Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / Transitional justice mechanisms have become commonplace as a tool for recovery for societies emerging from conflict and repressive regimes. The extent to which women's rights concerning development and long-term economic advancement in the arena of transitional justice is dealt with is almost negligible. The significance of including development as a means of protecting marginalised groups such as women has been mostly disregarded in the transitional justice context. Currently, the discourse on gender justice has placed civil and political rights as well as sexual crimes against women at the centre stage. Transitional justice mechanisms have failed to give effect to long-term sustainable and substantive change in women's lives following conflict and periods of repressive rule. The core aims of transitional justice are prosecution of offenders, reconciliation and reparations for the victims of gross human rights abuses. Reparations are usually used as a medium through which restitution and compensation for the harm suffered by victims are made possible. Reparations are also deemed as an essential element for the healing and recovery of the individual victim and the society affected by egregious human rights violations.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / This is a study of Zimbabwe's National Peace and Reconciliation Commission Bill (hereafter NPRC Bill). The NPRC Bill seeks to bring the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission (hereafter NPRC) of Zimbabwe into operation. The NPRC is a truth commission set to promote post-conflict justice, national peace and reconciliation in Zimbabwe. The study discusses the prospects of establishing an effective NPRC in Zimbabwe by examining the provisions of the NPRC Bill. The view of the paper is that, without proper guidance from a comprehensive law, the NPRC is bound to be a victim of its own failure.

The article analyses the psychosocial impact of the apologies about the role of the Catholic Church in the Spanish Civil war along two studies. The relational study showed that Blazquez’s apology was perceived with limited impact, being more important at a societal level than at a micro-social level, both, on direct or indirect victims. The experimental study showed that self-criticism reinforced guilt as well as the need for reparation, whereas glorification diminished them. / Se analiza el impacto de las disculpas sobre el rol de la Iglesia Católica en la guerra civil española. Un estudio correlacional mostró que el impacto de las disculpas del obispo Blázquez fue limitado y los encuestados percibieron un impacto mayor sobre la sociedad en general que sobre las víctimas o sus descendientes. Un estudio experimental comparó las opiniones de una condición control donde los participantes leían sobre el rol de la Iglesia en la guerra civil española, con una donde los participantes además leían la autocrítica y con otra donde además leían sobre una beatificación de mártires de la Iglesia durante la guerra civil. La autocrítica reforzaba la culpa y la necesidad de reparación, mientras que la beatificación las disminuía.

The field of reconciliation literature has grown substantially since the 1990s, and the concept of reconciliation is now associated with many different definitions and actions in the peace building process. In the diverse field of literature on reconciliation authors highlight different aspects as most important which complicates the knowledge of what a successful reconciliation process really is. To have a better understanding of the field of reconciliation and what affects an author, to argue for their specific theory this study will, through the approach of abductive reasoning, research whether the background of an author affects what they research. To represent the field of reconciliation literature an expert sampling of five authors who are all highly referenced and influence the field will be used. To answer the research objective an analytical frame work together with a hermeneutic text analysis will be applied to each authors text to highlight their arguments. Finally the authors arguments and background will be analyzed to find patterns in the texts which could be compared with possible connections or patterns in the authors background. Based on this study the result shows that authors with a background, which is not only academic might have another approach to understanding the reconciliation process but their arguments show no clear patterns which can be connected to the authors background, however understanding why an author argues is important to understand what kind of people are affecting the actions of reconciliation. This study looked at five authors who all represent a very similar background and arguments which can show a tendency in reconciliation literature that the most distinguished authors all share the same background and therefore might not provide any new insight to the field.

No description available.

This study focused on the impact of the revelations at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) hearings on 30 female victims of all races. An explanatory model, the TRC Revelation Aftermath Model was designed to direct the research and to interpret the data. Researcher made use of a non-probability sampling strategy. Five respondents were selected by purposive sampling and 25 were selected by means of the snowball sampling. The sample of this study consisted of three components, namely ten Commissioners of the TRC, ten Coordinators who worked in the TRC offices, as well as 30 female victims of all races. The Commissioners were interviewed to validate the data obtained from the victims while the Coordinators were consulted merely to obtain general information on the criteria which was used to process the applications submitted by the victims in order to receive the reparations. The analysis of the data revealed that the respondents accepted three assumptions, namely, they were invulnerable with regard to trauma such as that caused by the revelations of the TRC. In addition to this they viewed life as meaningful and that they also had a positive attitude towards it before the political conflict of the apartheid era in South Africa impacted on them. These assumptions were interpreted in terms of Janoff-Bulman and Frieze's theory. The research findings indicated that the assumptions were not only affected by the revelations but that they also influenced the way in which these women experienced the TRC process. It was found that the victim respondents, whose family members had disappeared and were never confirmed dead, had suffered exacerbated emotions which were characterised by denial. This was the result of repressed memories associated with the grief. Of importance too, was the finding that a few of the victims were successful in deriving meaning from their suffering, while others, who could not achieve this, could not reconcile with their perpetrators and this was determined by their age. As the former were willing to forgive their perpetrators they had thus found inner peace. During the interviews, the victims mentioned that although the TRC had appeared to be necessary before they made their submissions, however, after it had disappointed them by not granting them reparations, this exacerbated their suffering as they felt that they had been discriminated against in favour of the perpetrators who were granted amnesty irrespective of not having made full disclosures. According to Parsons General Action System all the respondents experienced their trauma as biological entities, and thus suffered symptoms related to psychosomatic illnesses such as, inter alia, headaches, insomnia, and ulcers. These were accompanied by personality characteristics such as anger, aggression, as well as hatred. As the victims could not function in isolation, they also endured ostracisation related to cultural stereotypes and in this way, their suffering was perceived as secondary to that of males. Furthermore, within the social system, the victims who perceived the TRC as biased, believed that it had caused the country embarrassment by bringing up the conflict of the apartheid era. However, others verbalised that the Commission was a good initiative for South Africa so that peace as well as reconciliation could be facilitated for the sake of unity. It is crucial to stress the finding that some of the respondents, although few, who had been granted reparations, were satisfied with the TRC and perceived it as fair and thus could reconcile with their perpetrators. The research report concludes with a number of recommendations for the establishment of support services for the traumatised victims as well as integrative mechanisms, which could encourage co-operation between the citizens of South Africa so that the reconciliation which the TRC facilitated can be sustained. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission, amnesty, violence, human rights, reconciliation, apartheid, trauma, grief, bereavement. / Thesis (DPhil (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

"This work is arranged into six chapters. Beyond the introduction, chapter two highlights atrocities of the war and evaluates the diplomacy process, which eventually resulted in the creation of the TRC. It briefly examines the Abidjan and Conakry Peace Plan and specifically elaborates on the Lome Peace Accord, which finally culminated in the promulgation of the Truth and Reconciliation Act of 2000. The human rights and humanitarian law dimension of the conflict will also be addressed. Chapter three gives a general description of truth commissions and analyse the TRC with specific refernce to its structure, function, jurisdiction, mandate, proceedings, evidence, and its investigative methods, which is the backbone of the Truth Commission. It will aslo assess whether naming names would be a potent tool for the Commission to bring perpetrators to shame. From a human rights perspective chapter four address issues such as healing and reconciliation, truth, forgiveness, and assesses whether they are effective remedies for human rights violations. The issue of amnesty, especially Article IX of the Lome Peace Accord, will be evaluated. This chapter will also discuss the issue of impunity. Chapter five deliberates on the relationship between tribunals and truth commissions generally and specifically elaborate on the TRC and the Special Court with specific reference to their legal framework, composition, jurisdiction, information sharing, and whether both institutions serve as accountability mechanisms. Chapter six concludes the dissertation by determining whether or not there are any lessons one can learn from the Commission. It closes by making recommendations for the smooth functioning of the Commission and how it can effectively contribute to the needs of traumatised societies." -- Chapter 1. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Jean Allain at the Department of Political Sciences, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, the American University in Cairo, Egypt / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2003. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist die Entwicklung von Qualitätsindikatoren für den Prozess „Empfehlungen der Apotheke zur Weiterführung der Medikation“ im Klinikum Mutterhaus. Damit soll ein Instrument entwickelt werden, das patientenbezogene Dienstleistungen der Krankenhausapotheker an der intersektoralen Schnittstelle im Hinblick auf das Qualitätsziel Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit messen und bewerten kann. Schwachstellen und Verbesserungspotentiale über den Verantwortungsbereich der Apotheke hinaus sollen identifiziert und in einen kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsprozess eingebracht werden können. Methodik: Zur Entwicklung der Qualitätsindikatoren wurde ein mehrstufiges Verfahren gewählt. Zunächst wurden die Qualitätsziele des Prozesses definiert und eine Prozessanalyse durchgeführt. Die Literaturrecherche auf nationaler und internationaler Ebene gab Anhaltspunkte zur Ableitung von Qualitätsindikatoren. Basierend auf der Prozessanalyse und der Literaturrecherche wurden Qualitätsindikatoren für den Prozess „Empfehlungen der Apotheke zur Weiterführung der Medikation“ entwickelt. Anhand einer retrospektiven Datenerhebung wurden die entwickelten Qualitätsindikatoren auf ihre Aussagekraft und Eignung geprüft. Der Prozess wurde mit Hilfe der Qualitätsindikatoren gemessen und bewertet. Schlussfolgerung: Mit Hilfe von fünf Qualitätsindikatoren-Sets kann der Prozess „Empfehlungen der Apotheke zur Weiterführung der Medikation“ umfassend untersucht werden. Die entwickelten Qualitätsindikatoren sind geeignet, die pharmazeutische Dienstleistung im Hinblick auf das Qualitätsziel Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit zu messen und zu bewerten. Sie ermöglichen die Evaluation des Prozesses und zukünftiger Verbesserungsmaßnahmen. Anhand der Qualitätsindikatoren wird zukünftig ein Monitoring der Dienstleistung möglich sein. / Purpose: The aim of this thesis is the development of quality indicators for the process "recommendations of the pharmacy to continue patient’s medication" at Klinikum Mutterhaus. An instrument is to be developed that can measure and rate the patient-related services of the hospital pharmacist at the intersectoral interface in terms of quality target in medication safety. Weaknesses and potential improvements should be identified and incorporated into a continuous improvement process. Methods: A multistage process is selected for the development of the quality indicators. First, the quality objectives of the process are defined and a process analysis is performed. A literature review on national and international level shall provide evidence for the derivation of quality indicators. Based on the process analysis and the literature review the quality indicators for the "Recommendations of the pharmacy to continue patient`s medication” are developed. In a retrospective data collection, the developed quality indicators are tested for their validity and suitability. The process is finally measured by the quality indicators and evaluated. Conclusion: With the help of five quality indicator sets the process "recommendations of the pharmacy to continue patient’s medication" can be fully investigated. The developed quality indicators are suitable to measure and evaluate the process in terms of the quality target medication safety. So the evaluation of the process and future improvements are possible. On the basis of the quality indicators a monitoring of the process can be established in the future.

This thesis concerns the challenges and limitations of developing a conception of a “reconciliatory pedagogy”. As a history methodology lecturer at the University of the Witwatersrand, I noticed that relationships among students were polarised. But during the course of an oral history and cooperative learning assignment with second year students, I observed a shift in relationships among some of the students. This started my journey towards conceptualising a “reconciliatory pedagogy”, which addresses the difficult issue of how we reweave relationships in the South African history lecture/classroom, given our torrid past. The methodology used in this thesis is narrative inquiry. I have used this approach to consider the meaning of reconciliation from different perspectives and contexts: the literature on reconciliation, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa, and in practice with some history methodology students and history primary school teachers. John Paul Lederach’s (1997, 1999) images of reconciliation were key ideas literature that informed my conception of a reconciliatory pedagogy. He developed his dynamic ideas on reconciliation during his international attempts at peace-making, and I explored whether these ideas could be applied to the South African context of the history lecture/classroom. The TRC started the process of reconciliation in 1996, but everyday events continue to demonstrate the on-going lack of reconciliation in South Africa. A “reconciliatory pedagogy” aimed to take forward some aspects of the TRC, such as students/learners finding out more about the recent South African past via oral history interviews, and encouraging dialogue about this difficult past between the different generations. The use of cooperative learning strategies facilitated further dialogue about this past among the students/learners, where they shared “their” oral histories during a joint task, and in some cases engaged in Lederach’s (1999) “dance” of reconciliation. By interviewing history students/teachers, and through classroom observations, the successes and limitations of my conception of a “reconciliatory pedagogy” emerged. The results of the above process encouraged reflection about the education of history student teachers: it suggested the need for a more theory-based approach to their education via a critique of Lederach’s model of reconciliation and oral history in a “reconciliatory pedagogy”. A “reconciliatory pedagogy” does not claim to lead to big changes in attitudes or towards the teaching of history, but it assists in small shifts that may affect the broader project of reconciliation in South Africa.

While there is an increasing focus within peace and conflict studies on how local contexts affect peacebuilding work, scholars have failed to investigate how local tools might promote local reconciliation processes. Simultaneously, the field of community mediation has exclusively been studied in contexts not directly related to armed conflicts. In this thesis, I bring these two fields together, addressing both these gaps by asking what effect community mediation has on local reconciliation. I argue that, by creating greater social cohesion and more vibrant communities, while legitimizing non-violent conflict resolution mechanisms, community mediation promotes the reconciliation process of its community. To address this question, I analyze the mediation conducted in Medellín, Colombia, by Juntas de Acción Comunal, which are local neighborhood committees. I conceptualize reconciliation by both discussing what reconciliation means at different levels of society and developing a set of everyday indicators collaboratively with a diverse array of people from Medellín. My analysis strongly supports my hypothesis, while offering it some nuance. I find that, while community mediation does promote local reconciliation, it can only do so in contexts of relative absence of violence.