The ability to anticipate and evaluate the combined impacts of urbanization and climate change on streamflow regimes is critical to developing proactive strategies that protect aquatic ecosystems. I developed an interdisciplinary modeling framework to compare and contrast the effectiveness of integrated stormwater management, or its absence, with two regional growth patterns for maintaining streamflow regimes in the context of climate change. In three adjacent urbanizing watersheds in Oregon's Willamette Valley, I conducted a three-step sequence to: 1) simulate land use change under four future development scenarios with the agent-based model Envision; 2) model resultant hydrological change under the recent past and two future climate regimes using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool; and 3) assess scenario impacts on streamflow regimes using 10 ecologically significant flow metrics. I evaluated each scenario in each basin using a flow metric typology based on the magnitude of change in each metric and the degree to which such changes could be mitigated, i.e., insensitive, sensitive and manageable, and sensitive and resistant. My results demonstrated distinct signatures of urbanization and climate change on flow regimes. Urbanization and climate change in isolation led to significant flow alterations in all three basins. Urbanization consistently led to increases in flow regime flashiness and severity of extreme flow events, whereas climate change primarily caused a drying trend. Climate change tended to exacerbate the impacts of urbanization but also mitigated urban impacts on several metrics. The combined impacts of urbanization and climate change caused substantial changes to metric sensitivities, which further differed by basin and climate regime, highlighting the uncertainties of streamflow regime responses to development and the value of spatially explicit modeling that can reveal complex interactions between natural and human systems. Scenario comparisons demonstrated the importance of integrated stormwater management and, secondarily, compact regional growth. My findings reveal the need for regional flow-ecology research that substantiates the ecological significance of each flow metric, develops specific targets for manageable ones, and explores potential remedies for resistant ones. The interdisciplinary modeling framework shows promise as a transferable tool for local watershed management. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.

O tema deste trabalho centra-se no desenvolvimento regional articulado em diferentes categorias de análise dentro de uma perspectiva econômica. Este enfoque apoia-se em dois aspectos: diversidade e convergência. A diversidade é verificada no campo dos agentes sociais, ou seja, a população, capital humano e suas formas de produção do território. Já a convergência é interpretada na perspectiva política através dos distintos interesses e negociações que viabilizam as dinâmicas regionais. O objeto de estudo constitui-se num contexto regional, o COREDE Norte, no RS, que tem como centro urbano estratégico Erechim, no período compreendido basicamente entre 1991 e 2010. A pesquisa tem como problema de investigação a análise de como tem ocorrido o processo de desenvolvimento na região do COREDE Norte e, mais especialmente, em Erechim. Parte-se da premissa de que o desenvolvimento regional está diretamente relacionado ao conjunto de variáveis capital, trabalho, capital humano e tecnologia, que tendem a adicionar valor e que potencializam os valores econômicos e sociais de uma dada região. Para as análises destas quatro variáveis, o trabalho foi decomposto em 14 indicadores, tendo sido utilizados 111 dados estatísticos, os quais serviram para ratificar a hipótese central da pesquisa. Este trabalho reforça a ideia de que deve ser considerada a criação, no Brasil, da figura jurídica da Região, pois principalmente dadas nossas dimensões territoriais, a divisão em Estados e Municípios tem se apresentado insuficiente para a gestão focada no desenvolvimento. Também mostra a necessidade de que se efetivem as atitudes em escala regional, visto que somente com o fortalecimento de um conjunto de municípios poderemos ver cidades com melhores índices de desenvolvimento e, por consequência, que ofereçam melhor qualidade de vida a seus habitantes. / This work’s theme focuses on regional development articulated in different categories of analysis within an economic perspective. This approach relies on two aspects: diversity and convergence. Diversity is verified in the field of social agents, ie, population, human capital and its forms of production of the territory. Already convergence is interpreted in political perspective through the different interests and negotiations that enable the regional dynamics. The object of study is constituted in a regional context, the COREDE North, in the RS, which has a strategic urban center, Erechim, in the period basically between 1991 and 2010. The research’s question problem is the analysis as has been the development process in COREDE North’s region and more particularly in Erechim. It starts with the premise that regional development is directly associated to the set of variables capital, labor, human capital and technology, which tend to add value and that maximize the economic and social values of a given region. For the analysis of these four variables, the work was broken down into 14 indicators have been used 111 statistics, which served to confirm the central hypothesis of the research. This work reinforces the idea that the creation should be considered, in Brazil, the legal concept of the Region, as especially given our territorial dimensions, the division into states and municipalities has presented insufficient for management focused on the development. It also shows the need to give effect to the actions at the regional level, since only the strengthening of a number of municipalities we see cities with better development indices and therefore providing better quality of life for its inhabitants.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O foco principal do trabalho à providenciar uma melhor compreensÃo empÃrica do diferencial de renda entre as regiÃes brasileiras. Com base nos modelos de crescimento endÃgenos, as teorias recentes tÃm debatido os modelos neo schumpeterianos onde a inovaÃÃo tecnolÃgica lanÃa fortes evidÃncias para externalidades positivas no crescimento. Spillovers de idÃias sÃo medidos atravÃs de modelos economÃtricos, espacialmente entre regiÃes, no processo de geraÃÃo de externalidades. Duas distintas conclusÃes sÃo retiradas dos resultados deste trabalho. Primeiro, existe uma forte evidÃncia da forte ligaÃÃo entre P&D e spillover no tempo com aumentos nos retornos da produÃÃo. Segundo, à verificada uma significante regionalizaÃÃo de efeito spillover positivo, o que indica que a inovaÃÃo à complementar entre as regiÃes, no processo de distribuiÃÃo regional das idÃias. / The main focus of this paper is to provide better empirical comprehension of the income differential among brazilian regions. In the scope of the endogenous growth models framework, recent theoretical debates have relied on neo-schumpeterian models where technological innovation has launched strong evidence toward positive externalities on growth. Spillovers of ideas are measured through Econometric models, spatially across regions, in the process of generating externalities. Two distinct conclusions were drawn from the results. First, there is evidence of a strong feedback in the R&D toward spillover over time with increasing returns in production. Second, it is verified a significant regionally positive spillover effect, which indicates that the inovation is to complement among regions, in the process of regional distribuition of the ideias.

International airports play very important role in transport infrastructure of each state because they bring some contribution to economic increase. Main attributes are proper localization of airport and stable demand on air transportation. If these two basic conditions are fulfilled, airport can be considered as a pole of the growth and development which increases employment and also helps to other regional development. This diploma thesis should analyze the international airport Prague--Ruzyně and evaluates economic contribution, spatial and social-economic development of the airport with the view of present trends in civil aviation, regulatory system of European Union and of the Czech Republic and with regard for complete progress of world economy.

This paper seeks to provide further insight as to why local Ghanaian firms may not be pursuing regional growth as a strategy, as publicly available data would suggest. The study uses Resource Based Theory and Institutional Theory to identify a range of factors that may be influencing, at a firm level, the decision whether or not to pursue a regional growth strategy. The study draws upon a sample of 65 Top Tier Local Ghanaian Companies. A key finding of this study is that a large number of local companies were providing services or products to the regional market. Evidence suggest that although local firms were at the early stage of internationalization, due to various factors identified in the study, these firms had chosen not to formally commit resources in pursuing regional growth as the traditional ―Stage Theory‖ of Internationalization would suggest. The result of the study highlights certain risk to managers and owners choosing not to actively pursue a regional growth strategy. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Having an understanding of when, where, and why people settle in an area is crucial in explaining the growth course of a city. However, this cannot be done by looking at a city in isolation. Its surrounding region has a tremendous impact on its development. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the growth of Los Angeles from a regional perspective, called the Los Angeles city-system, which consists of Los Angeles and its hinterland. Connections are made between the history and the geography of the Los Angeles city-system by examining the spatial distribution of population within the region between 1769 and 2000. The Hoover Index of Population Concentration is used to determine the population concentration, and major shifts in the concentration are illuminated by the geography and historical events of the Los Angeles area. The main factors contributing to the changing concentration were the region's physical geography, the introduction of transportation innovations, the region's economic structure, historical and political events, and migration trends. It was found that the counties in closest proximity to Los Angeles County are becoming more alike, while the more peripheral counties are becoming more different. This has led to a greater understanding of urban/periphery growth economics.

本研究以臺灣地區各區域經濟成長不均衡之現象為出發點，探討推動臺灣 地區經濟成長之製造業於中部地區之發展情形，試圖尋求有利於中部地區 發展之產業，以帶動中部地區之經濟成長，縮短區域間發展差距。研究內 容主要係利用集中係數、雜異化係數分別探討各類製造業分佈地區集中分 散趨勢及地區內製造業發展動向；以區位商數探究地區之基礎產業，以相 對成長分析比較各業別於區域及全國之相對成長速度；並結合移轉分配法 得出各地區之主力產業及深具發展潛力之區，最後，配合區域投入產出分 析與未來產業發展政策，決定一組利於中部地區發展之產業。研究發現中 部地區製造業之分佈有逐年分散之趨勢，且各鄉鎮市區製造業結構亦傾向 雜異化。較有利於中部地區發展之產業為金屬製品業、橡膠製品業、運輸 工具業、精密器械業及電機器材業等。而各地區製造業之發展潛力則與工 業區之設置有密切關係，可知地方之發展多需藉助政府力量方能達成。 Because of unequilibrium growth phenomenon of Taiwan area the purpose of this thesis is to study the manufacturing development in Central region . Study is intended to discuss some manufactur- ing that suitable for Central region to develop for the purpose of pushing regional economic growth. The methodlogy consists of coefficient of concentration ，co- efficient of diversification，location quotient ，relative growth analysis，shift-share analysis and input-output analysis etc. . These methods are applied to analysis the structure change and spatial distribution of manufacturing in Central region. The findings show most of manufacturing industries are slowly deconcentrated in Central region during the past fifteen years . The relationship between manufacturing development and the estab- lishment of industrial park in Central region is very important. As a result，regional development is very often dependent on government investment.

This thesis consists of five papers, which concern expenditure decisions and economic growth within Swedish local government.Paper [1] explores the hypothesis that local fiscal shocks have short run effects on revenue and expenditure decisions made within local government. It is found that although fiscal shocks do not affect local authorities' revenue decisions, they do induce municipalities to change expenditures and financial costs along with short term loans. Local authorities are also found to respond more powerful to unfavorable fiscal shocks (deficit shocks) than to favorable fiscal shocks (surplus shocks).In Paper [2], we study the hypothesis that local (municipal) expenditures, in part, can be explained by regional (county) expenditures. We formulate and estimate a demand model for municipal services that is defined conditional on the county expenditures. The results imply a positive dependency between the provision of county and municipal services. Moreover, the results suggest that the hypothesis of weak separability between the provision of county and municipal services can be rejected. In addition, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the regional expenditures are weakly exogenous in the local expenditure equation.In Paper [3] the existence of spillover between Swedish municipalities in the provision of recreational and cultural services is analyzed. A representative .voter model is derived and the demand for recreational and cultural services is estimated using spatial SUR techniques. The results suggest a negative relationship between recreational and cultural expenditures provided by neighboring municipalities, which indicates that these services are substitutes.Paper [4] concerns the regional growth pattern in Sweden by analyzing what factors might determine the growth rate of regional average income levels and the net migration rates. Our results suggest a negative dependence between the initial average income level and the subsequent income growth, which supports the conditional convergence hypothesis. Among other things, we also find that the initial endowments of human capital have a positive effect on subsequent net migration while the initial unemployment rate is found to have a negative impact on net migration.Paper [5] complements the analysis made in Paper [4] by studying which factors determine average income growth and net migration at the local level of government. The conditional convergence hypothesis cannot be rejected. Local government investments are found to have a positive effect on the subsequent net migration while leaving the growth in mean income unaffected. This may indicate that the net migration caused by these investments does not significantly affect the proportion of skilled and unskilled labor. / <p>Härtill 5 delarbeten.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Stockholmsregionen växer och utvecklas i hög takt. Bostadsbristen är ett faktum när fler och fler vill bo i en urban miljö, dessutom ställer detta högre krav på att regionens logistikförsörjning hanteras korrekt. Mot denna bakgrund uppstår konkurrens kring markanvändningen i citynära verksamhetsområden. Idag omvandlas verksamhetsområden till attraktiva bostadsområden, exempelvis Liljeholmskajen och Norra Djurgårdsstaden. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka möjligheten att omvandla tre verksamhetsområden (Lunda, Slakthusområdet och Västberga) och vilka regleringar samt investeringar som är nödvändiga för att verksamheterna ska kunna omlokaliseras till perifera verksamhetsområden i regionen. Första steget till omvandling är att omlokalisera den befintliga verksamheten, som i de angivna områdena klassificeras som logistikintensiv, till perifera verksamhetsområden i regionen. Logistikintensiv verksamhet karaktäriseras av att transporter till och från fastigheten är nödvändiga för verksamhetens framgång, det kan vara allt från ett tryckeri till en global transportör. En omlokalisering till ett perifert verksamhetsområde gör att kraven på den redan överbelastade infrastrukturen ökar då många aktörer levererar och distribuerar in till city. Härav följer att Förbifart Stockholm och Södertörnsleden måste byggas för att skapa en ringled runt staden och öka de perifera områdenas tillgänglighet till city. Vidare måste ekonomiska incitament från kommunens sida skapas för att motivera verksamheterna att flytta självmant från de områden kommunal rådighet över marken saknas. Det främsta incitamentsskapande verktyget är att detaljplanelägga marken för bostäder och därmed få fastigheternas marknadsvärde att öka. Ett verktyg som det finns en ovilja från kommunens sida att använda, då rådighet över marken saknas, eftersom värdeökningen tillfaller fastighetsägarna snarare än kommunen. Lundas attraktivitet för logistikintensiv verksamhet är idag högre än dess potential som bostadsområde vilket gör att omvandling inte kommer ske inom en överskådlig framtid. Slakthusområdet kommer att omvandlas till bostadsområde och den befintliga verksamheten omlokaliseras förmodligen till Larsboda eller Jordbro. Det går att omvandla Västberga men det krävs från kommunens sida att samtliga möjliga, i uppsatsen omnämnda, incitamentspåverkande faktorer genomförs / The Stockholm region is growing and developing at a high pace. The urban environment of the Stockholm region is attracting successively more people and as a result the housing shortage is a big problem. This also leads to another problem, how the distribution and logistics supply is solved in the region. This opens up competition of land use between logistics companies and housing development in the areas near city which are characterized of logistic intense business. Today similar business areas are being transformed into attractive residential areas, such as Liljeholmskajen and Stockholm Royal Seaport. This report aims to examine the possibility of converting the three logistic intense areas (Lunda, Slakthusområdet and Västberga) and which regulations and investments that is necessary for the operations to be relocated to peripheral areas in the region. The first step to conversion is to relocate the existing business, as in the specified areas classified as logistics intensive, to peripheral areas in the region. Logisticsintensive activities is characterized by transports to and from the property which are necessary for business, it can be anything from a printing company to a global carrier. Since many operators supply and distribute goods to the city, a relocation to a peripheral area put high demands on the already overburdened infrastructure. Therefor the Stockholm Bypass and Södertörnsleden must be built to form an outer ring road around the city and increase the peripheral regions access for the city. Moreover economic incentives from the municipality, in order to motivate businesses to move voluntarily from those areas without municipal control, is missing. The primarily way to achieve economic incentive is to detail development plan the area for housing and thus get the property value increase. However there is reluctance by the municipality to use the detail development plan in this way when the municipality ownership over the ground is lacking, because the increase in value will gain other property owners rather than the municipality. Lundas attractiveness of logistics intense business today is greater than its potential as a residential area which makes a conversion will not take place in the foreseeable future. Slakthusområdet will be converted into a residential location and existing business will be relocated to Larsboda or Jordbro most likely. Västberga is possible to convert but it requires that all possible, in the report mentioned, incentives influencing factors are implemented by the municipality.

Det finns i dag en tilltro hos regionala aktörer att en stark regional tillhörighet och image kan bidra till att sätta regionen på kartan, skapa starkare sammanhållning inom området och på så vis även stötta regionens konkurrenskraft. Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur och varför man som organisation och tjänsteman väljer att arbeta med regional identitet i ett planeringssammanhang. Studien undersöker de attityder som finns inom ett regionalt utvecklingsprojekt som innehar en utarbetad målbild med ett fokus på uppbyggandet av en ny region. För att studera detta görs en fallstudie där det empiriska materialet baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer, dokumentanalys och deltagande observationer. Resultaten visar att regional identitet används som en resurs för att uppnå andra mål i regionarbetet, främst att stärka området i konkurrensen mot andra regioner. Att gå från vision till verklighet tros kunna göras genom fortsatt samverkan, bygga ihop området med effektiva transportlösningar och extern marknadsföring. Arbetet inom projektet har inneburit en aktiv urvalsprocess där den regionala bilden tillgivits symbolisk värde och ett specifikt innehåll. Fokus har dock främst legat på den interna förankringen bland det geografiska områdets tjänstemän och politiker. / There is a belief today among regional actors that a strong attachment and image can help strengthen the region and support its competitiveness. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of how and why organisations and its employees choose to work with regional identity in a planning context. The study examines the attitudes that exist within a current regional development project that has produced a vision that partly focuses on building a new regional identity for a particular area. To study this a case study was conducted using qualitative interviews, document analysis and participant observations to gather data. The results show that regional identity is foremost used as a resource for achieving other objectives, in particular to strengthen the area in the competition against other regions. This study suggests that the step from vision to reality is made through continuing regional collaboration, connecting the area through effective transport solutions and external marketing.  The focus in the project has primarily been on establishing the vision among the internal planers and politicians in the geographical area.