I denna uppsats undersöks om, och i så fall hur, man översätter könsneutralt på Europaparlamentet. Man kan översätta könsneutralt genom att till exempel skriva han eller hon, använda passiv eller plural. För att kunna undersöka hur man översätter könsneutralt, redogörs för vad genus och könsneutralt språk är, vilken roll genus spelar för denna typ av översättning, vilka olika genusaspekter som är viktiga för tyska och svenska, och terminologiska aspekter. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten bygger på feministisk lingvistisk och översättningsteoretisk litteratur som Simon, Thüne och Leonardi, Jobin och von Flotow. Material och metod baseras på interna dokument som Europaparlamentet gett ut. Jag har använt mig av Europaparlamentets arbetsordning som material och två rekommendationshäften om könsneutralt språk i Europaparlamentet som utgångspunkt. Därutöver gjorde jag intervjuer med två tyska och två svenska översättare på Europaparlamentet i Luxemburg. Resultaten visar att alla rekommendationer om könsneutralt språk faktiskt inte används, utan att man har valt olika strategier på tyska och svenska. I båda språken används passiv form och plural, medan användningen av pronomen skiljer sig mycket mellan de båda språken. Vidare ansågs omskrivning med substantivering som mycket tveksam och förekom inte heller i arbetsordningsanalysen. Det som undersöktes var adjektivböjningen och användningen av pronomen vad gäller funktionsbeteckningar i Europaparlamentets arbetsordning. Det visade sig vara lättare att översätta könsneutralt på svenska än på tyska. Han eller hon används inte på tyska, inte heller den så kallade Binnen-I med vilkens hjälp man kan markera båda könen på tyska. Sammanfattningsvis kan man säga att översättarna, med hjälp av rekommendationerna i de ovan nämnda häftena och sin egen språkkänsla försöker att formulera sina översättningar könsneutralt, och att könsneutralt språk i stort sett också återspeglas i Europaparlamentets arbetsordning. / This thesis is an empirical study on gender neutral translation at the European Parliament. In order to translate gender neutraly, the translator can write he or she, use passive-constructions or plural. In order to be able to analyze how a translator translates gender neutraly, I will first present how gender and gender neutral language is defined, how gender affects translation, which aspects are of importance for Swedish and German, as well as terminological aspects. The theoretical background is based on feminist linguistic and translation theory such as Simon, Thüne and Leonardi, Jobin and von Flotow. The research material and method are based on internal documents of the European Parliament, videlicet the Rules of Procedure and a broschure on gender neutral language. In addition, I interviewed translators of the European Parliament in Luxembourg, two of them being German and two of them being Swedish. It can be said that not all of the given recommendations for gender neutral language are used and that the usage differs in German and Swedish. Recommendations such as passive-constructions and plural are applied in both languages, while nominalization was considered to be questionable. Furthermore, the usage of functions, pronouns and adjectives in the Rules of Procedure was analyzed. In Swedish translations, the use of he and she is quite common, while it is not recommended for German, nor is the usage of Binnen-I for that matter. Summing up, it can be said that it is easier to translate and write gender neutraly in Swedish as in German and that all translators pay attention to the given recommendations and translate as gender neutral as possible, which is also reflected in the translation of the Rules of Procedure.

<p>Ecologists have long sought to uncover the mechanisms behind large-scale, macroecological patterns in the distribution and abundance of species. Macroecological patterns are often attributed to the dynamics of dispersal (e.g. dispersal limitation or widespread dispersal). However, few studies actually measure dispersal to determine if dispersal rates are commensurate with the observed macroecological patterns. In this dissertation, I use population genetic analyses across many species to obtain community-level estimates of dispersal rates for two different ecological systems: birds on islands and trees in tropical rainforests. These independent estimates of dispersal then allow me to determine if macroecological patterns in these two systems can be attributed to dispersal dynamics.</p><p>In chapter two, I explore the contrasting macroecological patterns of two groups of Lesser Antillean birds. The groups' differing macroecological patterns could be due to differences in dispersal, but other authors have advocated different mechanisms. Population genetic analyses show that the two groups do differ significantly in rates of inter-island dispersal, indicating that dispersal dynamics can explain their contrasting macroecological patterns. In chapter three, I turn my attention to tropical tree communities. In contrast to studies of birds on islands, studies of trees in tropical rainforests may suffer from misidentification of individuals in the field. Using a phylogenetic approach, I determine errors rates in identification, and then assess the effect of these errors on macroecological patterns and other ecological analyses of tropical tree communities. I find that error rates are substantial, but that they have little effect on macroecological patterns. In contrast, species-level ecological analyses can be dramatically affected by these errors.</p><p>In chapter four, I return to the influence of dispersal on macroecological patterns, this time in tropical tree communities. One notable macroecological pattern in Amazonian tree communities is a high correlation in the relative abundances of species shared across communities, which could indicate high rates of dispersal between communities. However, population genetic analyses show that dispersal is severely limited between communities. Thus, some factor besides dispersal, such as differences in competitive ability or susceptibility to disease, must be driving species to achieve similar relative abundances in geographically separated communities. In contrast, I show that dispersal limitation is the likely cause of another macroecological pattern frequently observed in tropical tree communities: the decline in the compositional similarity of communities with distance. However, this is not steady-state dispersal limitation in an equilibrium framework as is conventionally thought. Instead, the dispersal limitation appears to be historical in nature, which implies a heretofore unnoticed role for historical contingency in the assembly of Amazonian tree communities.</p> / Dissertation

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A closed-form pricing formula of European options is obtained by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes (1973). In such a European option, the payoff depends `linearly' on the underlying asset price at the expiration time. An power option has a payoff which depends nonlinearly on the underlying asset price at the expiration time by raising a certain exponent. In the Black-Scholes model, a closed-form formula of a power option is obtained by Esser (2004). This paper extends Esser's result to the generalized Black- Scholes model. That is, we derive a closed-form pricing formula of a power option in the case when both the interest rate and the stock volatility are time-dependent.

Due to development of industries, power factor and harmonic pollution have become serious concerns in the power system. This thesis presents an adaptive linear neuron (ADALINE) - based static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) to cope with power quality issues in the industrial power system. The targeted compensating current of the STATCOM is generated based on the so-called LMS algorithm, thus the compensated system current becomes balanced and active even in reactive, unbalanced or distorted loads. In this thesis, the STATCOM is realized by using a three-level neutral point-clamped (NPC) inverter with the in-phase level-shifted sinusoidal pulse width modulation (IPLSPWM). Theoretical analysis of ADALINE method is detailed and hardware implementation of STATCOM is conducted to validate effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Asian option is an option which payoff depends on the average underlying price over some some specific time period. Although there is no closed form solution of asian option, appropriate change of variable and Num¡¦eraire would reduce some terms of equation satisfies the Asian call price function. This thesis presents asian option¡¦s properties and process of reduction terms.

The Black-Scholes formula was the widely-used model for option pricing, this formula can be use to calculate the price of option by using current underlying asset prices, strike price, expiration time, volatility and interest rates. The European call option price from the model is a convex and increasing with respect to the initial underlying asset price. Assume underlying asset prices follow a generalized geometric Brownian motion, it is true that option prices increasing with respect to the constant interest rate and volatility, so that the volatility can be a very important factor in pricing option, if the volatility process £m(t) is constant (with £m(t) =£m for any t ) satisfying £m_1 ≤ £m(t) ≤ £m_2 for some constants £m_1 and £m_2 such that 0 ≤ £m_1 ≤ £m_2. Let C_i(t, S_t) be the price of the call at time t corresponding to the constant volatility £m_i (i = 1,2), we will derive that the price of call option at time 0 in the model with varying volatility belongs to the interval [C_1(0, S_0),C_2(0, S_0)].

In this dissertation, the stabilization problem and observer-based control of neutral systems are investigated. Firstly, the Lyapunov functional theory is used to guarantee the stability of the system under consideration. The delay-dependent and the delay-independent stabilization criteria are proposed to guarantee asymptotic stability for the neutral systems via linear control. Linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach is used to design the observer and the controller. Secondly, by using the same techniques, we will provide an observer-based controller design method. The delay-dependent and the delay-independent stabilization criteria are proposed to guarantee asymptotic stability for the neutral systems with multiple time delays. Finally, a guaranteed-cost observer-based control for the neutral systems is considered. The analysis is also based on Lyapunov functional so as to establish an upper bound on the closed-loop value of a quadratic cost function. Delay-independent stabilization criterion is proposed to guarantee asymptotic stability for the neutral systems via linear control. By using the LMI approach, we will provide a criterion to design the observer gain and the controller gain simultaneously. Some examples and computer simulation results will also be provided to illustrate our main results.

This Thesis attempts to construct a Taiwan equity multi-factor model using fundamental cross-sectional approach step by step. It is found that the model involves 28 explanatory factors (including 20 industry factors) and its explanatory power is 58.6% on average. The results of the estimations can be considered very satisfactory. Moreover, based on MFM, this study simulates applications of equity market neutral strategies through quantitative techniques over the period Jan.2003 ¡V Dec.2003. The results verified that the three major characteristics of equity market neutral portfolio performance are: 1) providing absolute return; 2) lack of correlation to the equity benchmark; and 3) low volatility due to hedged portfolio structures.