Le réchauffement de la planète, en partie dû à l'augmentation des teneurs du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans l'atmosphère, pousse les scientifiques à trouver des méthodes et des techniques performantes pour limiter les émissions de ce gaz. L'objectif de ce travail est d'améliorer le piégeage du CO2 sur des adsorbants à base de zéolithe et d'optimiser la désorption dans une gamme de température peu élevée (35 – 350°C). Afin d'apprécier l'influence de la méthode de synthèse, des échanges cationiques (K+, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+ et Ba2+), des mélanges mécaniques (MgO), et des imprégnations (Mg et Ca) ont été réalisés sur la faujasite NaX.L'étude de la désorption en température (-60 à 200°C) du CO2 indique une augmentation des quantités physisorbées entre 35 – 60°C sur les adsorbants préparés. Les proportions sont de l'ordre de 5 à 20% supérieures à celles de la zéolithe de référence NaX. Quelques échantillons à faible teneur en oxyde montrent aussi une augmentation des quantités entre 60 – 120°C, en particulier la zéolithe imprégnée à 5% en acétate de magnésium avec une amélioration de 15%. Ainsi, une augmentation des interactions CO2 / structure zéolithique sur les échantillons est confirmée. En adsorption dynamique à lit fixe, le mélange mécanique à 2% d’oxyde apparaît piéger plus de CO2 que la zéolithe NaX. Des études du piégeage du CO2 ont aussi été menées en absence et en présence d'humidité puis avec des mélanges gazeux (CH4 ou C3H8). En présence d'humidité, les capacités d'adsorption du CO2 sont fortement affectées. En présence de méthane ou de propane, aucune modification des capacités d'adsorption n'est visible sur la zéolithe échangée à 100% au baryum. / Due to increase of the carbon dioxide concentration, the global warning pushes scientists to find the processes to limit these emissions. The aim of this work is to increase the CO2 storage on the materials mainly constituted of zeolite and to optimize the desorption in the temperature range between 35 – 350°C. In order to investigate the synthesis method, various samples were obtained using either the cationic exchanges (K+, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+ et Ba2+), mechanical mixtures (MgO) or the impregnation process (Mg(CH3COO)2 and Ca(CH3COO)2).CO2 Thermal desorption study (-60 – 600°C) indicates an increase of the physisorbed compounds between 35 – 60°C on the synthesized samples. The amounts are of about 5 to 20% higher compared to the NaX reference zeolite. Few samples with low oxide amount show also an increase between 60 – 120°C, especially the zeolite impregnated (5%) which desorbs 15% more than NaX. Thus, an increase of the CO2 / zeolite interactions is confirmed.In fixed bed dynamic adsorption, the mechanical mixture with 2% of oxide traps more CO2 than the reference zeolite. These studies were also been performed in presence / absence of humidity using gaseous mixture (CH4 or C3H8). With water, the CO2 adsorption capacities are strongly affected. In presence of methane or propane, no change of adsorption capacities is observed with the baryum exchanged zeolite.

Estrogens, alkylphenols and bisphenol-A, enter the environment through waste water systems and waste disposal of manufactured products e.g. detergents, paints, polycarbonates and flameretardants. These analytes disrupt the endocrine function of living organisms affecting their reproductive health and those of future generations. Gas phase low molecular- mass aldehydes and amines are typically eye, nose, and throat irritants. Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Given their negative impact on human health it is urgent to monitor pollutants at extremely low levels in both air and water. The aqueous pollutants are often concentrated using solid phase extraction cartridges or liquid-liquid extraction followed by derivatization. Methods that can most effectively and selectively pre-concentrate aldehydes and amines involve in situ derivatization. Unfortunately, the derivatizing reagents as well as their associated solvents or adsorbents, are responsible for problems encountered with these methods. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has emerged as the ideal concentration and reaction medium for trace analysis. However the expensive commercial devices such as SPME and SBSE both require the samples to be returned to the laboratory for concentration. Due to the open tubular nature of the PDMS multichannel trap (MCT), developed in our laboratory, it is ideally suited for on-site and online sampling. The MCTs have a high analyte capacity owing to the large volume of PDMS available for concentration. The derivatization reaction can be performed in situ providing a “onepot concentration and reaction device”. This allows for reduced risk of contamination of / or losses of the sample and a sampling method that can cater for both air and water samples. To demonstrate the versatility of the PDMS MCT, two approaches for concentration in PDMS were investigated in this study, namely, 1) the on-line concentration and in situ derivatization of volatile polar analytes from air followed by REMPI-TOFMS detection, and 2) the concentration of phenolic lipophilic analytes from water requiring derivatization prior to analysis by GC/MS. 1) Analyte and derivatizing reagent were simultaneously introduced into the PDMS trap using a ypress- fit connector. The reaction occurs in situ followed by thermal desorption using a thermal modulator array alone or in conjunction with a thermal desorption unit. The aldehydes and amine derivatives were successfully detected by the REMPI-TOFMS. Reaction efficiencies were determined at room temperature without catalysts. Formaldehyde yielded a low reaction/concentration efficiency of 41 % with phenylhydrazine in PDMS, while acetaldehyde, acrolein and crotonal displayed much improved values of 92, 61 and 74 % respectively. Both propylamine and butylamine yielded 28 % reaction/concentration efficiency with benzaldehyde in the PDMS matrix. Detection limits obtained with this technique were significantly lower than the permissible exposure limits set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It should be noted that the detection limits were not determined by actual measurement but by extrapolation from a larger signal. 2) Aqueous analytes were concentrated in the PDMS MCT using a gravity flow rate of ~50 ìl/min. The trap was dried and 5 ìl derivatizing reagent added. At room temperature and without the presence of a catalyst, the reaction of alkylphenols with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in the PDMS matrix was 100% complete after 5 minutes. Bisphenol-A reacted less than 50 % to completion during this period, but the amount of derivative formed remained constant. This study revealed that extraction efficiencies of the alkylphenols and bisphenol-A off the PDMS trap have poor batch-tobatch repeatability indicating that the PDMS matrix was not homogenous. For two different PDMS batches: tert-octylphenol displayed an extraction efficiency of 70 and 79%, nonylphenol displayed 84 and 43% while Bisphenol-A displayed 10 and 26% respectively. The thermally desorbed derivatives were analysed by GC/MS. Despite background contamination in the desorption unit, detection limits were at the ppt level. Detection limits were not determined by actual measurement but by extrapolation from a larger signal. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Chemistry / unrestricted

Etylenglykol (EG) är ett toxiskt ämne som kan orsaka livsfarliga komplikationer. Syftet med studien var att genom systematiska litteratursökningar göra en sammanställning och en jämförelse av metoder som används för direkt kvantifiering av EG i patientprov. Studien utfördes med en systematisk litteraturstudiemetod, genom litteratursökning i två databaser: PubMed och MEDLINE. Datasökningens resultat var 12 vetenskapliga artiklar som validerade fyra direkta kvantifieringsmetoder. De kvantifieringsmetoderna av EG delades upp i fyra grupper: enzymatiska, gaskromatografi med flammajoniserings detektor (GC-FID), gaskromatografi masspektrometri (GC-MS) och vätskekromatografi-tandem-masspektrometri (LC–MS-MS). De fyra metoderna jämfördes för att bestämma vilken metod som har bäst sensitivitet och specificitet. Däremot kunde denna jämförelse inte utföras i GC-MS och LC–MS-MS på grund av avsaknad data för vissa sensitivitet och specificitet parametrar och därav så jämfördes endast enzymatisk metoder och GC-FID mot varandra. Slutsatsen av jämförelsen mellan GC-FID och enzymatiska metoder har antytt på att den termiska desorption-gaskromatografi med flammajoniserings detektor (TDC-GC-FID), som var en ny utveckling av GC-FID, var den bästa metoden utifrån dens sensitivitet och specificitet. Det behövs dock utföras studier där alla fyra metoder testas för samma parametrar för att bestämma den absoluta bästa metoden för direkt kvantifiering av EG. / Ethylene glycol (EG) is a toxic substance that can cause life threatening complications. The aim of this study was through systematic literature searches create a summary and comparison between methods used for direct quantification of EG in patient samples. The study performed a literature study in the databases: PubMed and MEDLINE. The data search resulted in 12 scientific articles that validated four direct quantification methods.  Those methods were: enzymatic, gas chromatography with flame ionizing detector (GC-FID), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The four methods were compared to decide which method had the best specificity and sensitivity. This comparison could not be done in GC-MS and LC-MS-MS due to missing data for certain specificity and sensitivity parameters and therefore only GC-FID and enzymatic methods were compared to each other. The conclusion of the comparison between GC-FID and enzymatic methods have resulted in that the thermal desorption gas chromatography with flame ionizing detector (TDC-GC-FID), that was a newly developed GC-FID, was the best method due to its specificity and sensitivity. Future studies where all four methods are tested for the same parameters to decide the absolute best method for direct quantification of EG is needed.

Volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds are ubiquitous, and some of them are hazardous. The ability to rapidly detect and identify trace levels of them in air has become increasingly important. The conventional device used today for sampling and concentrating them in air is thermal desorption tubes filled with specific sorbents, which can only collect air samples at flow rates of 100-200 mL/min. In order to detect low concentration (ppt level) VOC compounds, long sampling time (>2 h) and sensitive detection are required. At the same time, portable instrumentation for on-site analysis has been developing rapidly. The somewhat lower performance of portable instruments compared to benchtop systems requires the sampling of even greater sample volume in order to reach the same detection limits. In this study, two high flow rate air sampling devices, i.e., a multi-capillary trap and a concentric packed trap, were developed to sample a large volume of air in a short time period. The multi-capillary trap was constructed by bundling analytical capillary gas chromatography columns together in parallel. As low as single digit ppt detection limits were reached in less than 25 min with this trap, and as high as 8.0 L/min flow rate was sampled. The simple and compact multi-capillary trap could be easily used with a conventional thermal desorption system to perform high flow rate sampling. A concentric packed high flow rate trap was also developed by packing sorbent layers concentrically around an empty tube. The concentric packed trap achieved a high flow rate (>10 L/min) because it had a high surface area and short sorbent bed. Also, its large sorbent amount (>1 g) provided large breakthrough volume (>100 L) required to achieve low detection limits. An equilibrium distribution sampling system was developed by absorbing selected analytes in granular PDMS to provide calibration for on-site instrumentation. Furthermore, a needle trap device was coupled in tandem to both high flow rate air samplers to perform second-stage concentration of VOCs down to the ppt level. Concentration factors of 104 to 105 were achieved within 30 min using both systems, i.e., over 10 to 100 times more sample was collected compared to conventional TD systems.

Transport phenomenon of gas and vapors through polymer barrier materials as well as the factors affecting permeability of gaseous and liquid toxic compounds were investigated and results are presented in this thesis. Permeation characteristics investigation methods were elaborated and verified with focusing on utilization of gas chromatographic method and its instrumental modifications.

Acute indoor concentrations of benzene and ethanol were evaluated in the California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo’s pilot winery workroom. Air samples were collected during four different wine-making activities: fermentation, fermentation with Brix content testing, post-alcoholic fermentation pressing, and storage/finishing. Average workroom benzene concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.12 mg/m3. Ethanol concentrations in the winery workroom varied with the activity, ranging from 0.9 to 12 mg/m3. Pressing and fermentation with Brix content testing both led to higher indoor ethanol concentrations than fermentation without Brix content testing and storage/finishing. Tracer gas decay air exchange tests were conducted to determine the air exchange rate of the winery workroom. A single-space mass-balance model was used to estimate the air exchange rate for the entire workroom. The calculated air exchange rates were correlated with wind speeds and wind direction to create a linear model estimating air exchange rates based on wind speed. These air exchange rates and the indoor concentrations of ethanol were used with the single-space mass-balance model to calculate an ethanol emission rate for each activity. Total estimated ethanol emissions for the four activities were 3.1 lbs. ethanol per 1000 gallons of wine produced.

L’élevage des porcs représente une source importante de déversement d’antibiotiques dans l’environnement par l’intermédiaire de l’épandage du lisier qui contient une grande quantité de ces molécules sur les champs agricoles. Il a été prouvé que ces molécules biologiquement actives peuvent avoir un impact toxique sur l’écosystème. Par ailleurs, elles sont aussi suspectées d’engendrer des problèmes sanitaires et de contribuer à la résistance bactérienne pouvant mener à des infections difficilement traitables chez les humains. Le contrôle de ces substances dans l’environnement est donc nécessaire. De nombreuses méthodes analytiques sont proposées dans la littérature scientifique pour recenser ces composés dans plusieurs types de matrice. Cependant, peu de ces méthodes permettent l’analyse de ces contaminants dans des matrices issues de l’élevage agricole intensif. Par ailleurs, les méthodes analytiques disponibles sont souvent sujettes à des faux positifs compte tenu de la complexité des matrices étudiées et du matériel utilisé et ne prennent souvent pas en compte les métabolites et produits de dégradation. Enfin, les niveaux d’analyse atteints avec ces méthodes ne sont parfois plus à jour étant donné l’évolution de la chimie analytique et de la spectrométrie de masse. Dans cette optique, de nouvelles méthodes d’analyses ont été développées pour rechercher et quantifier les antibiotiques dans des matrices dérivées de l’élevage intensif des porcs en essayant de proposer des approches alternatives sensibles, sélectives et robustes pour quantifier ces molécules. Une première méthode d’analyse basée sur une technique d’introduction d’échantillon alternative à l’aide d’une interface fonctionnant à l’aide d’une désorption thermique par diode laser munie d’une source à ionisation à pression atmosphérique, couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem a été développée. L’objectif est de proposer une analyse plus rapide tout en atteignant des niveaux de concentration adaptés à la matrice étudiée. Cette technique d’analyse couplée à un traitement d’échantillon efficace a permis l’analyse de plusieurs antibiotiques vétérinaires de différentes classes dans des échantillons de lisier avec des temps d’analyse courts. Les limites de détection atteintes sont comprises entre 2,5 et 8,3 µg kg-1 et sont comparables avec celles pouvant être obtenues avec la chromatographie liquide dans une matrice similaire. En vue d’analyser simultanément une série de tétracyclines, une deuxième méthode d’analyse utilisant la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (HRMS) a été proposée. L’utilisation de la HRMS a été motivée par le fait que cette technique d’analyse est moins sensible aux faux positifs que le triple quadripôle traditionnel. Des limites de détection comprises entre 1,5 et 3,6 µg kg-1 ont été atteintes dans des échantillons de lisier en utilisant un mode d’analyse par fragmentation. L’utilisation de méthodes de quantifications ciblées est une démarche intéressante lorsque la présence de contaminants est suspectée dans un échantillon. Toutefois, les contaminants non intégrés à cette méthode d’analyse ciblée ne peuvent être détectés même à de fortes concentrations. Dans ce contexte, une méthode d’analyse non ciblée a été développée pour la recherche de pharmaceutiques vétérinaires dans des effluents agricoles en utilisant la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution et une cartouche SPE polymérique polyvalente. Cette méthode a permis l’identification d’antibiotiques et de pharmaceutiques couramment utilisés dans l’élevage porcin. La plupart des méthodes d’analyse disponibles dans la littérature se concentrent sur l’analyse des composés parents, mais pas sur les sous-produits de dégradation. L’approche utilisée dans la deuxième méthode d’analyse a donc été étendue et appliquée à d’autres classes d’antibiotiques pour mesurer les concentrations de plusieurs résidus d’antibiotiques dans les sols et les eaux de drainage d’un champ agricole expérimental. Les sols du champ renfermaient un mélange d’antibiotiques ainsi que leurs produits de dégradation relatifs à des concentrations mesurées jusqu’à 1020 µg kg-1. Une partie de ces composés ont voyagé par l’intermédiaire des eaux de drainage du champ ou des concentrations pouvant atteindre 3200 ng L-1 ont pu être relevées. / Swine production is a major source of antibiotic release into the environment via manure spreading on agricultural fields. It has been shown that these biologically active compounds may have a toxic impact on ecosystems. Moreover, they are also suspected to cause health problems and contribute to bacterial resistance that could lead to difficult-to-treat infections in humans. Therefore, control of these substances in the environment is necessary. Several analytical methods are proposed in the scientific literature to identify these compounds in various matrices. However, few of these methods allowed the analysis of these contaminants in matrices derived from intensive livestock farming. Furthermore, the analytical methods available are often subject to false positives, given the complexity samples and the equipment used and do not take into account the metabolites and degradation products. Finally, concentration levels reached with these methods are sometimes outdated since the evolution of analytical chemistry and mass spectrometry. In this context, new analytical methods have been developed to investigate and quantify the antibiotics derived from swine husbandry to propose alternative, sensible, selective and robust approaches to quantify these molecules. A first analytical method has been proposed based on an alternative sample introduction technique using the laser diode thermal desorption interface with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The objective was to provide a simpler and faster analysis while reaching levels suitable for the studied matrix. This alternative sample introduction method coupled with an efficient sample processing allowed the analysis of several classes of veterinary antibiotics in swine manure in a short analysis time. Detection limits ranged between 2.5 and 8.3 µg kg-1 and are comparable with those obtained with liquid chromatography in a similar matrix. In order to simultaneously analyze a series of tetracyclines, a second analytical method using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was proposed. The use of HRMS was motivated by the fact that this mass spectrometer is less sensitive to false positive that the traditional triple quadrupole given the complexity of the studied matrix. Detection limits between 1.5 and 3.6 µg kg-1 have been achieved in swine manure using a fragmentation analysis mode to avoid false positives. Targeted screening methods are interesting approaches when contaminants are suspected to be present in a sample. However, a non-included contaminant in this targeted analysis method could not been detected even at a high concentration. In this context, a non-target compound screening method focused on veterinary pharmaceutical compounds in swine manure was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. A polymeric SPE cartridge was used to collect polar compounds including pharmaceuticals prior analysis. This method allowed the identification of antibiotics and pharmaceuticals of commonly used in swine farming. Most of the analytical methods available in the literature focus on parent compounds, regardless degradation products. The approach used in the second method of analysis was applied and extended to other classes of antibiotics to measure concentrations of several antibiotic residues in soils and drainage waters of an experimental agricultural field. Field soil contained a mixture of antibiotics and their related degradation products with concentrations measured up to 1020 µg kg-1. Some of these compounds have migrated through the field via drainage waters wherein concentrations up to 3200 ng L-1 were observed.

Microorganisms are able to produce a wide variety of volatile organic compounds. This thesis deals with sampling, analysis and identification of such compounds, produced by microorganisms commonly found in buildings. The volatiles were sampled on adsorbents and analysed by thermal desorption cold trap-injection gas chromatography, with flame ionization and mass-spectrometric detection. The injection was optimized, with respect to the recovery of adsorbed components and the efficiency of the chromatographic separation, using multivariate methods. Eight adsorbents were evaluated with the object of finding the most suitable for sampling microbial volatiles. Among the adsorbents tested, Tenax TA proved to have the best properties for the purpose. Some carbon-containing adsorbents, e.g., Tenax GR and Carbopack B, showed a catalytic effect on thermal decomposition of some compounds, mainly terpene derivatives. Five fungal species, Aspergillus versicolor, Pénicillium commune, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Paecilomyces variotii and Phialophora fastigiata, and anactinomycete, Streptomyces albidoflavus, were cultivated on various artificial media and/or building materials. Cultivation was performed in culture flasks, provided with air inlet and outlet tubes. Humidified air was constantly led through the flasks, and samples were taken by attaching adsorbent tubes to the outlet tubes of the flasks. The cultivation medium proved to be of vital importance for metabolite production, quantitatively as well as qualitatively. For Streptomyces albidoflavus the effect of medium, cultivation temperature, and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the supplied air on the production of volatiles, was studied using multivariate techniques. The medium and the temperature exerted the largest influence, but the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels also affected the amounts of some metabolites produced. The produced volatile metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry and reference compounds. Alcohols, ketones, sulphur compounds and terpenes were most frequently found, but hydrocarbons, ethers and esters were also produced by some species. Among the most commonly produced metabolites, which are also suggested as potential indicator substances for excessive growth of microorganisms in buildings, were 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, dimethyl disulphide, -methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran and geosmin. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1995, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Cette thèse se consacre à la mise au point de techniques d’échantillonnage suivies d’analyses réalisées au laboratoire pour mettre en évidence les espèces majoritaires en air intérieur et caractériser leurs variations temporelles. Le développement analytique a été effectué pour 52 COVs et pour 16 HAPs associés à la phase particulaire de l’air. Les prélèvements des COVs ont été réalisés au moyen d’un préleveur automatique permettant d’échantillonner l’air sur des tubes extraits par désorption thermique et analysés par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la détection FID. Pour la quantification des HAPs, le prélèvement des particules est effectué par un impacteur à cascade à trois étages permettant de fractionner l’aérosol en fonction de leur diamètre aérodynamique. Les HAPs sont quantifiés par chromatographie liquide haute performance couplée à la détection par fluorescence. Ces deux techniques ont été mises en application dans le cadre de la 1ère campagne intensive du projet MERMAID. / This work aims at developing rapid and simple air sampling techniques followed by laboratory analyses to highlight the occurrence of the main species in indoor air and to describe their temporal variations. The analytical development was focused on 52 VOCs belonging to a wide variety of chemical families to determine their concentrations. The sampling step was performed using an automatic sampler allowing the sampling of air on adsorbent tubes. These tubes were then thermally desorbed and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to FID. Another analytical development was conducted to determine the particle bound PAHs concentrations. The sampling of particles was realized by the mean of a 3-stages cascade impactor allowing an aerosol fractionation depending on their aerodynamic diameter. Finally, quantification of PAHs was realized by liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection. These two techniques were applied in a field campaign in the frame of the MERMAID program.

Dans les réacteurs nucléaires à eau pressurisée (REP) encore en service dans le parc nucléaire civil français, certaines pièces en contact avec le milieu du circuit primaire, comme les éléments constitutifs des tubes de générateurs de vapeur (en alliage base nickel A600) ou les internes de cuve (en acier inoxydable 316L), sont sujettes à des phénomènes de corrosion sous contrainte (CSC). La mise en évidence expérimentale de la fissuration par CSC de l'alliage A600, réputé résistant, a conduit à de nombreuses études consacrées à la description et à la compréhension de ce phénomène de CSC en milieu primaire des REP. Dans l'optique d'un allongement de la durée de vie des réacteurs en service, il est rapidement devenu critique et stratégique de pouvoir modéliser ces phénomènes de CSC, afin d'optimiser les matériaux, conditions de fonctionnement etc. et d'appréhender les paramètres critiques pour limiter la CSC des composants. Cette étude s'intéresse au rôle de l'hydrogène dans le phénomène de CSC et plus particulièrement aux interactions H-matériau. En effet, l'hydrogène, venant du milieu primaire (H dissous ou H de l'eau), peut être absorbé par l'alliage pendant le processus d'oxydation au cours du fonctionnement du réacteur. Une fois absorbé, H peut être transporté à travers le matériau, interagissant à la fois avec les sites interstitiels du réseau cristallin et des défauts locaux, comme les dislocations, les précipités, les lacunes, etc. La présence de ces sites peut ralentir le transport de l'hydrogène et provoquer une accumulation locale d'hydrogène dans l'alliage. Cette accumulation pouvant modifier les propriétés mécaniques locales du matériau et favoriser sa rupture prématurée, il est essentiel d'identifier la nature de ces interactions H-matériau, et plus particulièrement la vitesse de diffusion et les cinétiques de piégeage de l'hydrogène sur ces défauts. Concernant ces interactions H-piège, la littérature propose très peu de données cinétiques complètes ; il est donc nécessaire d'étudier et caractériser ces interactions finement. Ce travail est composée de deux parties interdépendantes : (i) le développement d'un code de calcul capable de gérer les interactions H-matériau et (ii) l'extraction les données cinétiques de piégeage et de dépiégeage à partir de résultats expérimentaux afin d'alimenter le code de calcul et créer une base de données fiable. Du fait de la complexité des matériaux industriels (A600 et 316L), des \enquote{matériaux modèles} ont été élaborés en utilisant une série de traitements thermomécaniques permettent d'étudier des systèmes simples et de décorréler les différentes contributions possibles entre hydrogène interstitiel et piégé. Ces échantillons ont été chargés en deutérium (traceur isotopique de l'hydrogène) par polarisation cathodique. Après chargement, les échantillons ont été soumis à un essai de spectroscopie de désorption thermique (TDS) où le flux de désorption de deutérium est enregistré pendant une rampe de température et/ou un isotherme. L'extraction des données de diffusion interstitielle et des constantes cinétiques de piégeage se fait par une démarche d'ajustement des spectres expérimentaux obtenus par TDS acquis sur les \enquote{matériaux modèles} en utilisant un code de calcul basé sur la résolution numérique des équations de McNabb et Foster. Grâce à cette étude, les coefficients de diffusion de l'hydrogène ont pu être déterminés dans deux alliages (A600 et 316L) sur une grande gamme de températures. Les constantes cinétiques relatives au piégeage et au dépiégeage sur deux types de pièges (défauts), les carbures de chrome et les dislocations, ont été déterminées. Ces constantes constituent une base de données qui sera intégrée dans un modèle numérique plus large visant à simuler les phénomènes de CSC dans les REP. / In France all of the nuclear power plant facilities in service today are pressurized water reactors (PWR). Some parts of the PWR in contact with the primary circuit medium, such as the steam generator tubes (fabricated in nickel base alloy A600) and some reactor core internal components (fabricated in stainless steel 316L), can fall victim to environmental degradation phenomena such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In the late 1950's, H. Coriou observed experimentally and predicted this type of cracking in alloys traditionally renowned for their SCC resistance (A600). Just some 20 to 30 years later his predictions became a reality. Since then, numerous studies have focused on the description and comprehension of the SCC phenomenon in primary water under reactor operating conditions. In view of reactor lifetime extension, it has become both critical and strategic to be capable of simulating SCC phenomenon in order to optimize construction materials, operating conditions, etc. and to understand the critical parameters in order to limit the damage done by SCC. This study focuses on the role hydrogen plays in SCC phenomenon and in particular H-material interactions. Hydrogen, from primary medium in the form of dissolved H gas or H from the water, can be absorbed by the alloy during the oxidation process taking place under reactor operating conditions. Once absorbed, hydrogen may be transported across the material, diffusing in the interstitial sites of the crystallographic structure and interacting with local defects, such as dislocations, precipitates, vacancies, etc. The presence of these [local defect] sites can slow the hydrogen transport and may provoke local H accumulation in the alloy. This accumulation could modify the local mechanical properties of the material and favor premature rupture. It is therefore essential to identify the nature of these H-material interactions, specifically the rate of H diffusion and hydrogen trapping kinetics at these defects. Concerning these H-trap site interactions, literature presents very few complete sets of kinetic data; it is therefore necessary to study and characterize these interactions in-depth. This work is composed of two interdependent parts: (i) the development of a calculation code capable to manage these H-material interactions and (ii) to extract the kinetic constants for trapping and detrapping from experimental results in order to fuel the simulation code and create a solid database. Due to the complexity of industrial materials (A600 and SS316L), \enquote{model materials} were elaborated using a series of thermomechanical treatments allowing for the study of simplified systems and the deconvolution of the different possible trapped and interstitial hydrogen contributions. These \enquote{model} specimens were charged with deuterium (an isotopic hydrogen tracer) by cathodic polarization. After charging, specimens were subjected to thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDS) analysis where the deuterium desorption flux is monitored during a temperature ramp or at an isotherm. Interstitial diffusion and kinetic trapping and detrapping constants were extracted from experimental TDS spectra using a numerical fitting routine based upon the numerical resolution of the McNabb and Foster equations. This study allowed for the determination of the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in two alloys, Ni base alloy 600 and stainless steel 316L, and the kinetic trapping and detrapping constants at two trap site types, chromium carbides and dislocations. These constants will be used to construct a kinetic database which will serve as input parameters for a numerical model for the prediction and simulation of SCC in PWRs