Au fil de révolutions scéniques successives, la scénographie s'est imposée comme une discipline majeure dans la pratique du théâtre au XXe siècle. Toutefois, loin de se résumer à cet ancrage théâtral, elle a étendu son champ d'exercice en particulier vers les musées et l'exposition, extension qui ouvre un débat esthétique : existe-t-il un théâtre caché dans le musée qui justifie la présence de la scénographie ou bien la scénographie exercée dans le champ de l'exposition y transpose-t-elle de façon discutable le théâtre ? Le parcours de lecture de la thèse suit l'ordre chronologique du corpus. Il commence par une petite salle d'un cabinet cire anatomique du XVIIIe siècle qu'on peut visiter encore aujourd'hui à la Specola, muséum d'histoire naturelle de Florence. L'analyse de ce fragment fait émerger trois figures : La représentation, La scène et la distance. La seconde partie de la thèse confronte les hypothèses qui émergent de ce terrain de fouille à deux exemples de scénographie d'exposition qui ont marqué la période contemporaine : Cités-Cinés (exposition événementielle de la Grande Halle de la Villette), et La Grande Galerie de l'Evolution du muséum de Paris. La dernière partie passe d'un regard extérieur à un regard introspectif qui touche notre propre pratique de scénographe. La persistance des trois figures identifiées dès le départ fait surgir le thème de la théâtralisation et dessine les conditions d'une rencontre féconde entre théâtre et musée. / Over the successive “stage revolutions”, scenography has emerged as a major discipline in the theatre practice in the twentieth century. Far from being reduced to its theatrical roots, scenography expanded its scope of practice to include museums and exhibitions, which then opened a debate - is there a hidden theatre in museums that justifies a presence of scenography or does scenography of exhibitions bring theatre into museums. The thesis follows the chronological order: it starts with a small room - a cabinet of anatomical wax artifacts of the 18th century, still on view today at the Specola, museum of natural history of Florence. The analysis of this presentation reveals three key scenographic elements: representation, stage and distance. The second part of the thesis compares the assumptions that emerge from these roots with two examples of exhibition scenography that market contemporary practice: Cités-Cinés (exhibition-event of the Grande Halle de la Villette), and La Grande Galerie de l'Evolution of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. The third and last part of the thesis, reverses the perspective from outside to inside, to present personal scenographic work. The persistence of the three key elements identified in the first part of the thesis, brings out theatralization and points out conditions for a fruitful theatre – museum collaboration.

A presente dissertação propõe a abordagem do contemporâneo modelo de desfiles das escolas de samba (entendido dos anos 1970 em diante) como atualização da Gesamtkunstwerk (obra de arte total ou obra de arte comum), conceito desenvolvido por Richard Wagner, no século XIX. A proposição de aproximar a presente forma do carnaval das escolas de samba dos princípios estruturais da ópera wagneriana é estimulada pela já prosaica apreensão desses desfiles carnavalescos como ópera popular de rua e pela forma dos desfiles remeter-nos à ideia de obra de arte completa, por reunir múltiplas linguagens artísticas (o que evoca, em particular, a obra de arte total wagneriana). A intensificação de conceitos (como o de Wagner), noções, técnicas e profissionais das mais variadas áreas artísticas e tecnológicas na Avenida aproximam a manifestação carnavalesca abordada de práticas da arte contemporânea. Mas também revela uma apropriação particular desses elementos pelas escolas de samba. Por isso, encarar os desfiles das escolas de samba como obra de arte total contemporânea ajuda a perceber de modo mais profundo a estrutura específica de tal modalidade carnavalesca / This present text proposes the approach of the contemporary shape of samba schools parades (from 1970 on) as an actualized version of Wagners Gesamtkunstwerk developed by the composer in the nineteenth century. We propose that the approach of the current form of samba schools carnival to structural elements of the Wagner opera is stimulated by common comprehension of these carnival parades as popular street opera stressing the relation of the carnival parades to the idea of a complete art work. The rise of concepts (like Wagners), notions and techniques from various artistic and technology fields at Sambódromo approaches the carnival to the practices of the contemporary art, but also reveals a particular appropriation of these elements by samba schools. Based en those premises, to consider the samba schools parades as a form of contemporary total art work help us to see more deeply the particular structure of this carnival form

A presente dissertação propõe a abordagem do contemporâneo modelo de desfiles das escolas de samba (entendido dos anos 1970 em diante) como atualização da Gesamtkunstwerk (obra de arte total ou obra de arte comum), conceito desenvolvido por Richard Wagner, no século XIX. A proposição de aproximar a presente forma do carnaval das escolas de samba dos princípios estruturais da ópera wagneriana é estimulada pela já prosaica apreensão desses desfiles carnavalescos como ópera popular de rua e pela forma dos desfiles remeter-nos à ideia de obra de arte completa, por reunir múltiplas linguagens artísticas (o que evoca, em particular, a obra de arte total wagneriana). A intensificação de conceitos (como o de Wagner), noções, técnicas e profissionais das mais variadas áreas artísticas e tecnológicas na Avenida aproximam a manifestação carnavalesca abordada de práticas da arte contemporânea. Mas também revela uma apropriação particular desses elementos pelas escolas de samba. Por isso, encarar os desfiles das escolas de samba como obra de arte total contemporânea ajuda a perceber de modo mais profundo a estrutura específica de tal modalidade carnavalesca / This present text proposes the approach of the contemporary shape of samba schools parades (from 1970 on) as an actualized version of Wagners Gesamtkunstwerk developed by the composer in the nineteenth century. We propose that the approach of the current form of samba schools carnival to structural elements of the Wagner opera is stimulated by common comprehension of these carnival parades as popular street opera stressing the relation of the carnival parades to the idea of a complete art work. The rise of concepts (like Wagners), notions and techniques from various artistic and technology fields at Sambódromo approaches the carnival to the practices of the contemporary art, but also reveals a particular appropriation of these elements by samba schools. Based en those premises, to consider the samba schools parades as a form of contemporary total art work help us to see more deeply the particular structure of this carnival form

La particularité de la conduite de ruse, caractérisée par une diversité étonnante des domaines où elle se manifeste et s’applique, fait de ce phénomène d’intelligence une matière privilégiée dans la production dramaturgique de Molière. Pour soulever des questions cruciales portant sur l’aveuglement, l’imposture, le pouvoir de l’imagination et ses dérèglements, le théâtre comique de Molière construit ses intrigues en exploitant les fausses apparences, le simulacre et le décalage entre l’être et le paraître identifiés dans la pratique de la ruse. La nécessité de réduire le pouvoir tyrannique des personnages tenant les clés de la décision, ou d’atteindre une ambition prédéterminée, impose une forme d’affrontement doux et masqué mené par le personnage de la ruse. La fourberie de celui-ci s’achemine par l’insinuation dans l’esprit de la cible en adoptant une stratégie persuasive, puisée à la science de la rhétorique sophistique, et élaborée en fonction des passions de l’adversaire dans le seul but de le persuader par des inventions imaginaires susceptibles de le mettre à sa merci. Cette scène d’affrontement crée l’énergie du spectacle de la ruse grâce à la virtuosité du jeu théâtral du fourbe qui se livre à des mouvements scéniques, à des mimes, à des exaltations expressives destinés à séduire le public avant la cible. Le caractère outrancier des dupes, leurs réactions burlesques, l’amplification des performances des trompeurs permettent au public de Molière de constater les défauts de sa société, d’en rire, et de vivre des moments euphoriques offerts par la comédie de la ruse. / The characteristics of the crafty behavior of trickery, and the surprising variety of domains where it appears and is put into practice, makes this mind phenomenon a preferential subject in Moliere’s dramatic production. To raise crucial questions on self-delusion, imposture, powers of imagination and his disorders, Moliere’s comic theatre constructs plots making use of deceptive appearances, simulacrum and discrepancy between being and appearance, characterized in the practice of trickery. The necessity to cut down the despotic power of the characters holding the key of decision, or to achieve a given goal, calls for a gentle and concealed method of confrontation led by the trickster. His trickery worms its way into the mind of a prey using a persuasive strategy drawn from the science of sophistic rhetoric and designed according to the passions of the opponent in the sole purpose to convince him by fictitious fabrications that might put him at the mercy of the trickster. The confrontation scene creates the energy of the trickery performance thanks to the virtuosity of the trickster’s acting who engages himself in scenic gestures, pantomimes and expressive outburst intended to seduce the audience before the prey. The extreme characters of the dupes, their comical reactions, the elation of the trickster’s performances allow the audience to notice the defects of his society, laugh with them and to live euphoric moments created by the comedy of trickery.