M.Ed. (Educational Psychology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Orientador: Maria Bernadete Marques Abaurre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T13:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilo_AdelaideMariaNunes_M.pdf: 8586581 bytes, checksum: a6ad52ae9ea9c31a4ded98520da84a42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo central descrever e analisar as rasuras em segmentações não-convencionais de palavras encontradas durante o processo de aquisição de linguagem, em textos produzidos por duas alunas, do pré-primário à quarta série, de uma mesma escola particular do município de Campinas (SP). Com base no conceito de heterogeneidade da escrita de Corrêa (2004), busca-se, aqui, investigar a relação que o sujeito escrevente estabelece com a linguagem no momento de construção de seu texto e, principalmente, como a inserção desse sujeito em práticas letradas pode contribuir ou influenciar seu trabalho com a escrita. Para o trabalho com os indícios do trânsito do escrevente por práticas sociais orais/faladas e letradas/escritas, tomaremos como modelo o Paradigma Indiciário proposto por Ginzburg (1986), que atenta para a observação dos detalhes como indícios de um processo maior. A análise das estruturas das rasuras em segmentação não convencional de palavras levará em consideração os domínios prosódicos propostos por Nespor & Vogel (1989), assim como já foi feito por Capristano (2013). A partir do levantamento dos dados encontrados nesses textos, verificou-se a necessidade de aproximação aos resultados obtidos durante o projeto de Iniciação Científica (FAPESP 2011/06602-7), a respeito de rasuras em textos de crianças do Ensino Fundamental II de uma escola pública de São José do Rio Preto. Tal aproximação se deu pelo fato de, nas séries mais avançadas do ensino fundamental, as ocorrências de rasuras em segmentações não-convencionais praticamente desaparecerem dos textos do sujeitos analisados provenientes de escola particular, fato que muito contrasta com os resultados obtidos por nós em estudos anteriores com outras crianças no ensino fundamental. A partir da comparação entre os dados, concluímos que o tempo de escolarização da criança não é o fator mais relevante no que tange ao domínio da segmentação, mas sim o possível contato com situações de escrita fora da escola. Considerando que nossos dois sujeitos são filhas de professoras universitárias e, conhecendo toda sua produção escrita, notamos que a presença de material escrito era constante em seu dia-a-dia. Acreditamos que, como já havia sido apontado por Abaurre et alii (1984), o contato com a escrita em ambientes extraescolares proporcionou às crianças a observação de regras do funcionamento do código escrito, como a segmentação de palavras, diferentemente dos demais alunos, que tinham a escola como fonte primária de material escrito / Abstract: The purpose of this dissertation is to describe and analyse the act of erasures on word boundaries, focusing on the non conventional segmentations, in texts produced by two students, from pre-school to fourth grade, at the same private school in the city of Campinas. As theoretical foundation, was used the concept of heterogeneity of writing proposed by Corrêa (2004) to investigate the relation between the student and the language during the building of his text, and, also how the inclusion of these subjects in literacy practices can contribute or influence their work with writing. For this purpose, we used the Evidential Paradigm proposed by Ginzburg (1986), which shows the observation of details as evidence of a larger processor. The analysis of erasures structures considered the Prosodic Domains Theory, proposed by Nespor & Vogel¿s (1986) applied to analysis of non conventional segmentations by Capristano (2013). From the survey data found in the data, we need to approach the results obtained during the Scientific Iniciation Project (FAPESP 2011 / 06602-7), that was focus on erasures on word boundaries in texts produced by children from fifth to eighth grade, at a São José do Rio Preto¿s public school.Such na approach was due to the fact that the children from private school stop to produce erasures at the fifth grade, a fact that greatly contrasts with the results obtained by us in previous studies with other children in elementary school. Through the work realized, it is possible to say that the child's schooling time is not the most important factor regarding the field of segmentation, but the possible contact with situations of writing outside school. It can be highlighted that, as already appointed by Abaurre et alii (1984), contact with writing in extracurricular environments , provided the children the observation of rules of functioning of the written code, such as the segmentation of words, unlike the other students, who had the school as a primary source of written material / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Spelling and vocabulary performance as measured by pre-tests and post-intervention performance for the two strategies showed that average overall improvements resulted from the use of kinesthetic teaching methodologies when compared with visual (only) methods.

L’omniprésence de la communication écrite et le développement des technologies numériques renforcent aujourd’hui la demande sociale en matière de compétence orthographique dans la francophonie. Or diverses études ont fait le constat d’une baisse du niveau, en particulier en orthographe grammaticale, chez les élèves français. On constate donc un décalage entre la demande sociale de production d’écrits orthographiquement normés et les compétences des élèves français en fin de scolarité. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous interrogeons sur les compétences orthographiques de ces élèves en termes de performance, de raisonnement et de perception du statut social de l’orthographe. À la lumière des études déjà publiées, nous faisons les hypothèses suivantes : 1/ les difficultés les plus aigües se concentrent sur la morphographie du verbe et de l’adjectif ; 2/ les procédures mises en œuvre par les élèves ne sont pas systématiquement adaptées au fonctionnement morphosyntaxique du français écrit ; 3/ les élèves ayant grandi en France, leur perception du statut social de l’orthographe est conforme à ce qui est observé dans le reste de la société.À leur arrivée au lycée, les élèves sont censés maitriser l’orthographe du français qui n’apparait plus dans les programmes d’enseignement que de façon très périphérique. Notre double enquête s’intéresse donc à deux groupes d’élèves : d’une part des élèves de troisième sur le point de commencer leur scolarité au lycée ; d’autre part des élèves de STS déjà bacheliers et engagés dans un cycle d’études supérieures courtes. Afin d’évaluer leur performance orthographique et d’établir quels points d’orthographe grammaticale les mettent le plus en difficulté, nous avons recueilli 735 dictées en troisième et 178 dictées en STS. Nous avons complété nos données par 131 entretiens en troisième et 65 en STS qui poursuivent deux buts : établir à quelles procédures les élèves ont recours pour gérer les problèmes orthographiques qui se posent à eux et explorer leur rapport à l’orthographe.Nos résultats confirment nos hypothèses et permettent de les affiner. La maitrise du fonctionnement morphosyntaxique de la langue des élèves enquêtés n’est souvent pas suffisante pour résoudre l’ensemble des difficultés que pose le français, en particulier lorsque la syntaxe s’écarte du modèle le plus simple ou dans des cas particulièrement complexes tels que l’accord du participe passé. L’analyse des procédures utilisées par les élèves pour résoudre ces difficultés révèle qui plus est un défaut d’appropriation du vocabulaire grammatical scolaire qui suggère d’interroger l’efficacité des modalités d’enseignement actuelles. Ces difficultés à appliquer la norme orthographique sont cependant associées à une forte adhésion à la valeur sociale de l’orthographe. Une partie des enquêtés témoigne d’un attachement très fort à l’orthographe et dit y faire toujours attention. La majorité déclare cependant plutôt adapter leur attention au contexte. Ceux qui disent ne jamais s’en préoccuper sont très peu nombreux. L’immense majorité reconnait donc la nécessité de produire des textes orthographiquement normés dans des aspects de la vie sociale qui varient avec l’âge. Pour autant, les valeurs associées à l’orthographe par les deux groupes interrogés sont assez diversifiées. Si une partie d’entre eux reproduit des positions très conservatrices, la majorité se montre à des degrés divers ouverte à une réflexion sur la langue qui n’exclut pas une possible réforme. / Nowadays, the omnipresence of written communication and digital development increase social needs for spelling skills in French-speaking countries. Several studies showed a level decrease, especially in grammatical morphology. Then we note a discrepancy between social needs for written production and French pupils’ skills. In our thesis, we investigate secondary school pupils’ spelling skills, with respect to performance, reasoning and perception of spelling social status. Given published studies, we make the following hypotheses : 1/ the most acute difficulties are concentrated in verbs and adjectives morphology ; 2/ pupils’ graphical procedures aren’t always compatible with written French morphosyntactic system ; 3/ given that the pupils grew up in France, their perception of spelling social status is consistent with observations in the rest of the population.French pupils are supposed to master French spelling at the beginning of senior secondary school. In practice, spelling isn’t actually taught after the fourth grade of secondary school in France. Therefore, our double investigation focus on two groups of pupils : from fourth grade of secondary school and from advanced technicien sections (STS) in short superior studies. We aimed to estimate their spelling performance and to establish which morphographic problems are the most difficult for them. For this purpose, we gathered 735 dictations from secondary school pupils and 178 from STS students. We completed this data with 135 interviews from secondary school pupils and 65 from STS students. These interviews fulfill two different goals : to establish which graphical procedures pupils use to solve their spelling problems and to investigate their perception of spelling.Our results confirm our hypotheses and enable us to refine them. Interviewed pupils’ knowledge of morphosyntaxic aspects in French is often insufficient to solve French difficulties, especially when syntax strays from the simplest pattern or in particularly complex cases like the past participle agreement. The analysis of the procedures used by the pupils in order to solve the difficulties shows that pupils don’t assimilate a part of the academic grammatical vocabulary. This suggests an investigation about the efficiency of current teaching methods. However, these difficulties to implement spelling standard are connected to a strong support of spelling social value. Some interviewed pupils say that they attach great importance to correct spelling and make every effort to respect it. However most of them declare that they adapt their degree of attention to the context. Very few assure never to worry about correct spelling. Therefore, almost all of them admit the necessity of writing according to spelling standard in some social contexts, which vary depending on their age. Nethertheless, spelling is linked with rather different values in their perception. Some of them reproduce very conservative positions but a greater part is open to a reflexion about language which doesn’t exclude spelling reform.

This paper assesses the relationship between Social Networking Sites (SNS) and the effect of its excessive use on a user’s spelling capabilities and academic performance by using a single-factor, multi-level between subjects design (One-way ANOVA). The One way Anova was applied to SNS use (independent variable) and spelling and academic performance (dependent variables). Furthermore, the independent variable consists of three levels, a few times a month or never, a few times a week and every day. Out of a possible 107 respondents a total of 56 respondents, distributed across the various groups, completed the test. A spelling test together with the academic records was used as an instrument to measure their spelling capabilities. The findings suggest that students that make excessive use of SNS performed worse in the spelling test than students that do not make use of SNS or make use of SNS a few times a month. In addition, it is established that the SNS use has no effect on spelling. Conclusions from this study are that social networking sites have many various impacts on the youth, some being positive and others negative. Although the end result was that SNS do not “significantly” affect your spelling capabilities it is suggested that further research be carried out on this topic on a larger and more representative sample. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Psychology / MA / Unrestricted

Numerous studies since the 1960s have demonstrated that peer tutoring between two students is an effective teaching practice across populations and academic content areas. However, there has been limited research on peer tutoring beyond the traditional dyad format. We analyze variations of peer tutoring in a series of studies in a 3rd grade general education classroom. During the first study, we compared dyad and group peer tutoring structures for spelling acquisition with 14 participants across 2 experiments. We found that the majority of the students mastered novel words with fewer learn units during peer tutoring in dyads (i.e., lower learn units-to-criterion). However, scores on spelling post-assessments were higher following group peer tutoring conditions. Findings suggest that peer tutoring in a group may be more effective when considering post-assessment accuracy. In the second study we analyzed the effects of peer tutoring with Equivalence Based Instruction (EBI) on inference making, specifically, the emergence of eight 3-member fraction-percentage classes with 8 participants across 2 experiments. We found that participants acquired both baseline training relations during peer tutoring EBI: one directly as a tutee and one indirectly as a tutor. Following peer tutoring EBI, all participants derived the remaining 4 relations. Once participants had formed equivalence classes, they could also sort fraction stimuli, which demonstrated transfer of function. Additionally, we noted that it may be important for instructors to consider response effort for training relations when designing instruction for peer tutoring EBI due to possible adverse effects on student behaviors. Our findings suggest novel and effective means in designing pedagogy to increase learn units, select effective tutoring formats, and plan for inference making in general education classrooms.

An EEG-based brain-computer system can be used to control external devices such as computers, wheelchairs or Virtual Environments. One of the most important applications is a spelling device to aid severely disabled individuals with communication, for example people disabled by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). P300-based BCI systems are optimal for spelling characters with high speed and accuracy, as compared to other BCI paradigms such as motor imagery. In this study, 100 subjects tested a P300-based BCI system to spell a 5-character word with only 5 min of training. EEG data were acquired while the subject looked at a 36-character matrix to spell the word WATER. Two different versions of the P300 speller were used: (i) the row/column speller (RC) that flashes an entire column or row of characters and (ii) a single character speller (SC) that flashes each character individually. The subjects were free to decide which version to test. Nineteen subjects opted to test both versions. The BCI system classifier was trained on the data collected for the word WATER. During the real-time phase of the experiment, the subject spelled the word LUCAS, and was provided with the classifier selection accuracy after each of the five letters. Additionally, subjects filled out a questionnaire about age, sex, education, sleep duration, working duration, cigarette consumption, coffee consumption, and level of disturbance that the flashing characters produced. 72.8% (N = 81) of the subjects were able to spell with 100% accuracy in the RC paradigm and 55.3% (N = 38) of the subjects spelled with 100% accuracy in the SC paradigm. Less than 3% of the subjects did not spell any character correctly. People who slept less than 8 h performed significantly better than other subjects. Sex, education, working duration, and cigarette and coffee consumption were not statistically related to differences in accuracy. The disturbance of the flashing characters was rated with a median score of 1 on a scale from 1 to 5 (1, not disturbing; 5, highly disturbing). This study shows that high spelling accuracy can be achieved with the P300 BCI system using approximately 5 min of training data for a large number of non-disabled subjects, and that the RC paradigm is superior to the SC paradigm. 89% of the 81 RC subjects were able to spell with accuracy 80-100%. A similar study using a motor imagery BCI with 99 subjects showed that only 19% of the subjects were able to achieve accuracy of 80-100%. These large differences in accuracy suggest that with limited amounts of training data the P300-based BCI is superior to the motor imagery BCI. Overall, these results are very encouraging and a similar study should be conducted with subjects who have ALS to determine if their accuracy levels are similar.

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A quasi-experimental study determined the effects on students' spelling accuracy when cross-age tutors focused on fixing spelling in writing with their tutees. Fourth-grade tutors, both trained and untrained, helped second-grade tutees fix spelling mistakes in their writing using two strategies: visual memory and word parts. A control group of second and fourth graders were instructed to independently use these two strategies to fix mistakes in their writing. Second graders overall had significant gain scores on measures of spelling accuracy and writing fluency. Regression analyses showed that these gains were not due to a student's participation in either cross-age tutoring or the control group. No significant gain scores were found for fourth graders. These results seem to indicate that cross-age tutors may not be academically beneficial for either tutors or tutees. However, descriptive statistical analyses and informal observations made during cross-age tutoring sessions imply that cross-age tutors can be a valuable educational tool.