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Sixties was a special period in the history of Czech literature, because during these years popular literature (especially the detective stories) was written as an artistic literature. During the sixties a lot of detective novels with artistic value were written. In the past (especially during the fifties), vacation literature was considered bad. In the first half of the sixties mainly socialist detective stories were written. There were important political opinions of the author. Socialist authors celebrated police work. In the late sixties detective stories under the Anglo-Saxon tradition were written. For authors, it was important to respect the rules of writing crime fiction. They thought that crime novels people read just for fun. At the end of the sixties detective stories have never had such a good position in the literature. KEYWORDS Czech literature in sixties, vacation literature, detective novel, Anglo-Saxon detective novel, socialist detective novel.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco e Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, escritores muito populares em Portugal e no Brasil, respectivamente, entre as décadas de 1840 e 1880, período em que publicaram suas expressivas produções, que englobam romances, contos, poemas e peças de teatro, que foram, de certa forma, obliteradas pela historiografia literária ao longo do século XX. A fim de abranger uma parte significativa de suas produções ficcionais, foram selecionadas obras que, num primeiro momento, poderiam representar os principais subgêneros do romance oitocentista: os romances sentimentais Amor de Perdição e A Moreninha; as narrativas de viagem Vinte Horas de Liteira e A Carteira de Meu Tio; as narrativas fantásticas O Esqueleto e A Luneta Mágica; os romances históricos O Demônio do Ouro e As Mulheres de Mantilha; e os romances (pré-) naturalistas O Senhor Ministro e As Vítimas-Algozes. A partir da leitura destas obras, é possível depreender aspectos convergentes entre os autores, como a subversão de algumas convenções romanescas, a quebra de expectativas de leitura e o desvio das temáticas recorrentes e dos procedimentos narrativos mais usuais no século XIX. Sendo assim, o estudo parte da hipótese de que, por terem sido protagonistas da ascensão do romance em Portugal e no Brasil, periferias do capitalismo na expressão utilizada por Roberto Schwarz , países que, além disso, partilhavam a mesma língua e um fundo cultural comum, esses escritores compartilharam contextos socioculturais, de certa forma, similares. Se por um lado, a fim de atender ao mercado consumidor, precisavam manter os laços com a literatura em voga, por outro procuravam distanciar-se dela, num movimento de adesão e repulsa aos modelos romanescos. / The objective of this work is to analyze the fiction of Camilo Castelo Branco and Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, very popular writers in Portugal and Brazil, respectively, among the 1840s and 1880s, a period in which they published their expressive productions, which include novels, short stories, poems and plays, that were somehow obliterated by literary historiography throughout the 20th century. In order to cover a significant part of their fictional productions, works that, at first, could represent the major subgenres of 19th century novel were selected: the sentimental novels Amor de Perdição and A Moreninha; the travel narratives Vinte Horas de Liteira and A Carteira de Meu Tio; the fantastic narratives O Esqueleto and A Luneta Mágica; the historical novels O Demônio do Ouro and As Mulheres de Mantilha; and the (pre-)naturalist novels O Senhor Ministro and As Vítimas-Algozes. From the reading of these works, it is possible to deduce converging aspects between these authors, as the subversion of novelistic conventions, the break of reading expectations and the deviation from the recurring thematic and the narrative procedures most commonly used in the 19th century. Thus, the study starts from the hypothesis that, because they were protagonists of the rise of the novel in Portugal and Brazil, peripheries of capitalism in the expression used by Roberto Schwarz , countries that also shared the same language and a common cultural background, these writers shared, in some ways, similar socio-cultural contexts. On one hand, in order to serve the consumer market, they needed to maintain ties with the literature in vogue, on the other they sought to distance themselves from it, in a movement of attraction and repulsion by the novelistic models.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco e Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, escritores muito populares em Portugal e no Brasil, respectivamente, entre as décadas de 1840 e 1880, período em que publicaram suas expressivas produções, que englobam romances, contos, poemas e peças de teatro, que foram, de certa forma, obliteradas pela historiografia literária ao longo do século XX. A fim de abranger uma parte significativa de suas produções ficcionais, foram selecionadas obras que, num primeiro momento, poderiam representar os principais subgêneros do romance oitocentista: os romances sentimentais Amor de Perdição e A Moreninha; as narrativas de viagem Vinte Horas de Liteira e A Carteira de Meu Tio; as narrativas fantásticas O Esqueleto e A Luneta Mágica; os romances históricos O Demônio do Ouro e As Mulheres de Mantilha; e os romances (pré-) naturalistas O Senhor Ministro e As Vítimas-Algozes. A partir da leitura destas obras, é possível depreender aspectos convergentes entre os autores, como a subversão de algumas convenções romanescas, a quebra de expectativas de leitura e o desvio das temáticas recorrentes e dos procedimentos narrativos mais usuais no século XIX. Sendo assim, o estudo parte da hipótese de que, por terem sido protagonistas da ascensão do romance em Portugal e no Brasil, periferias do capitalismo na expressão utilizada por Roberto Schwarz , países que, além disso, partilhavam a mesma língua e um fundo cultural comum, esses escritores compartilharam contextos socioculturais, de certa forma, similares. Se por um lado, a fim de atender ao mercado consumidor, precisavam manter os laços com a literatura em voga, por outro procuravam distanciar-se dela, num movimento de adesão e repulsa aos modelos romanescos. / The objective of this work is to analyze the fiction of Camilo Castelo Branco and Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, very popular writers in Portugal and Brazil, respectively, among the 1840s and 1880s, a period in which they published their expressive productions, which include novels, short stories, poems and plays, that were somehow obliterated by literary historiography throughout the 20th century. In order to cover a significant part of their fictional productions, works that, at first, could represent the major subgenres of 19th century novel were selected: the sentimental novels Amor de Perdição and A Moreninha; the travel narratives Vinte Horas de Liteira and A Carteira de Meu Tio; the fantastic narratives O Esqueleto and A Luneta Mágica; the historical novels O Demônio do Ouro and As Mulheres de Mantilha; and the (pre-)naturalist novels O Senhor Ministro and As Vítimas-Algozes. From the reading of these works, it is possible to deduce converging aspects between these authors, as the subversion of novelistic conventions, the break of reading expectations and the deviation from the recurring thematic and the narrative procedures most commonly used in the 19th century. Thus, the study starts from the hypothesis that, because they were protagonists of the rise of the novel in Portugal and Brazil, peripheries of capitalism in the expression used by Roberto Schwarz , countries that also shared the same language and a common cultural background, these writers shared, in some ways, similar socio-cultural contexts. On one hand, in order to serve the consumer market, they needed to maintain ties with the literature in vogue, on the other they sought to distance themselves from it, in a movement of attraction and repulsion by the novelistic models.

L’image institutionnelle du Romantisme portugais, souvent calquée sur la vision nationaliste des chefs de file de ce mouvement et tournée vers les textes innovateurs, est une image tronquée, partiale et figée. Combinant l’analyse socio-littéraire de quatre œuvres de fiction, représentatives des principales lignes d’affrontement de l’époque en termes de valeurs esthétiques et idéologiques, avec l’analyse historique des traductions, cette étude fait émerger les différents pôles constitutifs du champ littéraire portugais entre 1840 et 1860 et démontre sa complexité polyphonique. On y décèle ainsi, au niveau de “la littérature civique” (symboliquement dominante), incarnée par A Virgem da Polónia, de J.J.R. Bastos, et Eurico, O Presbítero, d’Alexandre Herculano, un conflit entre modèles sociaux et littéraires conservateurs et progressistes. Quant à A Mão do Finado, d’Alfredo Possolo Hogan, elle permet d’éclairer l’émergence de l’”industrialisme littéraire”. Enfin, Maria! Não me mates, que sou tua mãe!, de Camilo Castelo Branco, représente la pérennité de la littérature de colportage et pour son auteur le début d’une carrière de “professionnel des lettres”. La partie finale est consacrée à l’examen de la littérature traduite (raisons du succès ou de l’absence de certains auteurs) et de la méthode de nationalisation que Castilho lui appliqua afin de perpétuer l’ordre institué. / Modeled on the vision of the nationalist movement’s leaders and oriented towards the literary innovative texts, the institutional image of the Portugese Romanticism is a distorted, partial and a static one. Combining the socio-literary analysis of four works of fiction, representative of the main lines of confrontation both for their aesthetic and ideological values, and the historical analysis of book translations, this study brings to the foreground the various constituent poles of the Portuguese literary field between 1840 and 1860 and shows its polyphonic complexity. A conflict between social models and literary conservatives and progressives is therefore depicted through the « civic literature » (symbolically dominant) and incarnated by A Virgem da Polónia, by J.J.R.Bastos, and Eurico, O Presbitero, by Alexandre Herculano. As for A Mão do Finado, by Alfredo Possolo Hogan, it sheds light on the emergence of the “literary industrialism”. Finally, Maria! Não me mates, que sou tua mãe!, by Camilo Castelo Branco, represents the sustainability of the chapbooks and for its author the beginning of a career of «professional of letters». The last section is devoted to the consideration of translated literature (reasons for success or absence of some authors) and the method of nationalization that Castilho applied to it in order to perpetuate the established order.

AFRIKAANS : Die doel van die navorsing was om vas te stel watter metodes Marlene van Niekerk in haar roman Agaat gebruik om die karakters en hulle omstandighede deur middel van verwysings na musiek te teken. Die verhandeling begin met ’n oorsig oor die interdissiplinêre studiegebied van verwysing na musiek in die letterkunde. Op hierdie terrein het onder andere Fuller, Losseff, Scher en Weliver belangrike rolle gespeel. Die wyse waarop uitsprake van onder andere Bakhtin, Barthes, Blanchot, Eco, Kristeva en Van Wyk Louw op die gebied van verwysing, en dus op Van Niekerk se Agaat, van toepassing gemaak kan word, is ondersoek. Deur ’n onderhoud met Van Niekerk is daar meer oor haar houding oor musiek en verwysings daarna in Agaat uitgevind. Sy voel sterk dat die gebeure en musiekverwysings in Agaat nie op haar as persoon van toepassing gemaak moet word nie. Tog is daar baie van die musiek waarna verwys word wat vir haar ook baie betekenisvol is. Sy luister baie na musiek en gebruik dit as ’n stimuleringsmiddel, maar ook om haar in toom te hou sodat sy nie te “maklik” skryf nie. Van Niekerk beskik oor ’n goeie kennis van musiek en van die repertorium en kan dus ’n wye verskeidenheid verwysings maak na musiekterminologie, musiekinstrumente, musiekmaak, Suid-Afrikaanse kultuur waarin musiek ’n deurslaggewende rol speel, FAK- en Afrikaanse volksliedere, psalms, gesange en hallelujaliedere, ander ligte liedere, en komposisies uit die repertorium van klassieke musiek. Daar word in Agaat ook verskuilde, vertaalde aanhalings van versreëls uit getoonsette gedigte uit die Duitse kunsliedrepertorium ingesluit. In laasgenoemde geval (gedigte getoonset deur Brahms, Mahler, Schubert en Schumann) word die woordteks op ’n komplekse manier geïntegreer. Van Niekerk sluit die woordteks van godsdienstige en volksliedere byna uitsluitlik in om ironiese kommentaar op gebeure te lewer. Dit is selde dat hierdie tekste in hulle gebruiklike omgewing aangewend word. Die intertekstuele integrasie van musiekverwysings in Agaat kan as ’n baie groot prestasie beskou word. ENGLISH : The aim of the research was to establish the methods used by Marlene van Niekerk in her novel Agaat (the Afrikaans version) to paint the characters and their circumstances by means of references to music. The dissertation starts with an overview of the interdisciplinary field of music references in literature. In this area Fuller, Losseff, Scher and Weliver (amongst others) have played a major role. The ways in which pronouncements by (amongst others) Bakhtin, Barthes, Blanchot, Eco, Kristeva and Van Wyk Louw can be applied to the field of references, and therefore to Van Niekerk’s Agaat, were investigated. In an interview with Van Niekerk, her views on music and references to music were clarified. She feels strongly that the events and references to music in Agaat should not be equated to her own life. Nevertheless, much of the music referred to is also significant to Van Niekerk. She listens to music much, using it as a stimulus, but also to keep her in check so that she does not fall into “easy” writing. Van Niekerk possesses a sound knowledge of music and of the repertoire. She can therefore make a variety of references to music terminology, music instruments, music making, South African culture in which music plays a decisive role, Afrikaans folk songs and songs from the FAK song album, psalms and hymns, popular songs, and compositions from the repertoire of classical music. Concealed, translated quotations of lines from German poems set to music as art songs are also included in Agaat. In these cases (poems set to music by Brahms, Mahler, Schubert and Schumann) the word text is incorporated in a complex manner. Van Niekerk includes the word texts of religious and folk songs nearly exclusively in order to comment on events in an ironic way. These texts are seldom presented in their proper circumstances. The intertextual integration of music references in Agaat can be regarded as a great achievement. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

In the thesis I would like to focus on the very topical literary work: Millennium trilogy by Stieg Larsson who died in 2004. The trilogy consists of three parts: The girl with the dragon tattoo, The girl who played with fire and The girl who kicked the hornets' nest. The trilogy will be examined from the perspective of genre determination. With the professional literature I would like to describe each genre and it's possibility of use. I would also like to find a typical features of particular genre in different forms: situations, characters, conflicts, etc. One part of my thesis will be dedicated to the writer and his autobiography traits. I would also like to turn to the fourth part of the trilogy by David Lagercrantz. I will try to answer the question why the trilogy has been extended, what literature genre is characteristic for the writer and what changes have been made in content or formal features of the story. During my work I would like to compare the trilogy with other Nordic literature pieces to find the cause of increasing sale of this kind of literature nowadays.

Text in Tsonga / Summaries in Tsonga and English / Dyondzo Ieyi ya ririmi ra tinovhele ta nhungu ta Xitsonga a yi susumetiwile hi mhaka ya ku va mutsari wa novhele taiiihi mutshila, a trrliisaka ririmi tanihi xitirho xa yena, hilaha swi kombisiwakahakona hi Lodge (1979), Leech na Short (1987) na Kahari (1986). Ririmi leri ri tumbuluxa xitsariwa, h.I. Ieswi nga tsariwa swi hlayekaka, ni nchumu wo tianakanyela lowu vuriwaka novhele. Xikongomelonkulu xa dyondzo leyi a ku ri ku von a ndlela leyi ririmi ra vatsari lava matsalwa ya vona lama xopaxopiwaka, ri tirhaka ha yona. Dyondzo leyi a yi ri ni xikongomelontsongo Iexi xi nga ku hluvukisa ririmi ra Xitsonga, ni ku pfuneta ku tlakusa xiyimo xa ririmi leri ni ra tindzimi tin Vana ta Xintima hi ku kombisa leswaku tindzimi leti ta swi kota ku tirha eka tindhawu ta xiyimo xa le henhla tanihi dyondzo yo fana ni leyi. Dyondzo leyi yl avanyisiwile hi tindzima ta ntlhanu. Ndzima yo sungula yi hlamusela xikongomelo xa dyondzo, yi tlhela yi vumba nseketelo wo ajigarhela mayelana ni timhaka ta matsalwa. Ndzima ya vumbirhi yi xopaxopa ririmi eka paluxeni ka nkongomelo, kasi ndzima ya vunharhu ni ya vurnune hi ku landzelelana ti paluxa ririmi eka vumunhuhati ni le ku paluxeni ka mbangu. Ndzima yo hetelela i yo katsakanya ntirho ni ku nyika swibumabumelo. Ririmi ri ni matimba yo hambana eku tirheni ka rona, ya nga "melopoeia", h.3. ku endla vuyimbeleri, "phanopoeia", ku endla xifaniso xo vitanisa, ni "logopoeia", ku endla rito ra leu va ni ngulumelo. Matirhele lawa ya ririmi ya fambelana ni vuyimeri bya minpfiamawulo ya ririmi ni swiyimeri swa yona swo tsariwa. Nkoka wa riencisi wu paluxiwile eka dyondzo leyi. Leswi swi endlile leswaku ku seketeriwa Kock (1981) loko a vula leswaku riencisi ri fanele ku nghena eka nongoloko wa matheme ya vutsari tanihi xigaririmi xo karhi, xi ri xiave xa tindzimi ta Xintima ku engetela swin'wana eka rhetoriki. Nxopaxopo wa ririmi ra tinovhele ta dyondzo leyi wu paluxile nkucetelano wa tindzinii ta Xintima ni ta Xilungu laha Afrika-Dzonga. Xiyimo xa tidyondzo ta tindzimi ta Xintima ni matsalwa ya kona swi kombisiwile swi ri leswi nga wisiki mbiln kutani ku bumabumeriwa ku va mfumo wu fanele Icu nghenelela. / This study of the language of eight Xitsonga novels was motivated by the fact that the novelist as an artist uses language as his medium as indicated by Lodge (1979), Leech and Short (1987), and Kahari (1986). This language produces the text and the imaginative object called the novel. The main aim of this study was to determine how the language of the authors whose works are being studied here, functions. This study had a secondary aim which was the development of the Xitsonga language and to contribute to the raising of the status of this language and other African languages by demonstrating that these languages can be used in high domains such as a study of this nature. The study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one indicates the aim of the sludy, and also provides a theoretical basis by discussing matters pertaining to literature in general. Chapter two analyses language in the expression of theme, while chapters three and four respectively deal with the language of characterization and of the expression of milieu. The last chapter is the general conclusion of the study, and recommendations. Language is charged in different ways in its functioning, viz "melopoeia", the making of music, "phanopoeia", the making of bright image and "logopoeia", the making of the resonant word. This kind of language function is associated with the symbolism of language sounds, and the corresponding symbolism of their written forms. The significance of the ideophone was demonstrated in this study. This made it possible to support fCock (1981) when she says that the ideophone should be included in a glossary of literary terms as a figure for speech, as a contribution by African langauges to rhetoric. The linguistic analysis of the novels of this study also revealed the mutual influence of different languages, African and European, in South Africa. The state of African language studies and African literature is indicated as a matter of concern in this study and government intervention is recommended. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Nanoparticles are thought to present a unique hazard to human health. Furthermore, the increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer products has not been accompanied by relevant risk assessments. It is conceivable that skin flexion may assist the translocation of nanoparticles across the stratum corneum. However, current in vitro methodology to study dermal absorption involves the exclusive use of immobile skin within diffusion cells. Therefore, a novel skin-flexing diffusion cell system (“CutaFlex™”) was developed to incorporate reproducible skin flexing (2 flexes min-1; 6 mm maximum amplitude). The initial aims of this Thesis were to characterise the CutaFlex™ system to eliminate the possibility of flexion-induced (experimental) skin damage, demonstrate equivalence with historical permeability data to model compounds and assess the effect of skin flexing on barrier disruption. Subsequent work aimed to investigate the hypothesis that nanoparticles require dermal flexion to penetrate intact skin. In supporting these aims, this Thesis also performed work to assess the correlation between direct measurements of skin barrier function (using tritiated water) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the effect of flexing on the performance of topical skin protectants (barrier creams) and to further validate in vitro diffusion cell measurements against in vivo data acquired under identical conditions. The results demonstrated that skin flexing did not alter skin barrier function and that the CutaFlex™ system was in general agreement with historical measurements of skin permeability. Furthermore, controlled chemical or physical damage to the stratum corneum was not exacerbated by skin flexing. Skin flexion did not facilitate the dermal absorption of a range of nanoparticles (quantum dots). However, differences in the partitioning of nanoparticles into the stratum corneum were observed (independent of the degree of flexing), with greater amounts of negatively charged nanoparticles found in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum in comparison with positive or neutral nanoparticles. Flexing had a modest effect on the performance of a skin barrier cream which was limited to low dose applications; an effect tentatively ascribed to flexion-induced movement of cream to previously untreated areas. A poor correlation was found between 3H2O water permeability and TEWL flux. Most importantly, there was excellent agreement between in vitro skin permeability studies and in vivo studies (which used a surrogate measure of skin permeability). To summarise, the data in this Thesis has led to the development and characterisation of a novel diffusion cell (CutaFlex™), capable of simultaneously flexing skin whilst performing dermal absorption measurements comparable with the OECD-compliant models.