The inter-ethnic conflict between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo have persisted since the war in Kosovo in 1999, even though it has been improved in recent years. A friendly relationship between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo is vital for the future of Kosovo, and for the security in the Balkan region. The aim with this study is to explain how the relationship between Serbs and Albanians has changed since Kosovo’s declaration of independence in 2008. Interviews have been conducted with six Serbs and six Albanians living in Kosovo. The interviews were mainly based on three key moments which were considered to have had an influence on the inter-ethnic relationship. The results from the interviews showed that these three key moments have resulted in antagonism between, but also within the two ethnic groups. However, the growth of antagonism seems to have been a consequence of how politicians and media on both sides in Kosovohave handled these key moments, rather than as a consequence of the key moments per se.

La justice et le pardon sont comme deux pôles d'une dialectique qui les unit au point de les rendre inséparables. Le pardon est un don gratuit relèvant d'une démarche personnelle tandis que la justice est un droit naturel ou légal inhérent à toute personne humaine. En effet, le pardon ne s'oppose pas à la justice. Il s'y superpose sans interférer. Le travail de l'un est complété par l'apport de l'autre. À cet égard, il ne peut y avoir de guérison avec le pardon sans la justice. De même, il ne peut y avoir de réconciliation avec la justice sans le pardon. Ainsi, le pardon est le fruit de la justice. Car dans l'acte du pardon, c'est l'amour au-delà de la faute qui brise la douleur et la haine. Le pardon grandit celui qui l'offre et contribue au bonheur d'autrui. Le passé est vaincu et transcendé. La justice est un rempart contre tout ce qui se dresse contre l'homme et supprime les discordes et les inégalités. De ce point de vue, justice et pardon qui sont deux vertus en interaction, apportent l'épanouissement moral et spirituel à l'homme. Ils sont au service de la charité. / Justice and forgiveness are like two poles of a dialectic that unites them to the point of making them inseparable. Forgiveness is a free gift that comes from a personal approach while justice is a natural or legal right that every human being is entitled. Indeed, forgiveness is not incompatible with justice. It coexists with justice without interfering. The work of one is supplemented by the contribution of the other. In this regard, there cannot be closure with forgiveness without justice. Likewise, there can be no reconciliation with justice without forgiveness. Thus, forgiveness is the fruit of justice. In fact, forgiveness is an act of love beyond fault that breaks pain and hatred. Forgiveness grows whoever offers it and contributes to the happiness of others. The past is vanquished and transcended. Justice is a safeguard that removes discord and inequality. From this point of view, justice and forgiveness are two interacting virtues that bring moral and spiritual fulfillment to human being. They are at the service of charity.

Background: Critical race theorist, Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2014), states that the racial climate in the United States has shifted away from the more overt forms of racism towards a race-neutral and (Bobo, 2011; Lentin, 2011; Plaut, 2010; Smith et al., 2011) color blind ideology (Alexander, 2012; Emerson & Smith, 2000; Omi & Winant, 2014; Smith et al., 2011; Wise, 2010). According to Gushue and Constantine (2007), “The conscious or unconscious minimization, denial, or distortion of race and racism is known as color blindness” (Neville et al., 2000; Neville et al., 2001). This erroneous perspective is detrimental (Atwater, 2008) to the organizational structure of the United States (Emerson & Smith, 2000), especially the Christian [church] (Bonilla-Silva, 2002; Yancey, 2010). In the state of Mississippi, approximately 170,000 (UMData, 2017) Black and White individuals identify as United Methodist. This racial composition is unique to Mississippi because Blacks make up a large proportion of the population (Census, 2010). However, little to no research has been conducted to examine the colorblind racial attitudes of adults in The United Methodist Church (UMC) or to evaluate current anti-racism programs in Mississippi’s UMC. According to The UMC’s official website, no formalized evidence-based program exist that both teaches and trains its members to be engaged in racial justice. Therefore, the development of an intervention that investigates color-blind racial ideology (Neville, et al., 2013) from a critical race theory framework is needed. Program Description: Counter Narrative is a faith-based program, set to be implemented spring of 2018 in The UMC. The program challenges three notions: racism is no longer a problem, Christians should be colorblind, and that the church is silent about racial injustices. It has three components: Revising the Narrative (anti-racism workshops), Rewriting the Narrative (cross-racial training program), and R2 (race relations task force). Aim: Engage adults in constructive dialogue around race Explore and examine participants personal attitudes, behaviors, and language towards race colorblindness Educate participants about the historical context of racism and racial equity in America and The UMC Equip participants with the resources and skills to build authentic cross-racial relationships and to become racial justice advocates Methodology: Revising the Narrative—6 anti-racism workshops will be held in one year, for approximately eight hours each. Each session will be co-facilitated by individuals trained in anti-racism and will include a worship service, an overview of the social principles, history of the church’s commitment to eradicate racism, content knowledge, and processing exercises. Evaluation: Pretest/posttest survey will be administered with multiple follow-ups. Rewriting the Narrative—31 sessions (Training, Social Events, Service Learning, and Diversity Workshop) will take place over one year. Evaluation: Pretest/posttest survey will be administered and focus groups will be conducted. R2—12 meetings will be held, once a month for two hours. Also, participants will receive at least 14 hours of anti-racism training. Evaluation: Pretest/posttest survey will be administered and in-depth interviews will be conducted at the end of the year. Long-Term Objective: Reduce racial colorblindness and racial tension between Black and White Christians.

<p>This is a study of popular cultural representations of international adoption and adopted Koreans in Western countries. The study is carried out from a postcolonial perspective and uses a cultural studies reading of four feature films and four popular songs as primary sources. The aim is to examine how nationalism is articulated in various ways in light of the colonial experiences in modern Korean history and recent postcolonial developments within contemporary Korean society. The principal question addressed is: What are the implications for a nation depicting itself as one extended family and which has sent away so many of its own children, and what are the reactions from a culture emphasising homogeneity when encountering and dealing with the adopted Koreans? After an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 gives the history of international adoption from Korea, and Chapter 3 is an account of the development of the adoption issue in the political discussion. Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 analyse the cinematic and lyrical representations of adopted Koreans in four feature films and popular songs respectively. Chapter 4 considers the gendering of the colonised nation and the maternalisation of roots, drawing on theories of nationalism as a gendered discourse. Chapter 5 examines the issue of hybridity and the relationship between Koreanness and Whiteness, which are related to the notions of third space, mimicry and passing. Linked to studies of national division, reunification and family separation, Chapter 6 looks at the adopted Koreans as symbols of a fractured and fragmented nation. Chapter 7 focuses on the emergence of a global Korean community, with regards to theories of globalisation, diasporas and transnationalism. In the concluding chapter, the study argues that the Korean adoption issue can be conceptualised as an attempt at overcoming a difficult past and imagining a common future for all ethnic Koreans at a transnational level.</p> / Avhandlingen är även utgiven på Jimoondang Publishing Company (Seoul, 2006) och ingår där i Korean Studies Series No.32, isbn 8988095952. The thesis is also published at Jimoondang Publishing Company (Seoul, 2006) in Korean Studies Series No. 32, isbn 8988095952.

<p>Abstract</p><p>A Problem to Every Solution</p><p>The Corrymeela Community, René Girard and the ambiguous pluralism</p><p>The main purpose of this study is to examine how Girard´s ideas of society, culture and</p><p>religion have become part of the reflexion in the praxis of Corrymeela Community through the work of Roel Kaptein and how this praxis can shed light over the work with dissonances of faith and values in education in RE, Social Studies and other subjects.</p><p>In earlier publications I have studied how dissonances of faith and values can be</p><p>understood in educational settings and in connection with issues of interreligious dialogue.</p><p>The extensive discussion of how differences in culture, religion and value in a pluralistic</p><p>society are to be analysed and treated in pedagogical reflexion seems to increasingly occupy</p><p>actors in different parts of the educational system. It is obvious that these issues also are</p><p>brought into focus as an important field of research. My main interest in this paper is to study how a reconciliation group in the middle of the conflict in Northern Ireland has developed a view of conflict reason and conflict resolution under the influence of the French researcher René Girard and what aspects of this study that can improve the reflection over pluralism and dissonances of faith and values in everyday praxis in education.</p><p>For a period of more than a decade I have been in contact with actors in the peace process in</p><p>Northern Ireland in connection to different educational projects. The attempts to analyse the different aspects of ”The Troubles” and the efforts to find ways out of conflicts and civil war are many and the literature on subjects related to these tragic history of social, cultural and religious conflicts is difficult to survey. An interesting and continuing reflexion on conflicts in relation to dissonances of faith and value has been carried out by the ecumenical group “Corrymeela Community”. It has its main centre in Belfast and the members are mainly lay people in different professions. The community is dispersed but meet regularly in the centre of Belfast or in a centre in Ballycastle up at the northern coast.</p><p>René Girard is a member of the French Academy. In his books that touch upon Anthropology,</p><p>Literature Theory, Philosophy and Theology he defends a hypotheses about “ Things Hidden</p><p>Since the Foundation of the World”, as the title reads of one of his books. The conflicts</p><p>among men must be understood in the light of a elaborated mimesis-theory, where the desire</p><p>to acquire what the Other desires leads to rivalry and scapegoating. Cultures arise through</p><p>rules and rituals as a way of structuring social life and thereby avoid the otherwise inevitable</p><p>crises that lead to repeated scapegoating of individuals or groups. From analysing myths,</p><p>literature of fiction and biblical texts he has developed the hypotheses to illuminate how</p><p>conflicts are related to culture and religion.</p>

<p>This dissertation combines psychology with peace and conflict research in a cross-disciplinary approach to reconciliation processes after intrastate armed conflict. Two overarching contributions are made to the field of reconciliation research. The first is conceptual and methodological. The vague concept of reconciliation is defined and operationalized (Paper I), and a method is proposed for how reconciliation may be studied systematically at the national level (Paper II). By discussing what reconciliation is and how we should measure it, comparative research on reconciliation is facilitated which is imperative if we wish to learn of its promises and pitfalls in post-conflict peacebuilding. The second contribution is empirical. There has been an assumption that truth telling is healing and thereby will lead to reconciliation; healing is the assumed link between truth and reconciliation. This assumption was investigated in two studies in Rwanda in 2006. A multistage, stratified cluster random survey of 1,200 adults was conducted to assess whether witnessing in the gacaca, the Rwandan village tribunals for truth and reconciliation, was beneficial for psychological health; thereby investigating the claim that truth telling is healing (Paper III). The results of the survey are disconcerting. Witnesses in the gacaca suffered from significantly higher levels of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder than non-witnesses also when controlling for important predictors for psychological ill-health such as gender or trauma exposure. To acquire a more comprehensive understanding of the experience of witnessing in the gacaca, in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 women genocide survivors who had witnessed in the gacaca (Paper IV). The results of this study challenge the claim that truth telling is healing, suggesting instead that there are risks for the individuals on whom truth-telling processes depend. Traumatization, ill-health, isolation, and insecurity dominate the lives of the testifying women. Insecurity as a result of the truth-telling process emerged as one of the most crucial issues at stake. This dissertation presents a novel understanding of the complexity of reconciliation in post-conflict peacebuilding, demonstrating that truth and reconciliation processes may entail more risks than were previously known. The results of this dissertation can be used to improve the study and the design of truth and reconciliation processes after civil war and genocide.</p>

La qualité des mesures permettant de suivre l'évolution de procédés chimiques ou pétrochimiques peut affecter de manière significative leur conduite. Malheureusement, toute mesure est entachée d'erreur. Les erreurs présentes dans les données mesurées peuvent mener à des dérives significatives dans la conduite du procédé, ce qui peut avoir des effets néfastes sur la sécurité du procédé ou son rendement. La validation de données est une tâche très importante car elle transforme l'ensemble des données disponibles en un jeu cohérent de valeurs définissant l'état du procédé. La validation de données permet de corriger les mesures, d'estimer les valeurs des variables non mesurées et de calculer les incertitudes a posteriori de toutes les variables. À l'échelle industrielle, elle est régulièrement appliquée à des procédés fonctionnant en continu, représentés par des modèles stationnaires. Cependant, pour le suivi de phénomènes transitoires, les algorithmes de validation stationnaires ne sont plus efficaces. L'étude abordée dans le cadre de cette thèse est l'application de la validation de données dynamiques au suivi des performances des procédés chimiques. L'algorithme de validation de données dynamiques développé dans le cadre de cette thèse, est basé sur une résolution simultanée du problème d'optimisation et des équations du modèle. Les équations différentielles sont discrétisées par une méthode des résidus pondérés : les collocations orthogonales. L'utilisation de la méthode des fenêtres de temps mobiles permet de conserver un problème de dimension raisonnable. L'algorithme d'optimisation utilisé est un algorithme "Successive Quadratic Programming" à point intérieur. L'algorithme de validation de données dynamiques développé a permis la réduction de l'incertitude des estimées. Les exemples étudiés sont présentés du plus simple au plus complexe. Les premiers modèles étudiés sont des cuves de stockages interconnectées. Ce type de modèle est composé uniquement de bilans de matière. Les modèles des exemples suivants, des réacteurs chimiques, sont composés des bilans de matière et de chaleur. Le dernier modèle étudié est un ballon de séparation liquide vapeur. Ce dernier est composé de bilans de matière et de chaleur couplés à des phénomènes d'équilibre liquide-vapeur. L'évaluation de la matrice de sensibilité et du calcul des variances a posteriori a été étendue aux procédés représentés par des modèles dynamiques. Son application a été illustrée par plusieurs exemples. La modification des paramètres de fenêtre de validation influence la redondance dans celle-ci et donc le facteur de réduction de variances a posteriori. Les développements proposés dans ce travail offrent donc un critère rationnel de choix de la taille de fenêtre pour les applications de validation de données dynamiques. L'intégration d'estimateurs alternatifs dans l'algorithme permet d'en augmenter la robustesse. En effet, ces derniers permettent l'obtention d'estimées non-biaisées en présence d'erreurs grossières dans les mesures. Organisation de la thèse : La thèse débute par un chapitre introductif présentant le problème, les objectifs de la recherche ainsi que le plan du travail. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'état de l'art et au développement théorique d'une méthode de validation de données dynamiques. Elle est organisée de la manière suivante : -Le premier chapitre est consacré à la validation de données stationnaires. Il débute en montrant le rôle joué par la validation de données dans le contrôle des procédés. Les différents types d'erreurs de mesure et de redondances sont ensuite présentés. Différentes méthodes de résolution de problèmes stationnaires linéaires et non linéaires sont également explicitées. Ce premier chapitre se termine par la description d'une méthode de calcul des variances a posteriori. -Dans le deuxième chapitre, deux catégories des méthodes de validation de données dynamiques sont présentées : les méthodes de filtrage et les méthodes de programmation non-linéaire. Pour chaque type de méthode, les principales formulations trouvées dans la littérature sont exposées avec leurs principaux avantages et inconvénients. -Le troisième chapitre est consacré au développement théorique de l'algorithme de validation de données dynamiques mis au point dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les différents choix stratégiques effectués y sont également présentés. L'algorithme choisi se base sur une formulation du problème d'optimisation comprenant un système d'équations algébro-différentielles. Les équations différentielles sont discrétisées au moyen d'une méthode de collocations orthogonales utilisant les polynômes d'interpolation de Lagrange. Différentes méthodes de représentation des variables d'entrée sont discutées. Afin de réduire les coûts de calcul et de garder un problème d'optimisation résoluble, la méthode des fenêtres de temps mobiles est utilisée. Un algorithme "Interior Point Sucessive Quadratic Programming" est utilisé afin de résoudre de manière simultanée les équations différentielles discrétisées et les équations du modèle. Les dérivées analytiques du gradient de la fonction objectif et du Jacobien des contraintes sont également présentées dans ce chapitre. Pour terminer, un critère de qualité permettant de comparer les différentes variantes de l'algorithme est proposé. -Cette première partie se termine par le développement d'un algorithme original de calcul des variances a posteriori. La méthode développée dans ce chapitre est similaire à la méthode décrite dans le premier chapitre pour les procédés fonctionnant de manière stationnaire. Le développement est réalisé pour les deux représentations des variables d'entrée discutées au chapitre 3. Pour terminer le chapitre, cette méthode de calcul des variances a posteriori est appliquée de manière théorique sur un petit exemple constitué d'une seule équation différentielle et d'une seule équation de liaison. La seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'application de l'algorithme de validation de données dynamiques développé dans la première partie à l'étude de plusieurs cas. Pour chacun des exemples traités, l'influence des paramètres de l'algorithme sur la robustesse, la facilité de convergence et la réduction de l'incertitude des estimées est examinée. La capacité de l'algorithme à réduire l'incertitude des estimées est évaluée au moyen du taux de réduction d'erreur et du facteur de réduction des variances. -Le premier chapitre de cette deuxième partie est consacré à l'étude d'une ou plusieurs cuves de stockage à niveau variable, avec ou sans recyclage de fluide. Ce premier cas comporte uniquement des bilans de matière. - Le chapitre 6 examine le cas d'un réacteur à cuve agitée avec échange de chaleur. L'exemple traité dans ce chapitre est donc constitué de bilans de matière et d'énergie. -L'étude d'un ballon flash au chapitre 7 permet de prendre en compte les équilibres liquide-vapeur. - Le chapitre 8 est consacré aux estimateurs robustes dont la performance est comparée pour les exemples étudiés aux chapitres 5 et 6. La thèse se termine par un chapitre consacré à la présentation des conclusions et de quelques perspectives futures.

This is a study of popular cultural representations of international adoption and adopted Koreans in Western countries. The study is carried out from a postcolonial perspective and uses a cultural studies reading of four feature films and four popular songs as primary sources. The aim is to examine how nationalism is articulated in various ways in light of the colonial experiences in modern Korean history and recent postcolonial developments within contemporary Korean society. The principal question addressed is: What are the implications for a nation depicting itself as one extended family and which has sent away so many of its own children, and what are the reactions from a culture emphasising homogeneity when encountering and dealing with the adopted Koreans? After an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 gives the history of international adoption from Korea, and Chapter 3 is an account of the development of the adoption issue in the political discussion. Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 analyse the cinematic and lyrical representations of adopted Koreans in four feature films and popular songs respectively. Chapter 4 considers the gendering of the colonised nation and the maternalisation of roots, drawing on theories of nationalism as a gendered discourse. Chapter 5 examines the issue of hybridity and the relationship between Koreanness and Whiteness, which are related to the notions of third space, mimicry and passing. Linked to studies of national division, reunification and family separation, Chapter 6 looks at the adopted Koreans as symbols of a fractured and fragmented nation. Chapter 7 focuses on the emergence of a global Korean community, with regards to theories of globalisation, diasporas and transnationalism. In the concluding chapter, the study argues that the Korean adoption issue can be conceptualised as an attempt at overcoming a difficult past and imagining a common future for all ethnic Koreans at a transnational level. / Avhandlingen är även utgiven på Jimoondang Publishing Company (Seoul, 2006) och ingår där i Korean Studies Series No.32, isbn 8988095952. The thesis is also published at Jimoondang Publishing Company (Seoul, 2006) in Korean Studies Series No. 32, isbn 8988095952.

Abstract A Problem to Every Solution The Corrymeela Community, René Girard and the ambiguous pluralism The main purpose of this study is to examine how Girard´s ideas of society, culture and religion have become part of the reflexion in the praxis of Corrymeela Community through the work of Roel Kaptein and how this praxis can shed light over the work with dissonances of faith and values in education in RE, Social Studies and other subjects. In earlier publications I have studied how dissonances of faith and values can be understood in educational settings and in connection with issues of interreligious dialogue. The extensive discussion of how differences in culture, religion and value in a pluralistic society are to be analysed and treated in pedagogical reflexion seems to increasingly occupy actors in different parts of the educational system. It is obvious that these issues also are brought into focus as an important field of research. My main interest in this paper is to study how a reconciliation group in the middle of the conflict in Northern Ireland has developed a view of conflict reason and conflict resolution under the influence of the French researcher René Girard and what aspects of this study that can improve the reflection over pluralism and dissonances of faith and values in everyday praxis in education. For a period of more than a decade I have been in contact with actors in the peace process in Northern Ireland in connection to different educational projects. The attempts to analyse the different aspects of ”The Troubles” and the efforts to find ways out of conflicts and civil war are many and the literature on subjects related to these tragic history of social, cultural and religious conflicts is difficult to survey. An interesting and continuing reflexion on conflicts in relation to dissonances of faith and value has been carried out by the ecumenical group “Corrymeela Community”. It has its main centre in Belfast and the members are mainly lay people in different professions. The community is dispersed but meet regularly in the centre of Belfast or in a centre in Ballycastle up at the northern coast. René Girard is a member of the French Academy. In his books that touch upon Anthropology, Literature Theory, Philosophy and Theology he defends a hypotheses about “ Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World”, as the title reads of one of his books. The conflicts among men must be understood in the light of a elaborated mimesis-theory, where the desire to acquire what the Other desires leads to rivalry and scapegoating. Cultures arise through rules and rituals as a way of structuring social life and thereby avoid the otherwise inevitable crises that lead to repeated scapegoating of individuals or groups. From analysing myths, literature of fiction and biblical texts he has developed the hypotheses to illuminate how conflicts are related to culture and religion.

Questa tesi affronta il tema della trasformazione dell’identità maschile e del ruolo paterno, in relazione con il contesto lavorativo. La riflessione sull’identità maschile viene considerata entro la più ampia questione delle differenze di genere, attraverso il contributo dei men’s studies; il ruolo paterno viene studiato in relazione alla sfida della conciliazione tra famiglia e lavoro. La ricerca empirica condotta è quindi volta a studiare come la paternità è vissuta in relazione al ruolo professionale. Il fronte lavorativo viene indagato da una prospettiva specifica e particolare, ovvero quella aziendale. Dal punto di vista metodologico sono stati realizzati tre studi di caso aziendali, con metodo qualitativo, con interviste in profondità volte a cogliere sia la cultura aziendale in termini di supporto per i dipendenti sia l’esperienza concreta dei padri. La complessità che caratterizza il contesto odierno rende difficile scindere i diversi aspetti che costituiscono il sociale. Far convivere in modo armonioso i differenti ruoli è frutto di una capacità personale di riflettere sul contesto in cui ci si inserisce e sulle proprie azioni, in modo da gestire con abilità le sfide quotidiane. / This thesis addresses the issue of the male identity and father's role transformation, in relation to the work context. The reflection on male identity is considered within the broader question of gender differences, through the contribution of men's studies; the father's role is studied in relation to the challenge of the family and work reconciliation. The empirical research is aimed to investigate how fatherhood is experienced in relation to the professional role. The work context is investigated from a specific and particular perspective: the companies. Methodologically, 3 case studies have been carried out, using a qualitative research technique, aimed both to understand the corporate culture in terms of care for employees and the personal experience of fathers. The complexity that characterizes today's context makes it difficult to separate the different aspects that constitute the social world. The ability to harmoniously integrate the different roles comes from a personal capacity to reflect on the context and actions, in order to manage the daily challenges.