Spanning over three decades, the prose of Vladimir Makanin bears witness to the extraordinary changes SovietlRussian society and literature have undergone, and to which he, as a writer, has been continually exposed. The focus of the thesis is Makanin's abiding concern with the condition of man; man as individual and man as a collective term. The position of man in time (contemporaneity), out of time (the eternal memory of man), and through time (the past, present and future). Despite this apparent central concern, the author's prose is constantly changing, and what seemed previously to be absolutes are subverted. In this unstable environment the author continually expresses the reality in which he perceives man to be, until the concepts of 'reality' and the nature of 'man' are themselves destabilised. Chapter 1 provides an introductory overview of Makanin' s literary career and critical reception. The five core chapters examine different presentations of man's condition. Chapter 2 discusses the tension of the individual amongst the collective, with particular emphasis on the spatial representation of this dilemma. The third chapter is an examination of the incorporation of parables, myths and legends, revealing attempts to depict a 'higher reality' and also the author's means of overcoming socialist realism's censorship constraints. In Chapter 4, the author's concept of 'genetic memory' is considered as a temporal and spatial construct for examining man's individuality and condition in contemporary society. This chapter additionally highlights the author's move from his early social realist depictions revealed in the first two chapters, to his later interest in Russian postmodern theories found in the following two chapters. In Chapters 5 and 6 Makanin's ideas on narrative, history, and man's postmodern condition are analysed. The final text to be discussed, Kavkazskii plennyi, is examined as an innovation in Makanin's philosophy and postmodem prose.

The thesis examines isolation and caritas, or charity, in The Confidence-Man as polar themes which express, respectively, withdrawal from and suspicion of the human community and integration within and appreciation for that community. Isolation is considered a negative theme; caritas, an affirmative theme.

The relationship between social interest and personal adjustment described by Adler seems to imply that the CO score is positively correlated with personal adjustment. If the CO score in a human figure drawing indicates the degree of social interest manifested by an individual, it is reasoned that the CO score will measure that individual's adjustment level.

Heterosexual romance and marriage are institutionalized ideals in our society, set forth, in part, through the portrayal of stereotyped gender roles in fairy tales, such as Cinderella, and by the mainstream media. This thesis explores the cultural messages aimed at women, which impose the necessity of altering oneself to achieve marriage, and offers feminist viewpoints. Using the form of the personal essay, I discuss the ideals of Cinderella, Prince Charming, marriage, and Happily Ever After as unrealistic, though still prevalent, given the popularity of books like The Rules: Time-tested Secrets for Capturing the Heart of Mr. Right, and Princess Diana as Cinderella icon. Essays on my own experience of marriage and divorce supplement the cultural issues, juxtaposing the personal and political toward a new paradigm for relationships.

Les Maladies Inflammatoires Chroniques de l’Intestin (MICI) regroupent la maladie de Crohn (MC) et la Rectocolite Hémorragique (RCH), deux maladies qui se caractérisent par l’inflammation de la paroi d’une partie du tube digestif, source de lésions destructrices (ulcérations). Ces pathologies complexes sont influencées par de multiples facteurs génétiques et environnementaux. D’une part, de nombreux gènes de susceptibilité pour ces maladies ont été identifiés, mais ils ne permettent d’expliquer qu’une fraction mineure du développement des MICI. D’autre part, certaines études montrent qu’un dysfonctionnement du processus de prise en charge des xénobiotiques dans la muqueuse digestive peut jouer un rôle dans l’initiation et/ou la progression des MICI. Notre travail a consisté, dans un premier temps, en l’étude du profil d’expression de gènes codant pour des protéines impliquées dans le métabolisme et le transport des xénobiotiques. Une stratégie de RT-PCR quantitative en temps réel, permettant l’analyse simultanée de l’expression de 377 gènes, a été utilisée. Cette analyse a été réalisée sur des échantillons de muqueuse intestinale de sujets témoins et de patients atteints de MC, ainsi que sur cinq lignées de cellules épithéliales intestinales.Cette étude a permis d’identifier les systèmes de prise en charge des xénobiotiques présents dans la muqueuse intestinale saine. Des profils d’expression différents ont été mis en évidence entre les tissus intestinaux sains et inflammatoires, mais également entre les tissus intestinaux et les lignées cellulaires intestinales, ce qui suggère des différences majeures dans les processus de prise en charge cellulaire des xénobiotiques, et, par conséquent des différences de susceptibilité à l’effet des composés toxiques exogènes. Dans un second temps, la petite protéine G, Rac1, a été étudiée. Cette protéine est impliquée dans la réparation des ulcérations de l’épithélium intestinal et a récemment été identifiée comme la cible des métabolites actifs des médicaments thiopuriniques, largement prescrits dans le traitement des MICI. La nature et l’étendue de la variabilité de la séquence nucléotidique du gène Rac1 a été évaluée, chez des volontaires sains et des patients atteints de MICI, à l’aide d’une stratégie basée sur le couplage de l’analyse du polymorphisme de conformation de fragments d’ADN simple brin générés par réaction de polymérisation en chaine (PCR-SSCP) et du séquençage. Des études in silico et in vitro des conséquences fonctionnelles des polymorphismes d’intérêts ont ensuite été effectuées dans des lignées cellulaires intestinales (HT29 et Caco-2) et lymphocytaires (Jurkat). Cela nous a conduits à mieux caractériser le promoteur de Rac1 par une analyse de délétion séquentielle et par des techniques de ChIP et d’EMSA.Cette étude nous a permis de démontrer pour la première fois l’existence de polymorphismes génétiques fonctionnels de Rac1 et d’identifier son promoteur minimal, ainsi que des facteurs de transcription à l’origine de la régulation de cette protéine. / Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) of the gastrointestinal tract. These are multifactorial polygenic diseases with probable genetic heterogeneity. An emerging concept suggesting that dysfunction(s) of the processing of xenobiotics in the intestinal mucosa may be an important event in the initiation and progression of IBD has been discussed. Firstly, in this study, a precise and reliable characterization of the global expression profile of genes which code enzymes, transporters and nuclear factors involved in the processing of xenobiotics has been performed in intestinal epithelium of controls or patients with IBD, and in 5 intestinal cell lines. A quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis using TaqMan Low Density Arrays (TLDA) was performed to simultaneously measure the expression of 377 genes.This work has identified genes encoding proteins that are involved in the metabolism and the disposition of xenobiotics in the healthy intestinal mucosa. Different genes expression profile between healthy and inflammatory intestinal tissues and between healthy intestinal tissues and intestinal cell lines were found. These tissues will consequently display distinctive susceptibility toward environmental chemicals and their toxic effects.Secondly, the small G protein, Rac1, which regulates cutaneous and mucosal intestinal wound healing and is identified as a target of active metabolites of thiopurine drugs, used in the treatment of IBD, has been studied. We searched for sequence variations by analysing the nucleotide sequence of the promoter and the coding sequence of Rac1 in genomic DNA from healthy volunteers and patients with IBD, using a PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) strategy and sequencing. The functional consequences of variations, that have been identified, were then analysed in silico and in vitro, in human intestinal cell lines (HT29 and Caco-2) and leukemia T-lymphocyte cell line (Jurkat). Via various deletion constructs, a putative regulatory region was identified and characterized further by chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays.This work provides the first evidence that a functional genetic polymorphism of Rac1 activity exists. Furthermore, this study characterizes the proximal promoter of Rac1 gene and demonstrates the presence of consensus binding sites for numerous transcription factors, which could influence gene expression.

Thesis (M.A.B.S.)--Multnomah Graduate School of Ministry, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-76).

Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Illinois University, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-44).

<p>Sexuality contains more than just reproduction and is an important part of quality of life. Chronic disease can lead to sexual dysfunction for both males and females. The nurse plays an important role in informing and teaching. Throughout dialogue and observations the nurse can detect possible problems, document and then take measures. The study was performed as information retrieval of literature where the cause was to highlight sexuality for patients that have experienced a myocardial infarction. Their needs of information and what measures that exists to improve the information. The study consists of thirteen articles which were analyzed and the result was divided in different categories; males and females sexuality after a myocardial infarction, needs of information about sexuality connected to a myocardial infarction and what various measures to take. The result showed that females and males sexuality was affected both physically and mentally after a myocardial infarction. There were effects through reduced- frequency, satisfaction, lust, interest and sexual activity. Both sex showed concerns and/or fear. One of the reasons was that either themselves, or their partner, were afraid that intercourse would cause another myocardial infarction. The need of information was great, there were requests for adequate advice and of attuned information. It was obvious that when and how much of the information to receive was individual, and it became clear that existing means to disposal that could make nursing easier when it comes to inform and teach patients. An informative video and a heart rehabilitation program showed good results in the returning to sexual activity.</p>

<p>Vi har en samtidskultur som präglas av en stark fokus på kroppens utformning. Den finns överallt där vi rör oss. Tidningar, tv och reklam visar oss hela tiden hur en manskropp eller en kvinnokropp skall se ut. Skolungdomar matas ständigt av intryck av att ett framgångsrikt liv hänger samman med en vacker kropp. Skolämnet Idrott och hälsa skapar olika föreställningar om kroppen och dess kroppslighet. Idealen som eleverna påverkas av är en blandning av samhällets olika institutioner. Skolan är en av dessa institutioner.</p><p> Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om eleverna påverkas av samhällets kroppsideal under sina lektioner i Idrott och hälsa. Undersökningen gjordes med hjälp av metoden kvalitativ intervju med sammanlagt 29 elever och 4 lärare på 4 stycken gymnasieskolor i sydvästra Sverige. Intervjuerna spelades in på band och skrevs därefter ner på papper för att underlätta databearbetningen.</p><p> Efter genomförd undersökning fann vi att eleverna inte verkar påverkas i den grad av kroppsidealet som vi trodde att de skulle göra. Det verkar mer som det är viktigare att gå klädd i det senaste modet än att träna sin kropp efter idealen i samhället. Eleverna och lärarna var eniga i att det fanns en påverkan av kroppsidealet i skolorna, men det verkade inte som om elever och lärare tyckte att det påverkade lektionerna i Idrott och hälsa. Det fanns även en skillnad mellan skolorna där skolorna med en idrottslig profil tänkte mer på kroppens utformning än vad eleverna gjorde i skolorna med en estetisk profil.</p>

<p>Enligt World Health Organization beräknas depression vara den andra största sjukdomsorsaken i västvärlden år 2020. Män och kvinnor har olika upplevelser och uttryckssätt vid depression. Kvinnor visar sina känslor tydligare än män, vilket kan leda till att mäns upplevelser av depression kan förbises. <strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva män respektive kvinnors upplevelser av depression för att sjuksköterskan ska få en djupare förståelse för depression ur ett genusperspektiv. <strong>Metod:</strong> En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar. <strong>Resultat</strong>: Upplevelser av depression var liknande för både män och kvinnor, men vissa skillnader förekom. Båda könen upplevde ensamhet, hopplöshet, utmattning, skam och dålig självkänsla. Hos kvinnor framkom oftare att de kände att de måste leva upp till omgivningens förväntningar, och hos män framkom oftare upplevelser av ilska och tankar på död och självmord. <strong>Diskussion: </strong>Vår diskussion belyser skillnader och likheter i män och kvinnors upplevelser av depression. Att kvinnor diagnostiseras oftare kan bero på att män visar andra eller färre symptom. Detta fenomen bör åskådliggöras för att möjliggöra förändringar i mötet mellan sjuksköterska och patient. Både män och kvinnor upplevde att det fanns en stigmatisering av depression och att isolering fördjupade depressionen.<strong> Slutsats: </strong>Eftersom depression även uppkommer i samband med somatiska sjukdomar kommer sjuksköterskan ofta att möta män och kvinnor som insjuknat i depression. Därför är det av vikt att förstå deras upplevelser och bemöta dem med respekt och empati. Författarna efterlyser fortsatt forskning om framförallt mäns, men även kvinnors upplevelser och uttryckssätt i samband med depression.</p>