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91	行政部門的資訊優勢對立法的影響力—以第八屆立法院為例 / The Informational Advantage of the Executive Branch in the Legislation: The Case of Legislative Yuan from 2012 to 2016 宋至晟, Sung, Chih Cheng Unknown Date (has links) 本研究以行政院在立法上的影響力為焦點。筆者認為立法委員有動機成就好的立法，在行政部門的資訊優勢下，立法委員會傾向接受行政部門陳述的觀點，並導致行政部門對於立法產生相當突出的影響力。本文先以深入訪談法瞭解與佐證行政部門的資訊優勢確實存在且影響卓越，再以內容分析法分析行政部門的態度對於立法結果的影響。研究結果發現，行政部門對於立法院的優勢呈現在其對於資訊的壟斷、行政執行經驗及專業程度等優勢上。另外，經驗分析顯示，行政部門的意見確實對於重大法案的結果，具有相當重要的影響，筆者認為，行政部門的立法影響力，已近乎於否決者的角色。換句話說，若一個法案想要順利通過，行政部門的肯認，或至少不表達反對，已成為立法成功的必要條件之一。最後，過去相關的文獻曾指出一個提案的提案者黨籍、是否為委員會成員及召集委員、有無經過黨團協商等因素，皆與該提案能否順利三讀通過有關。本文的經驗數據也呈現相似的結論。更進一步地，本研究發現，在考量上述因素後，行政部門對於立法的影響依然最為深遠。 / This thesis focuses on the legislative influence of the Executive Yuan. The author believes the legislators are motivated to achieve the high quality of law-making. Because of the informational advantage of the executive branch, the legislators tend to accept the perspective made by the executive branch, which leads to the significant influence in the Legislation. First, this paper uses intensive interviews to find out and justify the existence of the informational advantage of the executive branch and its profound influence on the legislation. Furthermore, by using content analysis, this paper intends to dissect what the attitude of the executive branch has an effect on the legislative outcomes. The result revealed the relative advantage of the executive branch over the Legislative Yuan lies on the informational monopoly, administrative executive experiences and the high-level of professionalization. Additionally, the empirical analysis shows the executive branch does have the significant impact on the outcomes of major bills. In the author’s opinion, the effect of the executive branch has come close to the role of veto players. In other words, the approval of the executive branch, or at least the attitude of non-objection, has become one of the necessary conditions for successful legislation. Finally, relevant literature reviews have pointed out several factors that are associated with whether a bill can pass or not. Those factors include the partisanship, committee member, committee chair and the process of party negotiation, etc. The empirical analysis of this thesis disclosed similar conclusions as other literature reviews. Further, this thesis discovers, by taking the above factors into consideration, the executive branch plays the most significant role in the legislation. 行政部門資訊優勢立法影響力委員會資深程度否決者 Executive branch Informational advantage Legislative influence Seniority of committee member Veto player
92	Multi-level governance and wind power construction in Sweden : A case study of Norrköping and a current wind power construction plan Krajnovic, Tamara January 2021 (has links) This case study focuses on wind power development in Norrköping using a multi-level governance approach. The aim is to examine the wind power decision-making process from the state to Norrköping municipality and to identify other factors that impact wind power development in the area. A textual analysis comparing national political party platforms and local parties' official stances and interviews has been used to achieve this study's goal. The study shows that the decision-making in vertical multi-level governance is both bottom-up and top-down. It also sheds light on a significant role the Swedish Armed Forces play in this process as an external actor. The study concludes that vertical multi-level governance, including municipal veto, although an important factor, needs to be complemented with external factors to see how it affects wind power development in Norrköping. Multi-level governance wind power national party platforms local parties the County Administrative Board municipal veto Swedish national goal 2040.
93	国際連合における拒否権の意義と限界 : 成立からスエズ危機までの拒否権行使に関する批判的検討 / コクサイレンゴウニオケルキョヒケンノイギトゲンカイ : セイリツカラスエズキキマデノキョヒケンコウシニカンスルヒハンテキケントウ瀬岡直, Nao Seoka 19 September 2013 (has links) 博士(法学) / Doctor of Laws / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University 拒否権常任理事国安全保障理事会国際連合集団安全保障体制 the veto right the permanent members the Security Council the United Nations the collective security system
94	L'exécution des décisions de la Cour internationale de Justice : faiblesses et malentendus Saint-Paul, Fritz Robert 12 1900 (has links) "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit international (LL.M)" / L'une des critiques fondamentales adressée au droit international à partir du l6ème siècle tient à l'absence des voies d'exécution efficaces. Pour cette raison, les négateurs du droit intemational en contestent la juridicité. Le présent mémoire étudie l'ensemble des mesures qui tendent à l'exécution volontaire et forcée des décisions de la Cour internationale de Justice. Pour ce faire, il analyse principalement l'article 94 de la Charte des Nations Unies qui est le siège de la question y relative. Cette étude s'attache, en un premier temps, à l'examen du fondement de l'obligation d'exécution dans l'esprit du caractère consensuel de la justice internationale permanente. Dans ce cadre, elle se penche sur les conditions et conséquences de la saisine de la Cour et accorde une attention particulière aux applications pratiques. L'étude des affaires tranchées par la Cour permet de faire remarquer que la plupart de ses arrêts ont été respectés par les parties perdantes. Les cas d'exécution difficile nous enseignent à ne pas sous-estimer le rôle des négociations entre les parties ou l'action des tiers dans la phase post-juridictionnelle. Ensuite, elle met l'accent sur la voie d'exécution forcée prévue au deuxième paragraphe. En raison du pouvoir discrétionnaire que détient le Conseil de sécurité et des risques d'utilisation du droit de véto par l'un des membres permanents, ce mécanisme est d'une efficacité réduite. Dès lors, il est loisible au créditeur de la décision d'adopter des mesures compatibles avec le droit international pour contraindre l'État défaillant à y donner suite. Le rôle des organes de l'O.N.U. ou institutions internationales et l'impossibilité pour certains États d'adopter des contre-mesures amènent à conclure que ce degré d'efficacité réside dans le manque d'intégration de l'ordre juridique intemational. / One of the main criticisms addressed to international law from the 16th century denounces the weaknesses of its enforcement's mechanisms. For this reason, some positivist thinkers question its existence. This thesis studies complîance with decisions of the intemational Court of Justice. To do so, it examines mainly Article 94 of the United Nations Charter, which takes both their binding effect and their enforcement into account. On one hand, the obligation of execution in the spirit of a consenting justice has been analyzed. A special attention has been paid to the conditions under which a dispute is presented to the Court and the practice followed. This step helps understand the fundamental role of the parties or tierce in the post-judicative phase. On the other hand, emphasis has been placed on the legal framework for enforcement of the lntemational Court of Justice's decisions. The role of the Security Council of the United Nations under Article 94 (2) has been emphasized. Its action in a case of non-compliance with a final judgment or an order indicating provisional measures is uncertain because one of the five permanent members may use its power of veto. Other remaining possibilities such as the recourse either to some intemational institutions or to unilateral coercive measures may not be of a greater practical importance. This research concludes that the strengthening of the procedure under Aliicle 94 (2) is not an option for improvement as long as the international society is not sufficiently integrated. Cour internationale de justice Conseil de sécurité Exécution volontaire Exécution forcée Nations Unies Parties Décisions Droit de véto Souveraineté nationale Droit international International Court of Justice Security Council Power of Veto Compliance United Nations Intemational Law Enforcement National Sovereignty
95	La politique extérieure de l'Inde en Afrique / The Indian foreign policy in Africa Monnet, Rodolphe 12 June 2018 (has links) Depuis 2001 et la recomposition des équilibres de puissance, l'Inde s'affirme comme l'un des acteurs qui compte dans un espace international de plus en plus multipolaire. Les mouvements de fond actuels provoquent une redistribution de cette puissance imposant de nouvelles alliances et de nouveaux jeux de pouvoirs. L'Inde n'est pas étrangère à cette tendance et encore plus depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir, en 2014, de l'actuel Premier ministre, Narendra Modi. Ce dernier conduit une politique extérieure ambitieuse pour que son pays accède à un statut de puissance mondiale. C'est dans ce cadre que se pose notre problématique qui est de savoir dans quelle mesure la place de l'Afrique dans la politique étrangère indienne permet-elle justement à l'Inde de parvenir à se hisser à ce statut de puissance. Pour y répondre, cette thèse investigue trois directions. D'abord, la place de l'océan Indien dans la relation indo-africaine doit rendre compte du rôle de l'Afrique dans la volonté indienne de faire de cet océan un espace pacifique et sécurisé sur lequel l'Inde puisse être un acteur incontournable face à des acteurs politiques puissants et hétérogènes. Ensuite, cette thèse s'attache à déterminer le rôle que l'Afrique joue dans la volonté de l'Inde d'être une puissance ayant une capacité d'influence politique sur la scène internationale au travers des instances internationales, de ses relations bilatérales avec les États africains et de la diaspora indienne installée dans ces pays. Enfin, cette recherche de statut passe par le champ économique et la nécessaire évaluation de l'empreinte économique que l'Inde souhaite imprimer en Afrique pour mieux asseoir ses capacités d'influence. Cette étude doit permettre de donner un éclairage sur la politique extérieure indienne à l'heure où les États-Unis réévaluent leur implication dans l'océan Indien, où la Chine met en place la « One Belt, One Road » et où l'Inde et le Japon viennent de s'unir pour proposer un nouveau partenariat à l'Afrique. / Since 2001 and the reshuffling of the balance of power, India has become one of the influential actors in an increasingly multipolar international context. The current groundswells are reshuffling powers between Nations in shaping new alliances and new power games. India is, more than ever, involved in this trend since the current Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, came to power in 2014. He conducts an ambitious foreign policy as a means to make his country a global and respected power. The context of the issue detailed in this document is: to what extent does Africa's place in India's foreign policy enables India to reach this status of power? This thesis investigates the following three themes: Firstly, the Indian Ocean's place in the Indo-African relationship should reflect Africa's role in India's will to make the Indian Ocean region a peaceful and secured space in which India is a decisive player in front of powerful and heterogeneous political actors. Secondly, this thesis focuses on assessing Africa's role in India's initiatives to be an influential player on politics on the international agenda through international bodies, its bilateral relations with African states and the Indian diaspora settled down in these countries. Thirdly, India's search for that particular status goes through the economic area and the assessment of India's economic footprint in Africa to better establish its influence on that Continent. This study tries to shed the light on India's foreign policy while the United States are reassessing their involvement in the Indian Ocean, and while China is setting up its "One Belt, One Road" and India and Japan have just come together to propose a new partnership to Africa. Afrique Inde Chine Etats-Unis Japon Puissance Politique étrangère Nucléaire Sécurité d'approvisionnements Énergies renouvelables Océan Indien Autonomie stratégique Investissement étrangers Aide au développement Balance commerciale Économie bleue Puissance océanique Droit de veto Conseil de Sécurité Renseignement Diaspora Mouvement des non-alignés Coopération Sud-Sud Pivot stratégique Marine océanique Kala pani Diplomatie économique Route de la soie Énergies fossiles One Belt One Road India Africa Japan China United States Foreign policy Power Energy Nuclear Indian Ocean Security of supply Blue economy Strategic autonomy Foreign direct investment Development assistance Right of veto Security council Intelligence Diaspora South-South cooperation Non-aligned movement Strategic pivot Oceanic navy Economic diplomacy Silk road One belt One road Net security provider Kala pani 327.54
96	The role of the United Nations in preventing violent conflicts : lessons from Rwanda and Sudan Chikuni, Eshilla 28 May 2013 (has links) The occurrence of internal armed conflict in Africa has increased over the last two decades. As such, Africa continues to be viewed by many as a troubled continent. In an attempt to avoid further conflict in Africa, organisations such as the United Nations have implemented comprehensive tools and strategies to prevent further conflicts from occurring. However, the genocide in Rwanda and the on-going unrest in Sudan have shown that there is still a lot of work to be done. In both these cases, the conflicts took place or escalated even with UN presence on ground. This paper will thus examine the UN's legal role in the prevention of internal armed conflict and establish the type of lessons that could be learnt from Rwanda and Sudan. / Public, Constitutional, & International / LL.M. Civil War Conflict prevention Darfur Genocide Internal armed conflict Peacebuilding Peacekeeping Peacemaking Rwanda Security Council Sudan United Nations Veto 341.58 United Nations -- Armed Forces -- Rwanda United Nations -- Armed Forces -- Sudan Genocide -- Rwanda -- Prevention Genocide -- Sudan -- Prevention
97	Développement d'un dispositif expérimental dédié à la mesure des sections efficaces de capture et de fission de l'233u dans le domaine des résonances résolues Companis, Iulia 09 December 2013 (has links) (PDF) 233U is the ﬁssile nucleus produced in 232T h/233U fuel cycle which has been proposed as asafer and cleaner alternative to the 238U/239P u cycle. The accurate knowledge of the neutroncapture cross-section of this isotope is needed with high-precision for design and developmentof this fuel cycle. The only two reliable experimental data for the capture cross-section of233U show discrepancies up to 10%. These diﬀerences may be due to systematic uncertaintiesassociated with the detector eﬃciency, dead-time eﬀects, background subtraction and signalpile-up caused by the α-activity of the sample. A special experimental set-up for simultaneousmeasurement of ﬁssion and capture cross sections of radioactive ﬁssile nuclei was designed,assembled and optimized at CENBG in the frame of this work. The measurement will be per-formed at the Gelina neutron time-of-ﬂight facility at IRMM, where neutron cross sectionscan be measured over a wide energy range with high energy resolution. The ﬁssion detectorconsists of a multi-plate high-eﬃciency ionization chamber (IC). The γ-rays produced in cap-ture reactions are detected by an array of six C6 D6 scintillators surrounding the IC. In thesemeasurements the radiative capture γ-rays are hidden in large background of ﬁssion γ-rays thatrepresents a challenging issue. The latter has then to be subtracted by detecting ﬁssion eventswith a very well known eﬃciency (VETO method). An accurate determination of this eﬃciencyis rather diﬃcult. In this work we have thoroughly investigated the prompt-ﬁssion-neutronsmethod for the IC eﬃciency measurement, providing new insights on this method. Thanks tothis study the IC eﬃciency was determined with a very low uncertainty. Using a 252Cf source,several parameters (gas pressure, high voltage and the distance between the electrodes) havebeen studied to determine the behaviour of the IC in order to ﬁnd the ideal operation point:a good energy separation between α-particles and ﬁssion fragments (FF) and a good timingresolution. A good α-FF separation has been obtained with a highly radioactive 233U target.Also, the pulse-shape discrimination between γ-rays and neutrons in the C6D6 detectors wasobserved at Gelina under realistic experimental conditions. To conclude, the experimentalset-up and the VETO method have been carefully checked and validated, opening the way tofuture measurements of the capture and ﬁssion cross sections of 233U. [SDU:OTHER] Planète et Univers/Autre Thorium cycle Fssile isotope C6 D6 scintillators Ionisation chamber Eﬃciency measurement VETO method Geant4 simulations
98	先進諸国政治の現代的変容に関する比較政治理論的研究小野, 耕二 07 1900 (has links) 科学研究費補助金研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:13620086 研究代表者:小野耕二研究期間:2001-2002年度 German election German politics advance democracies comparative politics political theory political transformation system theory veto players theory システム理論ドイツの選挙ドイツ政治先進諸国政治拒否権プレーヤー政治変容政治理論比較政治比較政治理論
99	The role of the United Nations in preventing violent conflicts : lessons from Rwanda and Sudan Chikuni, Eshilla 28 May 2013 (has links) The occurrence of internal armed conflict in Africa has increased over the last two decades. As such, Africa continues to be viewed by many as a troubled continent. In an attempt to avoid further conflict in Africa, organisations such as the United Nations have implemented comprehensive tools and strategies to prevent further conflicts from occurring. However, the genocide in Rwanda and the on-going unrest in Sudan have shown that there is still a lot of work to be done. In both these cases, the conflicts took place or escalated even with UN presence on ground. This paper will thus examine the UN's legal role in the prevention of internal armed conflict and establish the type of lessons that could be learnt from Rwanda and Sudan. / Public, Constitutional, and International / LL.M. Civil War Conflict prevention Darfur Genocide Internal armed conflict Peacebuilding Peacekeeping Peacemaking Rwanda Security Council Sudan United Nations Veto 341.58 United Nations -- Armed Forces -- Rwanda United Nations -- Armed Forces -- Sudan Genocide -- Rwanda -- Prevention Genocide -- Sudan -- Prevention
100	Reforma Rady bezpečnosti OSN a úskalí s ní spojené / Reform of the UN Security Council and the associated stumbling block Jindřich, Petr January 2013 (has links) Reform of the UN Security Council and a stumbling block associated with it - abstract This thesis deals with matter of the Security Council reform, the most crucial body of the United Nations. It examines approaches of eleven specific countries which are divided into two groups. The first group is comprised by permanent members of the Security Council, the second one by states which, in case of their creation, could claim new permanent seats in this body. This thesis examines not only their real policies, but also their policies from theoretical - specifically neorealistic - point of view. Two different hypotheses were deduced from neorealism which were tested and subsequently evaluated as (in)valid. Hypothesis emerging from a standard neorealism put emphasis on policy whose goal is to maintain, alternatively to increase a state's autonomy (autonomy-seeking policy). International organizations are viewed as entity which limits, to some extent, this autonomy. On the other hand, hypothesis emerging from a modified neorealism put emphasis on policy whose goal is to gain, alternatively to increase influence on other actors (influence-seeking policy). On the contrary, within this policy international organizations are an useful entity because it is possible to achieve such an influence by means of them. In the...

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