on previous research, the hypothesis of this study was that extroversion was valued higher than introversion. The differences between men and women’s preferences were also examined. The material being used was based on research on the fundamental lexical hypothesis and its semantic similarity to the Big Five. Seventy two students filled in a questionnaire where they were asked to rate 18 personality adjectives as positive or negative. The results indicate a preference for extroversion which supports the hypothesis. However, no significant difference between men and women could assuredly be established. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka preferenser för personlighetsdrag inom spektret extroversion och introversion. Med utgångspunkt från tidigare studier ställdes hypotesen att extroversion värderas högre än introversion. Dessutom undersöktes om preferenserna skiljer mellan kvinnor och män. Materialet som användes var baserad på studier om den fundamentala lexikala hypotesen och dess semantiska likhet till the Big Five. Sjuttiotvå studenter fick besvara en enkät där de ombads bedöma 18 personlighetsadjektiv som positiva eller negativa. Resultatet visar en generell preferens för extroverta personlighetsadjektiv vilket stödjer studiens hypotes. Någon säker skillnad mellan mäns och kvinnors preferenser gick inte att iaktta.

Idag finns det endast begränsad forskning om sambanden mellan inkomstutfall och specifika personlighetsdrag, därför ville vi undersöka detta vidare. Syftet med studien var sålunda att undersöka sambanden mellan inkomstutfall och specifika personlighetsdrag inom Big Five. Uttrycket ”fasett” användes i studien och avsåg specifika personlighetsdrag som tillsammans bildade bredare benämningar på olika personlighetsdrag. Personlighetsdragen delades in i fem bredare benämningar (faktorer) och 30 specifika personlighetsdrag, varav 11 lyftes fram i denna studie. Sambanden studerades på fasettnivå, samtidigt som det kontrollerades för ålder, kön och antal år i nuvarande yrket. Studien bestod av en enkät med två delar, dels med 16 självskattade frågor kring inkomst dels med 120 självskattade påståenden kring personlighet, IPIP NEO - 120. Data bearbetades med en korrelationsanalys och en multipel regressionsanalys. I studien testades fyra hypoteser, där tre av fyra kunde få stöd av resultatet (N=131, ålder 18–61 år, 68% kvinnor och 32% män). Anxiety (ångest), assertiveness (bestämdhet) och achievement-striving (prestationsinriktad) var de tre fasetter som fann stöd i resultatet. Modesty (blygsamhet) fann inte stöd. Av alla fasetter så visade adventurousness (äventyrlig) (β = .24, p = .02) och achievement-striving (prestationsinriktad) (β = .25, p = .01) störst prediktiv (förutsägande) förmåga tillsammans med kontrollvariabeln ålder (β = .52, p < .001). Resultaten från studien kan vara till hjälp genom att ge en bild av personlighetens generella prediktiva förmåga för inkomst samt vikten av samspelet mellan yrkeskvalifikationer och personlighet. Kunskap om hur personlighet samvarierar med inkomst kan bidra till utveckling inom områden som rekrytering, personalvägledning och lönesättning / Today there is limited research on the relationship between specific personality traits and income. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between income and specific personality traits within the Big Five. The term "facet" was used in the study referring to the 30 specific personality traits, 11 of which are highlighted in this study, which together form five broader factors. The correlations were studied at facet level, whilst controlling for age, sex and number of years in the current profession. The study consisted of a two-part questionnaire, partly with 16 selfassessed questions about income, partly with 120 self-assessed claims about personality (IPIP NEO-120). Data was processed using a correlation analysis and a multiple regression analysis. 4 hypotheses were tested, where 3 out of 4 could be supported by the result (N = 131, age 18-61 years, 68% women and 32% men). Anxiety, assertiveness and achievement-striving were the 3 facets that found support in the result, while Modesty did not find support. Of all facets, adventurousness (β = .24, p = .02) and achievement-striving (β = .25, p = .01) showed the greatest predictive ability along with the control variable age (β = .52 , p <.001). The results from the study can be helpful by showing the predictive ability of personality on income as well as the relation between professional qualifications and personality. Knowledge about how personality correlates with income can contribute to development in areas such as recruitment, personnel development and salary settlements.

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